CHAPTER TWO Preliminary Sizing

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN The analysis of structures deals with the determination of loads, reaction, shear, and bending moment. Structural design deals with the proportioning of members to resist the applied forces. The sequence involved in creating a structure, then, involves analysis first and then design. Preliminary Sizing and its Importance Structural design and analysis is often an iterative process. Section sizes may be needed before an analysis (input for SAP2000) can be carried out to determine the load effects that sections must be designed for (which in turn dictates the size of the section). Preliminary sizes are obtained from experience and rules of thumb (other peoples experience). These are used in the preliminary analysis. The results of the analysis are used to obtain more refined approximate designs.

Preliminary Sizing of Bending Members Slab 1. In building design, it is important to note that dead load is the most significant of all load. So, more slab thickness leads to uneconomic structure as a whole, as the slab loading affects all other members like beams, columns and footing. So, for overall economy in the structural design of building, it is necessary to keep slab thickness as small as practicable. 2. Thick slabs add to the dead load of building, by which earthquake forces also get increased. 3. The thickness of slab shall not be less than 10 cm and in toilet blocks not less than 15 cm. 4. Beams should be positioned so as to restrict the slab thickness the slab thickness, satisfying the deflection criteria. To achieve this, secondary beams shall be provided where necessary. 5. It is suggested to provide more steel area at mid span to reduce the thickness of slab. 6. The depth of slab is governed by deflection criteria (l/d) ratio. 7. Deflection in slab can be controlled by providing suitable camber.

8. IS 456:2000, leads to more thickness of slab which is to be multiplied by percentage of steel to get reduced slab thickness. In accordance with IS 456-2000, Clause 22.2.1 of the code gives, L/d =32*Modification Factor Assuming percentage of steel (Pt) =0.3%-0.4% Adopt Modification Factor=1.3 Thickness of slab=6000/ (32*1.3) =144.23mm Adopt Thickness of Slab=150 mm. Beam 1. The width of beam under a wall is preferably kept equal to the width of that wall to
avoid offsets i.e. if the wall is of 25cm. then provided beam width of 25cm.

2. The beam depth should be chosen on the higher side, while width on lower side, 3. Minimum width of main and secondary beam had shall 23cm.However secondary
beams can be of 15cm. incase of beams of toilet block. The width of beam should also satisfy architectural considerations. 4. The span to depth ratio for beam be adopted as follows : For building in seismic zone between 10 to12 and for non seismic zone 12 to 15. The ratio "D/b" (depth divided by width ) of beam should not generally exceed 4 if it is a slender beam . The depth so calculated shall be as shown in the Architects plan. 5. For saving steel quantity beam depth is generally taken at 1/10 th to 1/12th (1/15th minimum) of span (1/5th to 1/7th for cantilever beams). These beam depths, generally, work out to be more than adequate for deflection. 6. In the beam design, we do not go in for less depth as, the steel consumption will increase sharply, leading to ineconomy. Further, the dead load of beams is only a small part of the total dead load of building. 7. Width of a beam is helpful in shear and also in bar placement in one layer. It is kept small in the vicinity of 230 mm to 300 mm. it is desirable to have beam depth as much allowed by the architect. 8. Also larger depth provides, larger moment of resistance. 9. The depth of the beam can be reduced by providing cambering. 10. Breadth breadth of wall, common values are 150,230(250),300 mm. 11. Depth, common values are 300,375,450,600,675,750,825,900. Or in the multiple of 300-900.

Beam

Minimum width of beam =250 mm (thickness of wall) Adopt Width of beam=300 mm. The span to depth ratio for beam be adopted as follows : l/d =10-12 for Seismic zone = 12-15 for non seismic zone Adopt l/d =10 Depth=6000/10 =600 mm. Preliminary Sizing for column The dimension of a particular column section, is decided in the following way. 1. A column shall have minimum section 23cm. X 23cm. if it is not an obligatory size column. 2. As far as possible, square column should be chosen because it is equally effective in resisting the earthquake load in both principal direction. 3. The size of obligatory column/s shall be taken as shown on the architects plan. For non obligatory columns as far as possible the smaller dimension shall equal to wall thickness as to avoid any projection inside the room. The longer dimension should be chosen such that it is a multiple of 5cm. and ratio Pu/ fckbd is restricted to, for nonseismic area 0.4 (for corner columns it may be 0.35) and for seismic region 0.35( for corner columns it may be 0.30) Where Pu, Fck, B, D, have the following meaning. Pu is the factored load on the column. (in Newton) Fck is characteristic compressive strength of concrete. (Newton/mm2) b is the breadth of the column .(mm) d is the depth of the column .(mm)

4. The above ratios will ultimately help in keeping requirements of steel for columns

within 0.8 to 2.5% which is economical and will avoid congestion of steel. 5. If the size of column is obligatory or if size can not be increased to the desired size due to Architectural constraints and if the ratio of Pu / Fckbd works out to be more than the limit specified above it will be necessary to upgrade the mixof concrete. For ease of construction frequent changes in column size should be avoided As far as possible in multistoried building at least two floors should have the same column section. 6. Sizing of column and shear walls has significant both on the utilization of building area and on the economy of building cost. Architects in their attempts to derive maximum functional advantage of a given area prefer to have a small columns as

possible. Further many architects prefer thin columns for attractive elevations of buildings. Economy in building cost needs large sized columns with the minimum steel reinforcement. Columns consume a large quantity of steel, as there is, in general no variation in column storey in a given storey. With the present cost of concrete at Rs.3000.00 per m3 and cost of steel at Rs 80,000.00 per tone, it is prudent to save steel and consume more concrete instead. By using rich concrete mixes and taking advantage of age factors in the lower storey, size of columns can, to some extent, be reduced. But thin columns have to be designed for additional slenderness moments, involving more steel consumption, which can be easily avoided by adopting large-sized columns. 7. For efficient utilization of building area, the optimum carpet area is about 80% of the available floor area, leaving about 20% of area to be enclosed by shear walls or shear cores. 8. The preliminary column size can be fixed for axial load with steel reinforcement being restricted to, say 1% which may be regarded as minimum. By including moments due to the minimum eccentricity provisions of the code, steel percentage is expected to increase to a value, say, 2.0%.Further, the effect of horizontal loads will tend to increase to a maximum value of 4.0% which is accepted as reasonable in practice. This is the basis of starting with 1.0% steel for axial load only. With the total loading intensity W KN/m2 and the tributary area A(m2) of a column of N storeys, the axial load on the column is given by P= W.A.N The factored column load (Pu) is given by, Pu= 1.5 W.A.N The axial load capacity of the column given by code, Pu=0.4 fckAc+0.67 fyAs Which is easily transformed into, Pu= fckAg [0.4+ Where, (0.67fy-0.40fck)] (b) (a)

Ac= net concrete area of column section Ag = gross concrete area of column section As = area of steel in column section r= =0.01

on equating equation a & b, =

W=9.75KN/m2 A=33 m2 N=8

=
Ag/A = 8/867.43 Assuming square column D=0.551 m

The column size can be rounded off to 600mm * 600 mm It is seen that column occupy about 1.09% the floor area for a building of 8 storey with a tributary area of 33 m2, which is quite reasonable. Preliminary Sizing of Staircase Rise (mm) Stair Min. Opt. Max. Min. 225 Opt. 250 Max. 300 Opt. Max. Going (mm) Pitch (in degree) Unobstructed width (mm) Reduced min. where Min. stair has limited use 800 600

Private stair Semi-public stair (factories, offices, shops, schools, etc.) Public stair (cinema, theatre, stadium, hospitals, etc.

100 175 190 220 absolute max. 100 165 190

35 40 42 absolute max. 31 38

250

275

350

1000

800

100

150

180

280

300

350

27

33

1000

Hospitals 1200 Waist slab of staircase designed as one way slab. The thickness of waist slab can be reduced by providing compression reinforcement. Staircase Rise=150 mm Tread = 300 mm Depth of waist slab=4500/20 = 225 mm Adopt thickness of waist slab=225 mm.