Analysis and evaluation of cotton textile supply chain in India

RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO VEER BHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY, JAUNPUR In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submited by Shashank prakash

BBA 6th SEMESTER ROLL NO. 1347

Under the supervision of Mr.Vijay pandey

Lecturer
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

2012 TECHNICAL EDUCTION & RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Post-Graduate College, Ravindrapuri Ghazipur 233001

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shashank prakash Pursuing BBA 6th Semester from this institute, has prepared the research project report entitled Analysis and evaluation of cotton textile supply chain in India in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration from Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur During the session 2011-2012. This report is based on Research report undertaken by Mr.Vijay Pandey under my supervision during the course of 6th semester and fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard of BBA course of V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur. I recommend that this project may be sent for evaluation.

Rahul Ananad Singh Reader & Head Dept . of Business Administration

(Mr.Vijay Pandey ) (Lecturer) Dept . of Business Administration

DECLARATION
I Shashank prakash hereby declare that this Research report entitled Analysis and evaluation of cotton textile supply chain in India. Has been prepared by me on the basis

of survey done during the course of my 6th semester BBA programmed under the supervision of Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, TERI, Ghazipur. This survey project is my bonafide work and has not been submitted in any University of Institute for the award of any degree or diploma prior to the under mentioned date. I bear the entire responsibility of submission of this project report.

April 2012

BBA 6TH SEMSETER Department of Business Administration Technical Education & Research Institute P.G. College, Ghazipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Vijay Pandey (Lectures, T.E.R.I. P.G.College Ghazipur) who supervise and guide me entire whole Research Report premarital.

I am grateful to Dr. Rahul Anand Singh (HOD-BBA T.E.R.I., P.G. College, Ghazipur) and Shri D.N. Singh (Director T.E.R.I. P.G. College, Ghazipur) for their support & encouragement . I would also like to thanks to all the respondents who directly provide the data for Research Report .

Place: Date

Shashank Prakash Roll Number: 1347

CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1
Introduction Objective

CHAPTER 2
Research Methodology Limitation

CHAPTER 3
Finding & Conclusion

CHAPTER 4
Appendix Bibliography

PREFACE
B.B.A programme is one of the most reputed professional courses in the field of management. This course includes both theory and its application contents of curriculum. Project Report is an integral part of the B.B.A. program at V.B.S. Purvanchal University Jaunpur . Each student is required to prepare research report in his or her 6th semester. This programmed intends to get familiar with practical aspect of management through survey. The importance of any academic course would give advantage and acceptance of the true from only through practical experience. The topic assigned for the research report is: Analysis and evaluation of cotton textile supply chain in India

I know the opinion of the sample by personal interview & questionnaire. The Research programmed is an integral constant of the cause curriculum of programmed in Management. This survey is divided into forth chapters. Each chapter has its own relevance and importance. The chapters are divided and defined in a logical, systematic and scientific manner to cover every nook and corner of the topic. The Introductory stage of this survey report is based on introduction of lemon flavor soft drinks company profile, its objective, importance, scope & limitation. Second chapter dealt with Research Methodology. The process of carrying out the whole research problem is defined in it. It contains information about the methods of data collection, sampling, sample design, Data analysis & interpretation. Third chapter is finding and conclusion. Contains the findings and conclusion of the study. This based on the data analyzed and interrelated in previous chapters. This is the most important section of the report, for repot is evaluated on the validity and correctness of its findings. Depicted conclusion which concludes the whole repot, that is, gives a brief description of the process employed so far. It also showed annexure which contains a format of the questionnaire used for the purpose of data collection. Fourth Chapter one title bibliography contains the list of sources from where the matter and information is collected. It contains the list of books, author, volume number, issue year, publisher etc.

INTRODUCTION

Cotton textile industry

The cotton textile industry predominantly uses cotton and also synthetic fibers in staple lengths not exceeding 51 millimeter. It does not use wool and continuous filament yarns. The cotton textile industry converts staple fiber into finished textile products through four manufacturing stages.

Spinning: conversion of staple fiber into yarn. Weaving & knitting: conversion of yarn into gray fabrics. Wet processing: conversion of gray fabrics into finished fabrics. Garment making: conversion of finished fabrics into garments.

Thus the spinners are the primary producers followed by the weavers/knitters (intermediate producers), the finishers who produce finished fabrics for retail sales or sales to garment converters and converters or manufacturers of garments/bed linen. Finished fabrics#include:

a.Apparel - outer and inner wear. b.Household fabrics - furnishings, bed linen etc. c. Accessories- bags, belts, handkerchiefs, etc. d .Industrial fabrics - filter cloth, parachute cloth etc.

Of these, apparel and household fabrics are major segments for the cotton textile industry since they mainly use cotton in addition to polyester and different types of viscose or blends thereof.Units in the cotton textile industry are segmented by the degree of integration achieved and the technology used. Thus, they may not convert all the yarn produced into gray fabrics or all the gray fabrics produced internally into finished fabrics.

Cotton is a white fibrous agricultural product that has a wide variety of uses, from textile production, to creating paper, to producing oil and food products. Cotton is grown all around the globe, and is traded internationally as well the international trade in cotton is led by the United States and the African nations, and totals more than $12 billion annually. This article will discuss the basics of cottons development through history, its cultivation today, and the large array of applications for this amazing plant.Cotton (from the Arabic word al-qutn) is a member of the malvaceae family of flowering plants that includes hibiscus, pavonia and mallow plants. More specifically, cotton is classified with a genus of tropical and subtropical shrubs known as gossypium. There four commercial species of cotton, the most common of which is gossypium hirsutum, a variety native to Mesoamerica, Mexico, Florida and the Caribbean. The other three are g. arboreum, or tree cotton, which is grown primarily in India and Pakistan; g. barbadebse, also called Creole, or Egyptian cotton, a South American variety; and g. herbaceum, the Levantine cotton native to southern Africa and the Middle East. Cotton was first cultivated more than 6000 years ago, in the Harappan cultural region of southeast Asia. Its use spread from there and farmers around the world adopted the plant for their own specific climate needs.There are also several wild species; experiments in crossbreeding these with domesticated varieties have been ongoing in attempts to produce cotton plants with greater drought tolerance and disease resistance. The domestication of cotton appears to have begun in present-day Pakistan approximately 6,000 years ago. The Harrappan civilization of the Indus River Valley exported cotton fabrics to the early Semitic peoples of the Middle East as well as the Egyptians starting around 3000 B.C.E.; from there, cotton made its way into Nubia, Mero and the interior of Africa.

Similar domestication of cotton apparently took place in the Americas independently, albeit later: the ancient Peruvian Moche and Nazca civilizations, which flourished as Rome was declining in Europe, made extensive use of cotton fabric. Eventually, cotton fabric was introduced to Europe by way of the Greeks, who described cotton as tree wool. Until the Renaissance, Europeans folklore held that cotton trees bore vegetable lambs, whose wool was used to create cotton fabric (cotton is still called Baumwolle, or tree wool in Germany).

In addition to the creation of several different fabrics, including terrycloth, denim, corduroy, twill and flannel, cotton is used to make fishnets and reusable coffee filters. Cottons versatility, durability and utility have led to entire sectors of the fabric industry being entirely dependent on it, although this dominance has diminished in the age of synthetic fabrics. Cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal are by-products of the ginning process; the invention of the cotton gin, which permitted mechanical separation of the cotton boll, opened the door to economically practical use of cotton byproducts. The oil and meal are edible; the former can be used in cooking, while the latter is generally fed to livestock. In addition, cotton root bark has a place in folk medicine; it was used by female slaves in the early U.S. to induce abortion.Before the age of inkjet and laser printing, the best typing paper was made from cotton fabric. As with fabrics, this pride of place is somewhat less than in previous decades, but cotton still is used in many paper product applications. Traditionally, cotton cultivation has been extremely labor-intensive. The introduction of mechanical cotton-pickers has changed this over the past 50 years or so, and it is still picked

by hand in many places in the world. Cotton requires great amounts of water and pesticides as well as fertilizers. Some varieties of cotton have been genetically modified in order to make them more pest and disease resistant; these varieties are grown primarily in India. In the U.S., a variety of GM cotton has been developed which contains genetic material from a bacterium that is toxic to the boll weevil and other insects that feed on cotton.Cotton requires a fairly long growing season, heavy soil, plenty of light and at least two feet of rain in order to thrive. Because it is so water-dependent, cotton cultivation has led to major problems such as desertification and increased salinity in parts of the former Soviet Union. Currently, the U.S. and several African countries are the largest exporters of cotton, although the textile industry of the U.S. has largely moved to China and India.

The United States is still the worlds third-largest producer of cotton. The United States is at the leading edge of the technological and research aspect of cotton production. Three quarters of the US cotton crop is genetically modified, and at the same time the US leads the world in experiments in organic cotton non-genetically modified cotton that is raised without pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Organic cotton is beginning to appear in small quantities at a number of retailers in the U.S. Cotton production in the United States has also led the world, historically and in the modern era, in the use of mechanical cultivation, harvesting, and processing tools. Cottons utility in the world made a huge leap forward with the invention of cotton gin technology in the 1800s, and with cotton picking and stripping machinery in the 20th century. While cotton may never

again be king, the increasing scarcity of petroleum as a base for synthetic fibers and the amazing utility of this versatile crop ensure that it will always be agricultural royalty.

Cotton is a white fibrous agricultural product that has a wide variety of uses, from textile production, to creating paper, to producing oil and food products. Cotton is grown all around the globe, and is traded internationally as well the international trade in cotton is led by the United States and the African nations, and totals more than $12 billion annually. This article will discuss the basics of cottons development through history, its cultivation today, and the large array of applications for this amazing plant. Cotton (from the Arabic word al-qutn) is a member of the malvaceae family of flowering plants that includes hibiscus, pavonia and mallow plants. More specifically, cotton is classified with a genus of tropical and subtropical shrubs known as gossypium. There four commercial species of cotton, the most common of which is gossypium hirsutum, a variety native to Mesoamerica, Mexico, Florida and the Caribbean. The other three are g. arboreum, or tree cotton, which is grown primarily in India and Pakistan; g. barbadebse, also called Creole, or Egyptian cotton, a South American variety; and g. herbaceum, the Levantine cotton native to southern Africa and the Middle East. Cotton was first cultivated more than 6000 years ago, in the Harappan cultural region of southeast Asia. Its use spread from there and farmers around the world adopted the plant for their own specific climate needs. There are also several wild species; experiments in cross-breeding these with domesticated varieties have been ongoing in attempts to produce cotton plants with greater drought tolerance and disease resistance.The domestication of cotton appears to have begun in

present-day Pakistan approximately 6,000 years ago. The Harrappan civilization of the Indus River Valley exported cotton fabrics to the early Semitic peoples of the Middle East as well as the Egyptians starting around 3000 B.C.E.; from there, cotton made its way into Nubia, Mero and the interior of Africa. Similar domestication of cotton apparently took place in the Americas independently, albeit later: the ancient Peruvian Moche and Nazca civilizations, which flourished as Rome was declining in Europe, made extensive use of cotton fabric.Eventually, cotton fabric was introduced to Europe by way of the Greeks, who described cotton as tree wool. Until the Renaissance, Europeans folklore held that cotton trees bore vegetable lambs, whose wool was used to create cotton fabric. In addition to the creation of several different fabrics, including terrycloth, denim, corduroy, twill and flannel, cotton is used to make fishnets and reusable coffee filters. Cottons versatility, durability and utility have led to entire sectors of the fabric industry being entirely dependent on it, although this dominance has diminished in the age of synthetic fabrics. Cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal are by-products of the ginning process; the invention of the cotton gin, which permitted mechanical separation of the cotton boll, opened the door to economically practical use of cotton byproducts. The oil and meal are edible; the former can be used in cooking, while the latter is generally fed to livestock. In addition, cotton root bark has a place in folk medicine; it was used by female slaves in the early U.S. to induce abortion.Before the age of inkjet and laser printing, the best typing paper was made from cotton fabric. As with fabrics, this pride of place is somewhat less than in previous decades, but cotton still is used in many paper product applications .Traditionally, cotton cultivation has been

extremely labor-intensive. The introduction of mechanical cotton-pickers has changed this over the past 50 years or so, and it is still picked by hand in many places in the world. Cotton requires great amounts of water and pesticides as well as fertilizers. Some varieties of cotton have been genetically modified in order to make them more pest and disease resistant; these varieties are grown primarily in India. In the U.S., a variety of GM cotton has been developed which contains genetic material from a bacterium that is toxic to the boll weevil and other insects that feed on cotton. Cotton requires a fairly long growing season, heavy soil, plenty of light and at least two feet of rain in order to thrive. Because it is so water-dependent, cotton cultivation has led to major problems such as desertification and increased salinity in parts of the former Soviet Union. Currently, the U.S. and several African countries are the largest exporters of cotton, although the textile industry of the U.S. has largely moved to China and India. The United States is still the worlds third-largest producer of cotton. The United States is at the leading edge of the technological and research aspect of cotton production. Three quarters of the US cotton crop is genetically modified, and at the same time the US leads the world in experiments in organic cotton non-genetically modified cotton that is raised without pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Organic cotton is beginning to appear in small quantities at a number of retailers in the U.S.

Cotton production in the United States has also led the world, historically and in the modern era, in the use of mechanical cultivation, harvesting, and processing tools. Cottons utility in the world made a huge leap forward with the invention of cotton gin technology in the 1800s,

and with cotton picking and stripping machinery in the 20th century. While cotton may never again be king, the increasing scarcity of petroleum as a base for synthetic fibers and the amazing utility of this versatile crop ensure that it will always be agricultural royalty.

Since time immemorial India has been the producer of cotton and the finest andmost beautiful cotton fabrics. India thus enjoys the distinction of being the earliestcountry in the world to domesticate cotton and utilize its fiber for manufacture of fabrics.This affinity has endured through the centuries and today India ranks first in cottoncultivated area and second in production among all cotton producing countries in theworld next to China.Cotton is one of the principal crops of the country.

It plays a vital role in thecountrys economy providing substantial employment and making significantcontributions to export earnings. The ratio of the use of cotton to man-made fiber andmade-made continuous filament yarn is 60: 40 for Indian textile industry (based on thefinancial year 2005-06). It engages around 6 million farmers while another about 40 to50 million people depends on activities relating to cotton cultivation, cotton trade and itsprocessing for their livelihood. It is the principal raw material for the domestic textileindustry.India has brought about a quantitative and qualitative transformation in theproduction of cotton since her independence. Production and productivity of cotton inIndia have improved significantly during the past six decades. It increased from 2.79millions of 170kgs each in 1947 to an estimated 310 millions of 170 kgs each in 200809Cotton is an annual crop that is produced commercially in over 80 countries in theworldlocated in the tropics and temperate climate zones. (Lundbaek, 2001). It

is one of themost important internationally traded agricultural commodities in terms of volumeandvalue traded (Serunjogi et al., 2001). Its main commercial uses are in manufactureof textile and garment, edible oil, soap and livestock feeds.In Uganda cotton is produced in all regions of the country, however most of theproduction is concentrated in the Northern and Eastern regions. Total number of cottonproducers in 2000 was approximately 300, 000- 400, 000. (Gordon and Goodland,2000).

Importance of Cotton

Today, the world uses more cotton than any other fiber, and cotton is a leading cash crop in the U.S. At the farm level alone, the production of each years crop involves the purchase of more than $5.3 billion worth of supplies and services. This stimulates business activities for factories and enterprises throughout the country. Processing and handling of cotton after it leaves the farm generates even more business activity. Annual business revenue stimulated by cotton in the U.S. economy exceeds $120 billion, making cotton Americas number one value-added crop.

Cotton is a part of our daily lives from the time we dry our faces on a soft cotton towel in the morning until we slide between fresh cotton sheets at night. It has hundreds of uses, from blue jeans to shoe strings. Clothing and household items are the largest uses, but industrial products account from many thousands of bales.

All parts of the cotton plant are useful. The most important is the fiber or lint, which is used in making cotton cloth. Linters the short fuzz on the seed provide cellulose for making plastics, explosives and other products. Linters also are incorporated into high quality paper products and processed into batting for padding mattresses, furniture and automobile cushions.

The cottonseed is crushed in order to separate its three products -oil, meal and hulls.Cottonseed oil is used primarily for shortening, cooking oil and salad dressing. The meal and hulls that remain are

used either separately or in combination as livestock, poultry and fish feed and as fertilizer. The stalks and leaves of the cotton plant are plowed under to enrich the soil.

Some cottonseed also is used as high-protein concentrate in baked goods and other food products.

How Cotton is Grown

After cotton has been harvested, producers who use conventional tillage practices cut down and chop the cotton stalks. The next step is to turn the remaining residue underneath the soil surface. Producers who practice a style of farming called conservation tillage often choose to

leave their stalks standing and leave the plant residue on the surface of the soil.

In the spring, farmers prepare for planting in several ways. Producers who plant using no-till or conservation tillage methods, use special equipment designed to plant the seed through the litter that covers the soil surface. Producers who employ conventional tillage practices, plow or list the land into rows forming firm seed-beds for planting. Producers in south Texas plant cotton as early as February. In Missouri and other northern parts of the Cotton Belt, they plant as late as June.

Seeding is done with mechanical planters which cover as many as 10 to 24 rows at a time. The planter opens a small trench or furrow in each row, drops in the right amount of seed, covers them and packs the earth on top of them. The seed is planted at uniform intervals in either small clumps (hill-dropped) or singularly (drilled). Machines called cultivators are used to uproot weeds

and grass, which compete with the cotton plant for soil nutrients, sunlight and water.

About two months after planting, flower buds called squares appear on the cotton plants. In another three weeks, the blossoms open. Their petals change from creamy white to yellow, then pink and finally, dark red. After three days, they wither and fall, leaving green pods which are called cotton boll.

Inside the boll, which is shaped like a tiny football, moist fibers grow and push out from the newly formed seeds. As the boll ripens, it turns brown. The fibers continue to expand under the warm sun. Finally, they split the boll apart and the fluffy cotton bursts forth. It looks like white cotton candy.

Since hand labor is no longer used in the U.S. to harvest cotton, the crop is harvested by machines, either a picker or a stripper. Cotton picking machines have spindles that pick (twist) the seed cotton from the burrs that are attached to plants stems. Doffers then remove the seed cotton from the spindles and knock the seed cotton into the conveying system.

Conventional cotton stripping machines use rollers equipped with alternating bats and brushes to knock the open bolls from the plants into a conveyor. A second kind of stripper harvester uses a broadcast attachment that looks similar to a grain header on a combine. All harvesting systems use air to convey and elevate the seed cotton into a storage bin referred to as a basket. Once the basket is full, the stored seed cotton is dumped into a boll buggy, trailer or module builder.

How Cotton is Ginned and Marketed

Today, nearly all cotton is stored in modules, which look like giant loaves of bread. Modules allow the cotton to be stored without loosing yield or quality prior to ginning. Specially designed trucks pick up modules of seed cotton from the field and move them to the gin. Modern gins place modules in front of machines called module feeders. Some module feeders have stationary heads, in which case, giant conveyors move the modules into the module feeder. Other module feeders are self-propelled and move down a track that along side the modules. The module feeders literally break the modules apart and feed the seed cotton into the gin. Other gins use powerful pipes to suck the cotton into the ginbuilding.

Once in the cotton gin, the seed cotton moves through dryers and through cleaning machines that remove the gin waste such as burs, dirt, stems and leaf material from the cotton. Then it goes to the gin stand where circular saws with small, sharp teeth pluck the fiber from the seed. From the gin, fiber and seed go different ways. The ginned fiber, now called lint, is pressed together and made into dense bales weighting about 500 pounds. To determine the value of cotton, samples are taken from each bale and classed according to fiber length (staple), strength, micronaire, color and cleanness. Producers usually sell their cotton to a local buyer or merchant who, in turn, sells it to a textile mill either in the United States or a foreign country. The seed usually is sold by the producer to the gin. The ginner

either sells for feed or to an oil mill where the linters (downy fuzz) are removed in an operation very much like ginning. Linters are baled and sold to the paper, batting and plastics industries, while the seed is processed into cottonseed oil, meal and hulls.

HISTORY

The cotton cloth weavers of India have been known since the earliest days of recorded history. A fragment of madder-dyed cloth found in the Indus Valley excavation in northern India showed that weaving and dyeing were flourishing arts over 5,000 years ago. They were skills that were to increase and diversify down the centuries, attracting wider and more lasting acclaim. The Roman historian, Pliny, bewailed the flight of Roman gold to India because of the Roman passion for Indian fabrics. St. Jerome's Latin translation of the Bible (4th Century A.D.) quotes the ancient patriarch Job as saying that wisdom was more enduring than the dyed colors of India. Arab travelers in 9th Century India reported

that "...they make garments of such extraordinary perfection that nowhere else is their likeness to be seen..." Marco Polo observed that the art of embroidery, as practised in Gujarat in the 13th Century, was incomparable. It was not only the technique of dyeing that made India's textiles famous. The fabrics were embellished with scintillating designs which India alone could offer. There were some of which every thread of warp and weft was dyed before being placed on the loom; a design appeared as the weaving progressed and was identical on either side. It was the craft of the individual artist who inherited his skill from his forbears and who gave his own aesthetic conception to the products he made with his own hands.

Cotton was first cultivated in the Old World 7,000 years ago (5th millennium BC), by the inhabitants of western Pakistan, for example as the site of Mehrgarhwhere early cotton thread has been preserved in copper beads. Cotton cultivation became more widespread during the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered a huge swath of the northwestern part of the South Asia, comprising today parts of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. The Indus cotton industry was well developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the modern industrialization of India.Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread in much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka around 1000 BC. Well before the Common Era, the use of cotton textiles had spread from India to the Mediterranean and beyond.

Cotton fabrics discovered in a cave near Tehuacn, Mexico have been dated to around 5800 BC, although it is difficult to know for certain due to fiber decay.Other sources date the domestication of cotton in Mexico to approximately 5000 to 3000 BC. The Greeks and the Arabs were not familiar with cotton until the Wars of Alexander the Great, as his contemporary Megasthenes told Seleucus I Nicator of "there being trees on which wool grows" in "Indica". Cotton has been spun, woven, and dyed since prehistoric times. It clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, and their use spread to the Mediterranean countries.

In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In the poems of Persian poets, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to cotton ("panbe" in Persian).Marco Polo (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of 17th century, who had visited the Safavid Persia, has approved the vast cotton farms of Persia.

General Information on Cotton

The cotton plant and its fibre Cotton cultivation and its varieties can look very diverse in different parts of the world. For an overview of cotton cultivation practices, to see which varieties are existing and for getting summarised information about fibre properties. The social and environmental impact of the cotton crop The environmental and social impacts of cotton have been in the news for many years now. Some of these stories maintain in the public image, although many things have changed. For a summary of the most relevant aspects of the environmental and social implications of cotton production .

The cotton value chain Many stages are required to process cotton from fibres to the final fabrics. Behind even a simple textile product there might be a rather complex processing and manufacturing chain. Moreover most of the textiles are not even produced from only one origin of fibres. An insight into the most usual processing steps and some corresponding pictures . The cotton world market Cotton is the main traded agricultural raw material. It is produced in all continents, but also shipped to all continents: Its pathways of trade are complex and in most cases not transparent. An overview about the cotton world market is

Social & Environmental Impact of Cotton Production

Risks of cotton farming

Environmental risks Socio-economic risks

Risks of cotton processing

Environmental risks

Socio-economic risks

World Market in cotton production

The history of cotton production Several countries claim to be the real origin of the cotton fibre. In fact the genetic history of the nowadays cotton plant can be traced back to different continents. Major facts of these historical background are explained here.

The cotton production worldwide With worldwide annual production of some 25 million tonnes of cotton fibre grown in some 35 countries, cotton is among the most important commodities in international trade. Millions of people around the world are dependant on cotton production and its processing. Different to other crops it is grown on large farms as well as on smallholdings.

Cotton processing East and Southeast Asian countries are not only the largest cotton producers, they also account for the bulk of the worldwide textile industry.

The variety of cotton products Everybody knows cotton as relevant textile fibre, but actually its uses are much more flexible. Some things of everyday use contain cotton or its by-products some of them may be in your kitchen or passes through your hands every day.

The cotton market prices As internationally traded commodity cotton is subject to a high volatility in price thereby influencing the livelihood of cotton farmers, processors, traders and textile mills. Given the fact that there are a lot of different fibre qualities, one may wonder how an international price fixing can be realized.

Risks of cotton textile processing

Environmental risks
All major processing stages along the cotton value chain such as dyeing, bleaching and finishing use large amounts of chemicals of various toxicity and hazardousness.

Water treatment of dyeing mill (India 2003)

Most of these chemicals, such as heavy metals, formaldehyde, azo dyes, benzidine or chlorine bleach, cause environmental pollution by the mills waste water and many can be found as residues in the finished product. Some of them affect consumers health and are suspected of causing allergies, eczema or cancer (PAN UK, 2006). Over the past two decades, many improvements have been made: chemicals are increasingly recycled or replaced by safer alternatives, and waste water is treated so as to reduce pollution. However, these improvements mainly concern processing mills in rich countries, and sub-standard environmental practices are common in developing countries, where most clothes are made. In Northern countries, many hazardous chemicals have been restricted or banned. Recently, the European Union prohibited the use of azo dyes and restricted the use of formaldehyde. The ko-Tex Standard 100 is one of the most widely recognised standards

in textiles. It sets strict limits on the amount of harmful substances contained in textiles. A standard called Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) was developed by the International Working Group on a Global Organic Textile Standard. The standard sets criteria for all stages of production and processing along the entire textile value chain. Energy use in cotton processing is high due to two main factors. Firstly, there are many different, highly mechanised processing stages that mainly depend on finite energy sources. Secondly, due to the increasing globalisation of the cotton value chain, the processing mills of different stages are located in far-flung regions of the world. For this reason, transport distances from the place where the cotton is harvested along the various processing steps to the final cotton product are normally huge.

Socio-economic risks
There has recently been a strong trend among retailers to shift their processing mills to lowwage countries in order to increase their competitiveness. However, many textile factories in these countries do not comply with national and international minimum regulations regarding labour rights. Common problems for workers in textile processing factories include: Low wages: Workers are paid wages below the minimum required to guarantee decent living conditions for them and their families.Long working hours: Many employees have to work more than 48 hours a week, which is the maximum number of working hours according to Convention 1 of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Risks at work: Workers often face health risks due to a lack of safety precautions and appropriate equipment. The workers are exposed to hazardous chemicals used for cotton dyeing or finishing, to dust and to equipment without safety mechanisms.Employee participation: Freedom of assembly and the

ability to participate in trades unions, which allow employees to express their view in a company, are often restricted or banned. Child labour: It is still common to find children employed not only in cotton processing mills but also in large-scale cotton production. An alarming example is Uzbekistan where every year the government closes schools down and sends children to pick cotton in the pesticide-contaminated fields. Discrimination: There is frequent discrimination against women, elderly or disabled people in factories. The lack of binding labour agreements adds to the problem.

Scope of the cotton textile in india

India textile industry is one of the leading textile industries in the world.through was prederninantly unorganized industry even a few years backs,but the scenario started changing after the economic liberalization of Indian economy in 1991.

The opening up of economic gave the much-needed thrust to the Indian textile industry,Which has now successfully become one of the largest in the world.

Objective of the Study

There is Some Objective of the Research Report they are given bellow.
1. Genetic improvement with in built resistence to biotic and a biotic stresses for quality cotton production . 2. Develop from worthy cotton production techonologies through effective resources management. 3. Quality nucleus and breeder seed production commensurate with speed replacement rates. 4. Conduct formers participatory trails for promotion and awareness of the potential technologies. 5. Utilise cotton by produce for the manufacture of value added products.

Research Methodology

Research
Research is a purposeful investigation. It is a scientific & systematic search for knowledge & intimation on a specific topic research is use full & research objective can be achieved if it is done in proposes process.

Methodology
The world methodology spell the meaning itself if the method used by the researches in obtaining information. The data ( information can be collected from primary sources & secondary sources.) By primary data we mean data collected by researches himself for the first time to collaborate the data which has previously not been used is known as primary data By secondary data we mean the data collected from various published matters, a Magazine newspapers status of previous research report etc. In other words we can say that the data which has already been used your different purpose by different people is known as secondary Primary data can be collected through questionnaire and personal interview as for as concern my research is limited to dealers personality Secondary data are collected from the various books journals new spapereditional expert suggestions web sites & internet & etc .Research is a common language refers to a search of knowledge. Research is scientific & systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic, infect research is an art of scientific investigation. Research Methodology is a scientific way to solve research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is dont scientifically. In it we study various steps that are generally adopted by researchers in studying their research

problem. It is necessary for researchers to know not only know research method techniques but also technology.The scope of Research Methodology is wider than that of research methods.The research problem consists of series of closely related activities. At times, the first step determines the native of the last step to be undertaken. Why a research has been defined, what data has been collected and what a particular methods have been adopted and a host of similar other questions are usually answered when we talk of research methodology concerning a research problem or study. The project is a study where focus is on the following points:

RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is defined, as the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the Information needed. It is a plant or organizing framework for doing the study and collecting the data. Designing a research plan requires decisions all the data sources, research approaches, Research instruments, sampling plan and contact methods. Research design is mainly of following types: 1. Exploratory research. 2. Descriptive studies 3. Experimental

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
The major purposes of exploratory studies are the identification of problems, the more precise Formulation of problems and the formulations of new alternative courses of action. The design of exploratory studies is characterized by a great amount of flexibility and ad-hoc veracity.

DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
Descriptive research in contrast to exploratory research is marked by the prior formulation of specific research Questions. The investigator already knows a substantial

amount about the research problem. Perhaps as a Result of an exploratory study, before the project is initiated. Descriptive research is also characterized by a Preplanned and structured design.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: - A casual design investigates the cause and effect relationships between two or more variables. The hypothesis is tested and the experiment is done. There are following types of casual designs: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. After only design Before after design Before after with control group design Four groups, six studies design After only with control group design. Consumer panel design Exposit facto design

B)

DATA COLLECTION METHOD

PRIMARY

SECONDARY

Direct personal Interview Indirect personal Interview Information from correspondents Mailed questionnaire Question filled by enumerators.
Published Sources

Govt. publication

Unpublished Sources

Report Committees & Commissions Private Publication Research Institute

PRIMARY DATA

These data are collected first time as original data. The data is recorded as observed or encountered. Essentially they are raw materials. They may be combined, totaled but they have not extensively been statistically processed. For example, data obtained by the peoples.

SECONDARY DATA Sources of Secondary Data Following are the main sources of secondary data: 1. Official Publications. 2. Publications Relating to Trade: 3. Journal/ Newspapers etc.: 4. Data Collected by Industry Associations: 5. Unpublished Data: Data may be obtained from several companies, organizations, working in the same areas like magazines.

Period of Study: This study has been carried out for a maximum period of 4 weeks.

Area of study: The study is exclusively done in the area of marketing. It is a process requiring care, sophistication, experience, business judgment, and imagination for which there can be no mechanical substitutes.

Sampling Design: The convenience sampling is done because any probability sampling procedure would require detailed information about the universe, which is not easily available further, it being an exploratory research.

Sample Procedure: In this study judgmental sampling procedure is used. Judgmental sampling is preferred because of some limitation and the complexity of the random sampling. Area sampling is used in combination with convenience sampling so as to collect the data from different regions of the city and to increase reliability.

Sampling Size: The sampling size of the study is 100 users. Method of the Sampling:

Probability Sampling It is also known as random sampling. Here, every item of the universe has an equal chance or probability of being chosen for sample. Probability sampling may be taken inform of:

Simple Random Sampling A simple random sample gives each member of the population an equal chance of being chosen. It is not a haphazard sample as some people think! One way of achieving a simple random sample is to number each element in the sampling frame and then use random numbers to select the required sample.Random numbers can be obtained using your calculator, a spreadsheet, printed tables of random numbers, or by the more traditional methods of drawing slips of paper from a hat, tossing coins or rolling dice.

Systematic Random Sampling This is random sampling with a system! From the sampling frame, a starting point is chosen at random, and thereafter at regular intervals.

Stratified Random Sampling With stratified random sampling, the population is first divided into a number of parts or 'strata' according to some characteristic, chosen to be related to the major variables being studied. For this survey, the variable of interest is the citizen's attitude to the redevelopment scheme, and the stratification factor will be the values of the respondents' homes. This factor was chosen because it seems reasonable to suppose that it will be related to people's attitudes

Cluster and area Sampling

Cluster sampling is a sampling technique used when "natural" groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this technique, the total population is divided into these groups (or clusters) and a sample of the groups is selected. Then the required information is collected from the elements within each selected group. This may be done for every element in these groups or a sub sample of elements may be selected within each of these groups.

Non Probability Sampling It is also known as deliberate or purposive or judge mental sampling. In this type of sampling, every item in the universe does not have an equal, chance of being included in a sample. It is of following type:

Convenience Sampling A convenience sample chooses the individuals that are easiest to reach or sampling that is done easy. Convenience sampling does not represent the entire population so it is considered bias. Quota Sampling In quota sampling the selection of the sample is made by the interviewer, who has been given quotas to fill from specified sub-groups of the population.

Judgment Sampling

The sampling technique used here in probability > Random Sampling. The total sample size is 100 profiles. I have selected Probability sampling method for this research study.

Data Collection : - Data is collected from various customers through personal interaction. Specific questionnaire is prepared for collecting data. Data is collected with more interaction and formal discussion with different respondents and we collect data about investment pattern of people by face to face contact with the persons from whom the information is to be obtained (known as informants). The interviewer asks them questions pertaining to the survey and collects the desired information.

Limitation

Survey Area: The survey area is limited to only Ghazipur district (Urban). Hence, the finding cannot be generalized. Sampling Design: There are different type of Sampling like, probability, Area, random, purposive, convenience and judgmental. Along these, the researcher choose only convenience, purposive and judgmental sampling. The data are collected on the convenience basis, which was suited to the researcher is survey. Whenever he found the related individual, he asks some questions to them and field up this questionnaire. Judge metal means, the researcher know that; who me get have to give preference. The person who was suitable for his research. He selected and asked questions to home & left others. These three designs were suitable for the survey and without them the researcher cannot reach to any condition.

Finding & Conclusion

In my topic, A Study On Roll of market intermediaries in Insurance Industry. I collect lots of information about market intermediaries in Insurance Industry. I found that. 1. Under 100 population 95% people knows that the investment advisor & 5% of the population.
2. I found that 90% of the population says that investment advisor are

beneficiary for the company and 10% of the population does not agree. 3. There are 85% of the population has positive, 5% population has negative role of an agent on investment & 10% population has no idea. 4. There are 60% of the population has agreed & 10% of the population has disagree & 30% population says sometimes satisfied the agent information regarding investment. 5. There are 50% of the population imposed LIC, 30% population Bajaj Allianz, 10% population Birla Sun life & 10% population imposed other investme 6.

Conclusion

Suggestions
In my topic Aanalysis And Evaluation Of Cotton Textile Supply Chain In India I asked to every responded to have a suggestion about the improvement of the roles of an agent on investment then by the help of my respondent, I got lots of suggestion relating to my topic. I want to suggest every Company agents who imposed the investment they must be gathered information about the investment procedure so that consumers are totally satisfied to his investment. Now a day, the role of agent on investment increasing day by day but in Ghazipur city it is not become so much increase be case of the communication skill no so much properly in Ghazipur city & most important suggestion the agent that they should be the right information relating to the SWITCH on time the investment & they should be reached information relating to the new scheme & the document premium etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION INTERNET www.google.com www.search.com www.cottontextile.com C.R. KOTHARI PHILIP KOTLER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MARKETING MANAGEMENT MAGAZINES JOURNALS