Gdel Type Metrics in Three Dimensions o

arXiv:0812.2576v2 [gr-qc] 31 Dec 2008

Metin Grses u
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara - Turkey

January 1, 2009
Abstract We show that the Gdel type Metrics in three dimensions with aro bitrary two dimensional background space satisfy the Einstein-perfect uid eld equations. There exists only one rst order partial dierential equation satised by the components of uids velocity vector eld. We then show that the same metrics solve the eld equations of the topologically massive gravity where the two dimensional background geometry is a space of constant negative Gaussian curvature. We discuss the possibility that the Gdel Type Metrics to solve the o Ricci and Cotton ow equations. When the vector eld u is a Killing vector eld we nally show that the stationary Gdel Type Metrics o solve the eld equations of the most possible gravitational eld equations where the interaction lagrangian is an arbitrary function of the electromagnetic eld and the curvature tensors.

Introduction

In three dimensions there are several attempts to nd exact solutions of Einstein and Topologically Massive Gravity eld equations [1]-[4]. In these eorts authors usually start with a specic ansatz for the spacetime metrics. It seems that the Gdel type metrics [5]-[7] will be very convenient and o practical in searching solutions of the eld equations in three dimensions. In a D dimensional spacetime the Gdel type metrics are dened by o g = h u u (1)

where h is the metric of a D 1-dimensional locally Euclidean Einstein 1 space with h u = 0 and u is a unit timelike vector eld with u = u0 0 . We studied these metrics when u0 is a constant in [5] and when u0 is not constant in [6]. Although, in these works our approach was independent of the dimension of the spacetime we focused our attention to the cases D > 3 in much detail. In these works we obtained exact solutions of various supergravity theories in various dimensions. In [5] since u0 was considered to be a constant our solutions contain no dilaton eld. If u0 is not a constant it plays the role of the dilaton eld. In [6] we found exact solutions of the supergravity theories with dilaton. In [7] we studied the closed timelike curves in Gdel type metrics and showed that when the vector eld u is o also a Killing vector of the spacetime geometry then there always exist closed timelike or null curves in Gdel type spacetimes. o In this work we shall consider the Gdel type metrics in three dimensions o with u0 constant (or g00 is a constant). The case with u0 is not a constant will be discussed later. There are several interesting properties of the spacetime geometry in three dimensions. In two dimensions since the Ricci tensor is proportional to the metric then the metrics of any three dimensional spacetime is of Gdel type. In three dimensions energy momentum tensor of a o Maxwell eld of the vector led u is equivalent to the energy momentum tensor of a perfect uid with sti equation of state. With these properties we show in Section 3 that any Gdel type metrics in three dimensions satisfy o the Einstein-Perfect uid eld equations. Using the result of Section 3 we show in Section 4 that Gdel type metrics in three dimensions satisfy the o eld equations of the topological massive gravity (TMG) provided that the two dimensional space is a space of constant curvature. We nd all possible 1

Gdel type solutions of TMG and show that our previous solution [1] of TMG o is a special case. The Ricci and Cotton tensors for the Gdel type metrics o take very simple forms which attracts us to consider the corresponding ow equations. We study the Ricci and Cotton ow equations in Section 5. In the last Section we construct a closed tensor algebra which enables the Gdel o type metrics to solve the eld equations of a most general Lagrange function of metric, Ricci, curvature and the antisymmetric Maxwell tensor eld and their covariant derivatives at all order.

Gdel Type Metrics in General Relativity o

Let u = u10 0 be a timelike vector with u0 = constant, in D dimensional spacetime M and h be the metric of D 1 dimensional Euclidean space such that u h = 0. Gdel type of metrics are dened by [5] o

g = h u u . Let us dene an antisymmetric tensor f as f = u, u, . The Christoel symbol corresponding to the metric (1) is
= +

(2)

(3)

1 1 (u f + u f ) (u| + u|) u , (4) 2 2 where a vertical stroke denotes covariant derivative with respect to the Christof fel symbol and a semicolon or nabla will denote covariant derivative with respect to the Christoel symbol . It is easy to show that u u = 0, Then u = u u; = 0. (6) u f = 0. (5)

It is a property of the Gdel type of geometries that the vector eld u is also o a timelike Killing vector eld of the spacetime geometry (M, g) and hence we have 2

f = 2 u; .

(7)

We dene the current vector j corresponding to the antisymmetric tensor eld f as j f | = f

1 2 f u , 2

(8)

where f 2 = f f . It is now straightforward to prove the following Proposition [5] Proposition 1. Let (M,g) be a stationary spacetime with the Gdel type meto ric (1). Let h be the metric tensor of D 1-dimensional locally Euclidean space, then the Einstein tensor becomes G = r 1 f 1 1 h r + T + (j u + j u ) + 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 f + r u u (u j ) g , 4 2 2

(9)

f where T denotes the Maxwell energy-momentum tensor for f , r is the Ricci tensor of . The Ricci scalar is obtained as

1 2 f + u j , 4 where r denotes the Ricci scalar of r . R=r+ The above Proposition gives the Einstein tensor of (1) without any conditions. In order to have a physical energy momentum distribution we assume that D 1-dimensional space is an Einstein space (a vacuum space with a cosmological constant) and the current vector eld j vanishes everywhere. Then we have Proposition 2. Let (M, g) be a stationary spacetime geometry with the Gdel type metric (1). Let h be the metric tensor of the D 1-dimensional o r Einstein space, r = D1 h and let j = 0. Then the metric g satises the Einstein eld equations with a charged uid G = 1 f T + (p + ) u u + pg , 2 3 (10)

with f = 1 2 f u , 2 (3 D) r, p = 2(D 1) 1 2 = f + r. 4 (11) (12) (13)

Here p is the pressure and is the energy density of the charged perfect uid. Here the signs of the uid pressure and the uid energy density depends (in particular for D 3) on the sign of the Ricci scalar of the D 1 dimensional Euclidean space with metric h . Corollary 3. If h is the metric of a Ricci at space then the energy momentum distribution for the Einstein eld equations for the metric g becomes charged dust,i.e., G = provided f satises the equation f | = 0 (15) 1 f 1 T + f 2 u u 2 4 (14)

and T f is the Maxwell energy momentum tensor for the antisymmetric tensor f 1 f T = f f f 2 g 4 2 where f = f f . Maxwells equations (15) can also be written as (11) Hence Gdel type metrics (1) satisfy the Einstein eld equations with o charged dust distributions where the only eld equations are the Maxwell equations (15) or (??) and the Ricci at equations for h . There is no electric eld (u fi = f0i = 0), only the magnetic eld exists. We have the gauge freedom u = u + (16)

where is a function satisfying the condition (recall that u = u00 , u = u0 ) 0

u0 = u0 + 0

(17)

Both u0 and u0 are constants. For the stationary spacetime , which is the case in this work, we have not depending on x0 and u0 = u0 (constant) but this leads to constant . u = u + g , or
0 0 = g , u0 u0

(18)

(19)

since u0 = u0 then = constant. Hence we have the following Proposition Proposition 4. The only gauge transformation h = h , u = u + (20)

keeping the stationary Gdel type metric invariant is the one with constant o . In this work we only considered the case where u0 is a non vanishing constant. In [6] we have studied the Gdel type metrics when u0 is not a o constant. In this case, the proposed metric yields exact solutions to the various theories with a dilaton eld.

Gdel Type Metrics in Three Dimensions o

In three dimensions Gdel type of metrics have very interesting properties. o All three dimensional metrics can be written as a Gdel type of metric with o a non-constant u0 . Proposition 5. All metrics of the spacetime geometry are of Gdel type with o a non-constant u0 . Any three dimensional metric can be written as follows:

ds2 = P 2 (dx0 )2 + 2Mdx0 dx1 + 2Ndx0 dx2 + Q2 (dx1 )2 + 2Ldx1 dx2 + R2 (dx2 )2 N 2 2 M2 M 1 2 0 = P (dx 2 dx 2 dx ) + ( 2 + Q2 )(dx1 )2 + P P P MN N2 2(L + 2 )dx1 dx2 + ( 2 + R2 )(dx2 )2 , P P

(21)

where P, M, N, Q, L, R are functions of x0 , x1 and x2 . Then the last form (21) is of Gdel type (1) with o u dx = P (dx0 h dx dx N M 1 dx 2 dx2 ), 2 P P 2 MN M = ( 2 + Q2 )(dx1 )2 + 2(L + 2 )dx1 dx2 + P P N2 ( 2 + R2 )(dx2 )2 P

(22)

Hence u0 = P which is not a constant in general and h is the metric of a two dimensional locally Euclidean space. Corollary 6. When (M, g) is stationary and u0 = constant then metric functions depend on x1 and x2 , and P = constant Another interesting property of three dimensions is that any antisymmetric tensor eld f can be expressed as v where v is any vector eld. Since u0 is constant and u,0 = 0 (stationarity) then u f = 0. This implies that v is proportional to u . Hence we have the following Proposition: Proposition 7. The antisymmetric tensor f can be expressed as f = 2w u (23)

where w is an arbitrary function and = |g| . Here is the totally antisymmetric Levi-Civita tensor. Hence from (7) we have u = w u 6 (24)

Taking the divergence of (23) we obtain 1 2 f u + 2w, u , 2 where w 2 = 1 f 2 . This leads to the following result: 8 f = (25)

Proposition 8. The above equations (25) imply that in three dimensions the Maxwell equations (??) are satised if and only if w or f 2 = constant. In three dimensions due to the property (23) the energy momentum tensor of f becomes the energy momentum tensor of a perfect uid with p = equation of state. Proposition 9. In three dimensions due to the property (23) the energy momentum tensor corresponding to the antisymmetric tensor eld f reduces to 1 2 1 f u u + f 2 g , (26) 2 4 where the the energy density and the pressure are respectively given by
f T =

1 2 1 f , p = f 2. 4 4 Hence the we have the sti equation of state p = . =

(27)

Then any stationary spacetime metric in three dimensions with f 2 = constant satises the Einstein perfect uid eld equations. We state this as the next proposition which will be used later for dierent purposes. Proposition 10. Let D=3 in Proposition 2 and use Proposition 9 for the energy momentum tensor of f then the stationary Gdel type metrics (1) with o 2 constant f satisfy the Einstein eld equation with a perfect uid distribution 1 2 1 (f + r2 ) u u + f 2 g , (28) 2 8 where r2 is the Ricci scalar corresponding to the two dimensional metric tensor h . Energy density and the pressure of the uid are respectively given by G = 7

p=

1 2 f , 8

3 2 1 f + r2 8 2

(29)

To have some specic solutions we need a coordinate chart. For this purpose let us now consider the metric in polar coordinates (geodesic polar coordinates). Proposition 11. Without loosing any generality we can write the metric given in (21)in polar coordinates so that the two dimensional part the coordinate curves are orthogonal ds2 = m2 dr 2 + n2 d2 (u0 dt + u1 dr + u2 d)2 , (30)

where u = (u0 , u1 , u2). Here u0 is a constant, x = (t, r, ), the functions m, n, u1 and u2 depend on r and . The only eld equation (23) reduces to a single equation u1, = u2, r + 2wm n, (31)

which is equivalent to f 2 = 8w 2 = constant. As a conclusion, for any 3 dimensional metric g with g00 is a constant, Eq.(31) solves the stationary Einstein-Perfect uid equations where the pressure and energy density are given in (29)

Gdel Type Metrics in Topologically Maso sive Theory

Topologically Massive Gravity (TMG) equations found by Deser, Jackiw and Templeton (DJT) [8] with a cosmological constant are given as follows. G + 1 C = . (32)

Here G and R are the Einstein and Ricci tensors respectively and C is the Cotton tensor which is given by C = (R

1 R g ). 4

(33)

The constants and are respectively the DJT parameter and the cosmological constant. To solve the DJT eld equations some time ago we have introduced a method [1]. In this method we start with Einsteins equations with a perfect uid source G = T , with T = (p + ) u u + p g , (35) (34)

where the uid equations are obtained through the conservation equation T = 0 , p and are respectively the pressure and energy density of the uid and u is the uids timelike unit four velocity vector , i.e, u u = 1. We have the following result which was reported previously [1] Proposition 12: If p, are constants and u (36) 3 then any solution of the Einstein equations G = T with a perfect uid distribution is also a solution of the TMG (32) with a cosmological constant = 2 p and 3 u = p= where 0 = +
2 . 27

2 , 9

2 9 0 3

(37)

If the Ricci scalar r2 of the metric h is a constant then as a consequence of the Proposition 12 any Gdel type of metrics solve the DJT equations o Proposition 13: Stationary Gdel type metrics in three dimensions with o 2 constant f , see Proposition 10, solve also the TMG eld equations if the two dimensional background space is of constant Gaussian curvature (or r2 = constant) and = 3w, r2 = 2(w 2 + 3) (38)

Eq.(38) implies that the two dimensional geometry with the metric h is at if 0 = 0 As an application of the above Proposition 14 let us consider the following solution of the TMG [1] Proposition 14. The following metric solves the Topologically Massive Gravity equations exactly q 2 + h2 2 1 d + dr 2 a0 2 h 2 1 q d + dr 2 = ( a0 dt d))2 + a0 a0

ds2 = a0 dt2 + 2 q dt d +

(39)

where u0 =

a0 , u1 = 0 and u2 = q 0 and a = b0 + b1 3 0 2 + r r2 4 e0 2 q = c0 + r 3 2 h = e0 r, 0 = + 27

where a0 , b0 , b1 , c0 and e0 are arbitrary constants. The above solution is very special. All the metric functions depend only on the radial coordinate r. We may call this solution as stationary spherically symmetric (solutions not depending on the angular coordinate ) Gdel type o metrics. Remark 1. In the study of the black holes solutions in topologically massive gravity, Ait Moussa et al [2] considered the solution of Vuorio [9] which is given by ds2 = [dt (2 cosh + w)d]2 + d 2 + sinh2 d2 . (40)

where w is a constant. This solution is a special case of our solution (39) with = 0, = 3 and b0 = 2, b1 = 0, e0 = 1/2, a0 = 1, c0 = w 2 10 (41)

The transformation links our solution to the Vuorio solution is given as t = t, = , r 2 = 4(1 + cosh ). Our analysis shows that the Vuorio solution is also of Gdel type. Hence one may use a similar analytic continuation o used in [2] to our solution (39) with = 0, = 3 to convert it to a black hole solution of TMG. We remark [10] also that the solution given in (39) is equivalent to the solution (3.13) of Ait Moussa et al [3]. Now we will show that, using Proposition 10 it is easy to generalize the above spherically symmetric solution of TMG. Our solution (39) given above has two dimensional space with metric ds2 = 2 1 h2 2 d + dr 2 a0 (42)

where the Gaussian curvature is found as K = 30 = 3 + w 2 which is a constant. Ricci scalar r2 and the Gaussian curvature K are related by r2 = 2K. To write the above exact solution of the TMG compatible with the notation in Proposition 10 we get the following identications 1 h m= , n= (43) a0 1 (44) u1 = 0, u2 = (c0 + we0 r 2 ). a0 where and h are dened in Proposition 15. To generalize the above solution (39) we leave the two dimensional part (42) the same, i.e., letting 1 h m= , n= (45) a0 and take the most general solution of Eq.(31), i.e., e0 u1, = u2,r + 2w r a0 We solve u2 from this equation as 1 u2 = (c0 + we0 r 2 ) + a0 11
r

(46)

(u1, )dr

(47)

where c0 is arbitrary constant and u1 is left free. Hence the metric ds2 = m2 dr 2 + n2 d2 (u0 dt + u1 dr + u2 d)2 (48)

with m, n, and u2 given above (45) and (47) respectively, solve the TMG exactly. Here u1 (r, ) is left arbitrary which was taken to be zero in our solution (39). Hence we have the following result: Proposition 15. We obtain the most general stationary solution of Topologically Massive Gravity when g00 is a constant. The solution is given in Gdel o type where u0 = a0 , u1 is an arbitrary function of r and , u2 is given in (47) and the two dimensional metric is given in (42) with constant Gaussian curvature K = 30 . This solution generalizes our solution presented in [1]

Ricci and Cotton Flows

In this section we shall assume that the Gaussian curvature K of the two dimensional space with metric h is a constant. From Proposition 10 we have the Ricci tensor of a stationary Gdel type metrics o 1 2 1 1 (f + r2 ) u u + (r2 + f 2 ) g (49) 2 2 2 where r2 = 2K is the Ricci scalar corresponding to the two dimensional metric tensor h . Then we have an exact solution of the Ricci ow equation R = Proposition 16. Let (M, g) be the stationary Gdel type spacetime with o 2 2 f = 8w constant as in Proposition 10. Then Ricci ow equation [11] g = R (50) s where s is the ow parameter and is an arbitrary constant, has an exact solution if u = w 2 u , s h = (K 2 w 2) h . s 12

(51) (52)

The above ow equations (51) and (52) are solved exactly by playing with the constants b0 , c0 , 0 , and e0 . As an example u0 (or a0 ) has the following behavior under the this ow u0 = u0 (0) ew
2s

(53)

where u0 (0) is an arbitrary constant. On the other hand taking the trace of 2 both sides of (50) we obtain that u0 = u0 (0) e(w +K) s . Hence comparing with (53) we get K = 0. Proposition 17. The Ricci ow equations have Gdel type of metrics as o exact solutions only when the two dimensional space is a space of zero curvature Proposition 18 The Cotton tensor for stationary Gdel type metrics take o the following simple form
C = w (p + ) ( + 3u u ).

(54)
2 . 9

Hence the spacetime geometry (M, g) is conformally at if = Cotton ow equation

The

g = C (55) s where is a constant and s is the ow parameter. These equations were recently used by [12]. Here we show that Gdel type metrics solve exactly o the Cotton ow equations (55) only when the Cotton tensor vanishes. For C given above we have Proposition 19.Let (M, g) be the stationary Gdel type spacetime with f 2 = o 2 8w constant as in Proposition 10. Then Cotton ow equations (55) lead to the following ow equations for h and u u = k u , s h = k h . s 13

(56) (57)

where k = w (p+). Again the above ow equations (56) and (57) are solved exactly by playing with the constants b0 , c0 , 0 , and e0 . As an example u0 (or a0 ) has the following behavior under the Cotton ow u0 = u0 (0) eks (58)

where u0 (0) is an arbitrary constant. On the other hand taking the trace of both sides of (55) we obtain u0 is also constant with respect to the ow parameter s. Comparing this with (58) we obtain k = 0. Proposition 20.Let (M, g) be the stationary Gdel type spacetime with f 2 = o 8w 2 constant as in Proposition 10. Then Cotton ow equations (55) have exact solutions only when the k = 0, but this means that the Cotton tensor vanishes.

Gdel Type Metrics in Higher Curvature o Theories

In three dimensions when the stationary Gdel type metrics with constant o 2 f have further nice properties. It is possible to show that the tensors u , f and g satisfy the following tensorial algebra. Proposition 21. Let D=3 and the metric of spacetime be Gdel type with o 2 constant f . Let the two dimensional space with metric h be a space of constant Gaussian curvature. Then we have the following closed dierential algebra of the tensors u , f and g u = f f g 1 f , 2 = w u , 1 2 w (g u g u ), = 2 = 0. (59) (60) (61) (62)

From the previous Propositions (in particular Proposition 10) we can deduce that The Ricci, Einstein , curvature tensors and their contractions 14

at any order will be the linear sum the tensors u u and g . Hence the tensor dierential algebra introduced in (59)-62) is eective to show that the gravitational eld equations, for any gravitational action. are given as follows G = Ag + Bu u , f = Cu (63) (64)

where A, B and C are constants depending upon the theory. This leads to the following result: Proposition 22. Let the action of gravitation contains all possible combinations of Ricci, curvature and the antisymmetric tensor F and their covariant derivatives at any order. Then the tensor dierential algebra introduced in (59)-(62) is eective to show that the gravitational eld equations are solved when the metric is the stationary Gdel type metrics with cono stant f 2 and the two dimensional background is a space of constant Gaussian curvature K, and F = f at all orders of the string tension parameter.

Conclusion

We showed that the metric of any three dimensional stationary spacetime with g00 constant satises the Einstein-perfect uid equations. The only dierential equation to be solved is a rst order partial dierential for the components of the uid velocity vector eld. We then showed that in this spacetime symmetry with g00 constant we nd the most general solution of the TMG. This solution generalizes our previous solution [1] (Proposition 15). We showed that stationary Gdel type metrics constitute a very simple o solution of the Ricci ow equations an do not solve the Cotton ow equations (Propositions 19 and 20). Finally we discussed the possibility that the stationary Gdel type metrics form a solution of the low energy limit of string o theory with the most possible interactions of curvature and antisymmetric eld F (Proposition 22).

15

I would like to thank Professors Gerard Clement and Atalay Karasu for reading the manuscript and constructive comments. This work is partially supported by the Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA).

References
[1] M. G rses, Class. Quantum Grav. 11, 2585 (1994). u [2] K.A. Moussa, G. Clement, and C. Leygnac, Class. Quantum Grav. 20,L277-L283(2003). [3] K.A. Moussa, G. Clement, H. Guennoune and C. Leygnac, Phys.Rev. D78, 064065 (2008). [4] J.D. Barrow, D.J. Shaw, and C.G. Tsagas, Class. Quantum Grav. 23, 5291-5322 (2006). [5] M. G rses, A. Karasu and O. Sarolu, Class. Quantum Grav. 22, u g 1527-1543 (2005). [6] M. G rses and O. Sarolu, Class. Quantum Grav. 22, 4699(2005). u g [7] R.J. Gleiser, M. G rses, A. Karasu and O. Sarolu, Class. Quantum u g Grav. 23, 2653 (2006). [8] S. Deser, R. Jackiw, and S. Templeton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 975 (1982); Ann. Phys., NY 140, 372 (1982). [9] I. Vuorio, Phys. Lett. B163, 91 (1985); R. Percacci, P. Sodano, and I. Vuorio, Ann. Phys. NY, 176, 344 (1987). [10] G. Clement, Private Communication. [11] R.S. Hamilton, J. Dier. Geom. 17, 255 (1982). [12] A. U. Kiisel, O. Sarolu, and B. Tekin, Class. Quantum. Grav. 25, s g 165019 (2008).

16