CHAPTER 5:

ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

1.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES 1. 2. 3. Energy is required to cause a chemical or physical change in matter. A chemical change involves the formation of a new substance which is different in composition and property from the original reactants. A physical change only involves a change in form but no new substances are formed.

2.

HEAT CHANGE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS 1. 2. 3. An exothermic reaction is one which releases heat to the environment. An endothermic reaction is one that absorbed heat from the environment. Exothermic and endothermic reactions bring about changes in temperature to the reactants and products. THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS

3.

REACTIVITY OF METAL WHEN REACTING WITH METAL Water Pottasium (K) Sodium (Na) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminium (Al) Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe) Tin (Sn) Lead (Pb) Copper (Cu) Silver (Ag) Gold (Au) React with cold water React with dilute acid React with hot water or steam Reactivity of Metals in decreasing order Dilute acid Oxygen

Do not react with cold water or steam

React with hot dilute acid Do not react with dilute acid

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Reactive metals such as sodium, calcium and pottasium reacts vigorously with water. Less reactive metals such as zinc and iron react with steam. Inactive metals such as gold and silver do not react with water or steam. Most metals react with acids giving off hydrogen. Most metals react with oxygen to form metallic oxides. The reactivity series of metals consists of metals arranged in order of reactivity based on its reactions with several substances.

4.

APPLICATION OF REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS 1. The extraction of metals is an industrial process of separating a pure metal from its ore. In industry, metals are heated with carbon to separate them from the impurities in ore.

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5.

ELECTROLYSIS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Reactions that use electrical energy to dissociate a chemical compound is called electrolysis. A chemical compound that is capable of conducting an electric current in its molten or aqueous form is known as an electrolyte. The materials immersed in an electrolyte to enable electrical conductivity are called electrodes. The electrodes connected to the negative terminal of the battery or cell is termed the anode. The electrodes connected to the positive terminal of the battery or cell is termed the cathode. Anions and cations are charged particles that will be attracted to the anode and cathode respectively during electrolysis. In industry, electrolysis is widely used in the extraction of metals, purification of metals and metal electroplating.

6.

THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM CHEMICAL REACTIONS 1. Dry cell, lead acid accumulator, alkaline battery, silver oxide mercury batteries and nickel cadmium batteries are some of the main sources of electrical energy.

7.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT 1. 2. 3. Some chemical reactions are initiated by light energy e.g. photosynthesis and reaction of chemical photographic film. Chemical should be stored in dark container to prevent them from reacting to light. Sources of energy should be used carefully and prudently. Its use should not pollute the environment or pose a danger to human health

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PAPER 1
1. Which of the following is a chemical change? A. B. Ice melts Milk turns sour C. Salt dissolves in water D. Water evaporates from a pool

2.

The diagram shows paper burning.

What type of change is taking place? A. Colour change B. Rate of change 3. C. Physical change D. Chemical change

Why is crystallization of copper (II) sulphate considered a physical change? A. B. C. D. New substance is formed No new substance is formed More heat is absorbed during the reaction Chemical bonds between particles take place

4.

Which of the following pairs of changes is true? Physical change Not reversible More energy needed No new substances formed New particles are formed Chemical change Reversible Less energy needed New substances formed No formation of new particles

A B C D 5.

Which of the following is an endothermic reaction? A. B. C. D. Haber Process Contact Process Reaction of acid and alkali Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water

6.

Which of the following is true for endothermic reaction? A. Heat is released to the surroundings B. The temperature of the solution decreases C. The pressure of the surroundings increases D. The products have less energy than the reactants

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7.

Which of the following chemicals absorb heat from the surrounding when dissolved in water? A. Sodium hydroxide B. Ammonium chloride C. Sulphuric acid D. Hydrochloric acid

8.

The table shows the result of dissolving one spatula of sodium hydroxide in distilled water. Type of solution Distilled water Distilled water + Sodium hydroxide Rises in temperature Temperature( 0C) 29 31 2

What has caused the increase in temperature? A. B. C. D. 9. Oxidation took place Exothermic reaction took place Endothermic reaction took place Heat was absorbed from the surrounding area

The information shows a chemical reaction. Nitrogen + Hydrogen Ammonia + Heat

Which of the following statements is true? A. B. C. D. 10. The process is called the Contact Process Heat was absorbed from the surrounding area The chemical reaction above is an exothermic reaction The chemical reaction above is an endothermic reaction

The diagram shows the heating of copper (II) carbonates

Solution X

What is solution X? A. Lime water B. Distilled water C. Hydrochloric acid D. Potassium manganate (IV)

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11.

Which of the following is the process of producing ammonia? A. Haber process B. Contact process C. Reducing process D. Electrolysis process

12.

Which of the following metals reacts more vigorously with oxygen? A. Zinc B. Copper C. Aluminium D. Magnesium

13.

Which of the following is more reactive than carbon? A. Zinc B. Sodium C. Ferum D. Copper

14.

What is the product when reactive metals reacts with water? A. B. C. D. Metallic oxide Salt and hydrogen gas Alkali solution and hydrogen gas Alkali solution and metallic oxide

15.

Which of the following shows the difference between calcium and zinc? A. B. C. D. Has a shiny surface Reacts with cold water Only reacts with steam Does not conduct electricity

16.

What will happen to a zinc roof when acid rains fall on it? A. B. C. D. Corrode Change its shape Become black in colour Become stronger and harder

17.

The diagram shows an apparatus used to investigate the reactivity of metals toward oxygen.

Substance P

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What is substance P? A. Copper (II) oxide B. Ammonium chloride C. Sodium hydroxide D. Potassium manganate(VII)

18.

The diagram shows a reaction of metal with water.

Sodium

Water

Which of the following observation is correct? A. B. C. D. The beaker becomes cool The sodium sinks in water Heat energy is released to the surroundings The sodium changes to become a black solid

19.

The information below is about the reaction of metals L, M and N with water and steam. Metal L M N Observation Reacts vigorously with water. Does not react with cold water or steam. Reacts with steam but not with cold water.

Which of the following is the correct arrange of reactivity in ascending order? A. L,M,N B. M,N,L C. N,M,L D. M,L,N

20.

The diagram shows gas P is collected in the experiment.

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What is P? A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. Chlorine D. Hydrogen

21.

Aluminium + hydrochloric acid

Aluminium chloride + Gas X

Based on the above equation, what is gas X? A. Oxygen B. Hydrogen 22. C. Helium D. Carbon dioxide

What is the product when magnesium reacts with oxygen? A. Magnesium oxide B. Magnesium chloride C. Magnesium hydroxide D. Magnesium carbonate

23.

The information shows the observations of metals P, Q and R when heated. Metal P Q R S Observation A bright flame spreads slowly. A glow spreads slowly. Burns with shiny white flame. No change.

Which metal is the most reactive? A. P B. Q 24. C. R D. S

Which of the following metal oxides does not react with carbon? A. Zinc oxide B. Ferum oxide C. Copper(II) oxide D. Aluminium oxide

25.

Which of the following statements about electroplating iron nail with silver is correct? A. B. C. D. The iron nail is the anode The iron nail is the cathode The silver plate is the cathode The iron (II) nitrate solution is used as electrolyte

26.

What is the element that is involved during the extraction of tin? A. Carbon B. Iron granules C. Cryolite D. Quicklime

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27.

Why is Aluminium metal extracted from its ore by electrolysis and not through heating with carbon ? A. B. C. D. Heating methods are complex Aluminium is more reactive than carbon Because source of carbon is hard to find The cost of extraction through electrolysis is cheaper

28.

Which of the following equations represents the reaction that takes place in a blast furnace during the extraction of tin ore ? A. B. C. D. Tin + Carbon dioxide Tin oxide + Carbon Tin oxide + Carbon Tin + Carbon dioxide Tin carbonate Tin oxide + Carbon dioxide Tin oxide + Zinc Tin + Zinc oxide

29.

Which of the following states of electrolyte could conduct electricity? A. B. C. D. Solid. Solid and molten Solid and aqueous Molten or aqueous

30.

Which of the following is the application of electrolysis? A. B. C. D. Purification of metal Purification of non-metal Production of electrical energy Production of radioactive energy

31.

The diagram shows an electroplating of an iron spoon.

Chromium Solution R Iron spoon

What is solution R? A. B. Chromium(III) nitrate Hydrochloric acid C. Iron (II) sulphate D. Silver nitrate
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32.

The diagram shows electrolysis process.

Switch

Bulb

Carbon rod

Substance X

What is substance X? A. Sugar solution B. Glucose solution C. Ethanol solution D. Sodium chloride solution

33.

The diagram shows an electrolysis process.

Switch

Bulb

Carbon rod

Molten lead bromide

Heat

What are the products of electrolysis at the anode and cathode? Anode Oxygen Bromine Lead Hydrogen Cathode Hydrogen Lead Bromine Oxygen

A B C D

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34.

What is the purpose of cryolite in aluminium extraction? A. B. C. D. To purify the aluminium oxide To lowered the melting point of aluminium oxide To reduce the conductivity of aluminium oxide To extract aluminium from the aluminium oxide

35.

The diagram shows how electrolysis is used to purify copper.

Copper (II) nitrate

What is X and Y ? A B C D X Carbon Pure copper Impure copper Pure copper Y Pure copper Impure copper Pure copper Carbon

36.

Which of the following involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy? A. B. C. D. Dry cell Electroplating Electrolysis of molten aluminium ore Reduction of a metallic ore by carbon

37.

What type of battery is used in watches? A. Dry cell B. Nickel cadmium C. Silver oxide mercury D. Lead acid accumulator

38.

What is the advantage of alkaline cell compared to dry cell? A. It is cheaper B. It is rechargeable C. The size is smaller D. It has a longer life span

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39.

The diagram shows a simple cell.

Which electrodes and electrolyte could be used to cause the bulb to light up? R Copper Carbon Zinc Magnesium S Copper Carbon Copper Copper Electrolyte Copper(II) sulphate Sulphuric acid. Ethanol Hydrochloric acid.

A B C D

40.

Which of the following is true for silver oxide mercury cell? A. B. C. D. Small Cheap Heavy Rechargeable

41.

The diagram shows a simple cell.

Which of the following metals would be Q? P Zinc Zinc Lead Copper Q Aluminium Iron Iron Magnesium

A B C D

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42.

Which of the following is the advantage of using lead acid accumulator? A. Portable B. It is cheaper C. D. High voltage Not rechargeable

43.

The diagram shows a simple cell.

What is X and Y? X Carbon rod Zinc plate Copper plate Glass rod Y Carbon rod Copper plate Copper plate Iron rod

A B C D

44.

Which of the following processes requires light to function? A. Rusting B. Burning C. Respiration D. Photosynthesis

45.

The word equation below shows the decomposition reaction by light energy. Silver chloride Silver + Chlorine

Which of the following changes of energy is correct? A. B. C. D. 46. Heat energy light energy Light energy chemical energy Heat energy chemical energy Chemical energy heat energy

Why does photography paper exposed to sunlight become black? A. B. C. D. Sunlight emits black light Sunlight causes the formation of black pigments The layers of silver at photography paper is oxidized Silver bromide decomposes to silver and bromine

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47.

What is the advantage of a dry cell compared to an acid-lead accumulator? A. B. C. D. The voltage is higher It has longer life span. Its electrolyte does not spill It is long lasting as long as fuel is supplied

48.

Which of the electric cells can be recycle? A. B. C. D. Dry cell Alkaline batteries Lead acid accumulators Silver oxide-mercury batteries

49.

Why photosensitive chemical are stored in dark bottle? A. B. C. D. Sensitive to light Sensitive to heat React with water React with oxygen

50.

What type of battery is used in a car? A. B. C. D. Alkaline battery Acid-lead battery Silver oxide battery Nickel-cadmium battery

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PAPER 2 SECTION A
1. The diagram shows an experiment of reaction between calcium and water. The volume of gas X collected from the reaction is shown in table I.

DIAGRAM 1 b)
80
Volume of X 3 (cm )

Based on table I, draw a graph to show the relationship at the total volume of gas X against time.

60

40

20

30

60

90

120

150

Time / s

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a)

What is the relationship between the volume of gas X and time in the first 90 second? As the time increases, the volume of gas X collected increases .. (1 mark)

b)

State the hypothesis based on Table 1. The longer the time taken the higher the volume of gas X collected .. ... (1 mark) State the responding variable in this experiment. The volume of gas X collected (1 mark)

c)

d)

What is the total volume of gas X, which is collected in 90 second? 71cm3 (1mark)

e)

Predict the volume of gas X, which is collected in 180 second 74cm3/ No change (1mark)

2.

Diagram 2 shows an arrangement of apparatus to study the purification of metal.

Copper(ll)nitrate solution

DIAGRAM 2

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The experiment is repeated a few times with different quantities of electric current. The mass of cathode after 10 minutes are recorded in table 2. Electric current (A) Mass of cathode (g) 0.3 1.05 0.6 1.10 0.9 1.15 TABLE 2 (a) In diagram 2, mark the positive electrode and the negative electrode with the symbol (+) and (-). (1 mark) (b) Draw a graph showing the mass of cathode versus the quantity of electric current.
1.4 Mass of cathode (g) 1.3

1.2

1.5 1.25

1.8 1.30

2.1 1.35

X X X

1.2

X
1.1

X X

1.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Quantity of Electric current (A)

c)

From the graph, drawn, determine the mass of cathode when the quantity of electric current is 1.2A. 1.2g (1 mark) What is the relationship between the quantity of electric current and the mass of cathode? The larger the quantity of electric current that flows, the higher the mass of cathode. (1 mark)

d)

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3. Diagram 3 shows an experiment done by a student.

Thermometer

Sodium chloride

Ammonium chloride

Hydrochloric acid

Water

Beaker A

Beaker B

DIAGRAM 3 Table 3 shows the result of the experiment. Beaker A B Substance Hydrochloric acid + sodium chloride Water + ammonium chloride TABLE 3 (a) State the type of chemical reaction in both beakers. i. Beaker A. Exothermic reaction Initial temperature 29 0C 29 0C Final temperature 34 0C 25 0C

ii. Beaker B. Endothermic reaction ...... (2 marks) (b) Give inference for your answer in (a). Heat is released in the reaction in beaker A while heat is .. absorbed in the reaction in beaker B .. (1 mark)

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(c)

Name the variable involved in this experiment. i. Manipulated variable. Types of substances ii. Constant variable. Quantity of water . (2 marks)

4.

Diagram 4 shows a simple cell for the production of electrical energy.

Experiment I

Experiment II

DIAGRAM 4 Table 4 shows the result of the experiment. Experiment I II Pair of metals Zinc and copper Lead and copper TABLE 4 Voltmeter/V 1.1 0.5

(a) Based on experiment above, complete the voltmeter reading in Table 4. (2 marks) (b) Give your inference from the observation? An electric current is produced in both experiment ... (1 mark) (c) State the variables in this experiment. i. Manipulated variable. Pair of metals ii. Responding variable. Voltmeter reading (2 marks) (d) If copper plates are used for electrode A and B, predict the voltmeter reading. 0 // zero // no voltmeter reading (1 mark)

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SECTION B
1. Diagram 5 shows a model of a simple cell.
Galvanometer

Copper plate Zinc plate

Vinegar solution

DIAGRAM 5 a) What can be observed on the Galvanometer? The needle of the galvanometer deflects // . galvanometer shows reading (1mark) b) Give an inference to the observation in 1(a). Electric current is produce . (1 mark) c) Write the energy, transformation that occurs in this experiment. Chemical energy Electrical energy . (1 mark) d) (i) What will happen if the copper plate is replaced with a carbon rod? The needle of the galvanometer deflects . (1mark)

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2.

Diagram 6 shows an experiment to study the reactivity of metals with oxygen. The metal is heated first before potassium manganate(VII) is heated.
metal

DIAGRAM 6 The observation of this experiment is recorded in Table 5. Metal P Q R Observation Glow brightly Glow dimly Burn brightly TABLE 5 (a) Arrange the above metals in the decreasing order of reactivity with oxygen. R, P, Q .. (1 mark) (b) What is the function of potassium manganate (VII)? To produce oxygen gas (1 mark) (c) Explain why the glass wool is placed in between the metals and the potassium maganate(VII) . To prevent potassium manganate (VII) from mixing with .. . the metals .. . (1 mark) (d) Explain why the metals are heated first before heating potassium manganate(VII). So that oxygen can react faster with hot metals .. .. (1 mark)

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3.

Diagram 7 shows the apparatus to electroplate an iron ring.

Silver Iron ring Electrolyte

DIAGRAM 7

(a) Give two reasons why iron ring need to be coated with silver. i. To prevent the ring from corrosion ii. To make the ring looks more attractive (2 marks) (b) Suggest a suitable electrolyte. Silver nitrate .. (1 mark)

(c)

State the observation that occur at i. anode. The silver plate becomes thinner ..

ii. cathode. Silvery metal deposited on the ring. . (2 marks)

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SECTION C
1. Study the statement below carefully. A large amount of air bubbles is released when a magnesium strip is placed in hydrochloric acid but when a copper plate is placed in the same acid, no changes are observed. (a) (b) Suggest a suitable hypothesis to investigate this statement. [1 mark]

Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis based on the following. (i) Aim of experiment [1 mark] (ii) Variables [2 marks] (iii) List of apparatus [1 mark] (iv) Method [3 marks] (v) Tabulation of data [1 mark] (vi) Conclusion [1 mark]

ANSWER Hypothesis: The rate of reaction between magnesium and acid is higher than copper with acid or Magnesium has higher reactivity with acid than copper Aim: Variable: Constant : Concentration of acid Manipulated : Type of metal Responding : Rate of reaction with acid Apparatus and materials: magnesium strip, copper plate, hydrochloric acid, boiling tube, cork stopper, delivery tube, water container, Bunsen burner, wooden tong. Method: 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid is poured into the boiling tube 3 cm long magnesium strip is put into the acid The gas released is tested with a lighted wooden splinter The experiment is repeated using copper All observation are recorded in the table Tabulation of data: Metals Magnesium Copper Rate of reaction with acid To study the rate of reaction of different metals with acid.

Conclusion: Different metals react with acid at the different rate

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2.

(a)

State one method used to purify a piece of impure copper. Explain the method.

[4 marks]

(b)

A man found a strange substance and after examines he confirmed that substance is a metal ore. . He heat the substance with carbon to purified it but no reaction occurs. Explain how the substance can be extracted from the metal ore. Your answers should include the following. (i) Identify the problem (ii) Clarification of the problem (iii) Solving methods (iv) Explain the method using

[6 marks]

ANSWER
A

Impure copper

Pure copper Copper (II) sulphate solution

The diagram shows how electrolysis is used to purify copper The anode is made of impure copper The cathode is made of pure copper The electrolyte used is copper (II) sulphate solution Switch turns on.

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b) Identify the problem : To extract metal from bauxite/ metal ore Clarification of the problem: The metal ore does not reacts with carbon. Solving methods: Use electrolysis Explain the method using:

Graphite Metal ore + cryolite

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3. (a)

Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram Heat the crucible until the metal ore and cryolite melts. Turn on switch to start the electrolysis process Observe the graphite electrodes and ammeter Record the observation

Diagram 8 shows the formation of white fumes when ammonia gas and hydrogen gas are mixed.

DIAGRAM 8 State four reasons why the reaction above is considered as a chemical change.

[4 marks]

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(b)

Diagram 9 shows the physical changes that happen to two different substances.
Soap powder

Water

Soap solution

Zinc nitrate

Water

Zinc nitrate solution

DIAGRAM 9 Study the activities above carefully. Build a concept regarding the physical changes. Explain your answer based on the following. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Identify the information Identify two common features Relate the common features with the physical changes to build an initial concept State one example of physical change and one non-examples State the actual concept of physical change [1 mark] [2 marks] [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark]

ANSWER a) New substances are formed Involving a change of heat energy The new substance will have different chemical properties and composition Difficult to reverse

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b) (i)

Identify the information Soap powder form bubble in water Zinc nitrate powder formed zinc nitrate solution Identify two common features The state of the substance change New substance are not formed Relate the common features with the physical changes to build an initial concept The process where state of the substance changes but new substance is not formed is a physical change State one example of physical change and one non-examples Example: The melting of ice/freezing of water Non-example: Burning of paper State the actual concept of physical change The physical change is a process involving a change of state of matter and does not produce a new substance

(ii)

(iv)

(iv)

(v)

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