1. 2.5% 2.

What is the range of percentage of carbon in cast iron?

(1)

Distinguish between creep and fatigue.

(2)

Creep is low and progressive deformation of a material with time under a constant stress at high temperature applications. Fatigue is the reduced tendency of material to offer resistance to applied stress under repeated or fluctuating loading condition. 3. 1-3-4-2 4. What is after burning in turbojet engines. (1) What is the standard firing order of 4 cylinder petrol engine? (1)

An afterburner (or reheat) is an additional component added to some jet engines, primarily those on military supersonic aircraft. Its purpose is to provide a temporary increase in thrust, both for supersonic flight and for takeoff (as the high wing loading typical of supersonic aircraft designs means that take-off speed is very high). On military aircraft the extra thrust is also useful for combat situations. This is achieved by injecting additional fuel into the jet pipe downstream (i.e. after) of the turbine. The advantage of afterburning is significantly increased thrust; the disadvantage is its very high fuel consumption and inefficiency, though this is often regarded as acceptable for the short periods during which it is usually used. 5. What is endurance limit and what is its value for steel in terms of its yield strength?(1)

Endurance limit is the maximum level of fluctuating stress which can be tolerated indefinitely. In most steels this stress is approximately 50% of the ultimate tensile strength and it is defined as the stress which can be endured for ten million reversals of stress 6. Convergent-Divergent Nozzle are used for ___________________________ (1) It is widely used in some types of steam turbine and is an essential part of the modern rocket engine and supersonic jet engines 7. Why is runner required for casting? (1)

The sprue then connects to a series of channels, called runners, which carries the molten metal into the cavity. At the end of each runner, the molten metal enters the cavity through a gate which controls the flow rate and minimizes turbulence.

8.

How can the hollow shapes be formed without cores?

(1)

9.

A trolley wire weighs 1.2 kg per metre length. The ends of the wire are attached to

two poles 20m apart. If the horizontal tension is 1500 kg, find the dip in the middle of the span. (2) 4 cm 10. Define: Point of Contraflexure (2)

In a bending beam, a point is known as a point of contraflexure if it is a location at which no bending occurs. In a bending moment diagram, it is the point at which the bending moment curve intersects with the zero line. Knowing the place of the contraflexure is especially useful when designing reinforced concrete beams and also for designing bridges. 11. What is a lumped system? (1)

A lumped system is one in which the dependent variables of interest are a function of time alone. In general, this will mean solving a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) 12. Why is involute curve universally used as gear tooth profile? (1)

Involute curve satisfies the law of gearing 13. What do you understand by the term proof stress? (1)

The stress that will cause a specified small, permanent extension of a tensile test piece. Commonly the stress to produce 0.2% extension is quoted in N/mm2 for steel. This value approximates to the yield stress in materials not exhibiting a definite yield point. 14. What are Reynolds and Mach number? Write down their expressions. (2)

In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number Re is a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions.
[

Mach number (Ma or M) (generally pronounced /mk/, sometimes /mx/ or /mk/) is the speed of an object moving through air, or any fluid substance, divided by the speed of sound as it is in that substance.

15.

What are the functions of the flux used in Submerged Arc Welding?

(1)

16.

Explain the difference between conventional milling and climb milling.

(2)

When milling, one should be aware of the difference between conventional,and climb milling. In conventional milling, the workpiece is fed into the rotation of the cutter. This type of cut requires lower forces and is preferred for roughing cuts. In climb milling, the work moves with the rotation of the cutter. This produces a better finish. It is not recommended if the workpiece cannot be held securely or cannot support high forces.

Conventional Milling 17.

Climb Milling (1)

What do you mean by drill sleeve and drill socket?

A tapered, hollow steel shaft designed to fit the tapered shank of a cutting tool to adapt it to the drill press spindle An adapter to fit a tapered shank drill to a taper hole that is larger than that in the drill press spindle. Differentiate between turbocharger and supercharger. (2)

18.

A supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine; a turbocharger is driven by streaming exhaust gas. 19. What are the problems encountered while welding cast iron? pre-heat the weld slowly. Use a nickel rod and weld Cover with something to make sure the weld cools slowly. (1)

20.

What is slenderness ratio in power screws?

(1)

It is the ratio of unsupported length to the minimum radius of gyration 21. Why does slip occur in belt drive? (1)

Slip occurs due to unequal elongation of belt due to tight and slack side tensions 22. Define: Boundary layer (2)

It is the fluid layer in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary where the effects of fluid friction are predominant 23. What are the three functions served by a surge tank in a hydro plant? (1)

Flow regulation Water-hammer relief or pressure regulation Improvement in speed regulation 24. When does a kinetic chain become a kinematic mechanism? (1)

When any one link is fixed 25. What is Kleins construction? (1)

It is a graphical procedure of drawing acceleration diagram for a slider crank mechanism 26. Which is the most suitable bearing for carrying heavy loads at low speeds? (1)

Hydrostatic bearing 27. What is One ton of refrigeration in terms of kW? 1 tonne of refrigeration = 13898 kJ/h = 3.861 kW. 28. Define COP of heat pump operating on reversed Carnot cycle Ratio of heat rejected and workdone 29. Name the Turbine for which Flow through rotor blades is substantially at constant static pressure. (1) Impulse 30. What is critical insulation thickness? (1) (2) (1)

Addition of insulation increases the heat loss upto a certain thickness only. Its value is the ratio of thermal conductivity and the heat transfer coefficient.

31.

Why large boilers are water tube type?

(1)

Water tube boilers raise steam fast because of large heat transfer area and positive water circulation. Thus they respond faster to fluctuations in demand. Further single tube failure does not lead to catastrophy. 32. What are two essential conditions of perfect gas? (1)

It satisfies equation of state and its specific heats are constant 33. What is the latent heat of evaporation at critical point? (1)

The heat of vaporization is temperature-dependent, though a constant heat of vaporization can be assumed for small temperature ranges and below Tr<<1.0. The heat of vaporization diminishes with increasing temperature and it vanishes completely at the critical temperature (Tr=1) because above the critical temperature the liquid and vapor phases don't coexist anymore. 34. What do you understand by forced convection? (1)

When convection heat transfer occurs between a solid body and a fluid and where circulation of fluid is caused and controlled by some mechanical means. 35. What is grey body? (1)

When the emissivity of material does not change with temperature, it is called gray body 36. Define fin efficiency for extended transfer surfaces. (2)

It is defined as the ratio of the mean temperature difference from surface to fluid divided by the temperature difference from fin to fluid at the base or root of the fin. 37. What do you understand by the term thermal diffusivity? (1)

Thermal diffusivity of a material indicates how fast heat is propagated or diffused through a material during changes of temperature with time. 38. What is the fundamental law of gearing? (1)

The shape of the teeth of a gear must be such that the common normal at the point of contact between two teeth must always pass through a fixed point on the line joining the centres. 39. What is pressure line in a gear-drive? (1)

Line along which the force between two meshing gear teeth is directed. It has the same direction as the force vector. In general, the line of action changes from moment to moment during the period of engagement of a pair of teeth. For involute gears, however, the tooth-to-tooth force is always directed along the same linethat is, the line of action is constant. This implies that for involute gears the path of contact is also a straight line, coincident with the line of actionas is indeed the case.

40.

Distinguish between brazing and soldering?

(2)

Brazing High melting point alloys are used The filler metal is known as spelter Strength of joint is high Joining of dissimilar metals pipe and fittings Process is done below the melting point of filler metal Soldering Low melting point alloys are used Filler metal is known as solder Strength of joint is relatively low Mainly used for electrical connections Process is done at melting point of filler metal