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1915: McMahnon declaration: independant arab state 1916: Skypes-Picot: dived middel east between brtiain and France (secret) (Enflish: iraq and Joradan, France=Syria and lebanon, Plaestine= supposed international) 1917: Balfour declaration: promises to jew by british of the creation of a state. The British Mandate for Palestine During World War I Great Britain captured part of the Middle East, including Palestine, from the Ottoman Empire. In 1917 the British had promised the Zionists a 'Jewish national home' in the Balfour Declaration, and on this basis they later were assigned a mandate over Palestine from the League of Nations. The mandate of Palestine initially included the area of Transjordan, which was split off in 1922 (see map).
Map of the original British Mandate for Palestine and the parts ceded to Transjordan and Syria. Jewish immigration and land purchases met with increasing resistance from the Arab inhabitants of Palestine, who started several violent insurrections against the Jews and against British rule in the 1920s and 1930s. During the Great Revolt of 1936-1939 the followers of the radical Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini (a Nazi collaborator who later fled the Nurnberg Tribunal) not only killed hundreds of Jews, but an even larger number of Palestinian Arabs from competing groups. The Zionists in Palestine (called the Yishuv) established self-defense organizations like the Haganah and the (more radical) Irgun. The latter carried out reprisal attacks on Arabs from 1936 on. Under Arab pressure the British severely limited Jewish immigration to Palestine, after proposals to divide the area had been rejected by the Palestinian Arabs in 1937. Jewish refugees from countries controlled by Nazi Germany now had no place to flee to, since nearly all other countries refused to let them in. In response Jewish organizations organized illegal immigration (Aliya Beth), the Zionist leadership in 1942 demanded an independent state in Palestine to gain control of immigration (the Biltmore conference), and the Irgun committed assaults on British institutions in Palestine.
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Despite pressure from the USA, Great Britain refused to let in Jewish immigrants - mostly Holocaust survivors - even after World War II, and sent back illegal immigrants who were caught or detained them on Cyprus. Increasing protests against this policy, incompatible demands and violence by both the Arabs and the Zionists made the situation untenable for the British. They returned the mandate to the United Nations (successor to the League of Nations), who hoped to solve the conflict with a partition plan for Palestine, which was accepted by the Jews but rejected by the Palestinians and the Arab countries. The plan proposed a division of the area in seven parts with complicated borders and corridors, and Jerusalem and Bethlehem to be internationalized (see map). The relatively large number of Jews living in Jerusalem would be cut off from the rest of the Jewish state by a large Arab corridor. The Jewish state would have 56% of the territory, with over half comprising of the Negev desert, and the Arabs 43%. There would be an economic union between both states. It soon became clear that the plan could not work due to the mutual antagonism between the two peoples.
In favour, (33 countries, 59%): 30 countries (54%) initially in favour: Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Sweden, South Africa, Ukrainian SSR, United States, Soviet Union, Uruguay, Venezuela. An additional 3 (5%) switched to in favour: Haiti, Liberia, Philippines. Against, (13 countries, 23%): Afghanistan, Cuba, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen. Abstentions, (10 countries, 18%): Argentina, Chile, Republic of China, Colombia, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Honduras, Mexico, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.
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Salvador, Ethiopia, Honduras, Mexico, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia. Absent, (1 country, 0%): Thailand
take over areas designated by the UN as part of the Jewish state. 5. Initially Zionist forces were on the defensive but from April Ben Gurion ordered the Haganah to go on the________ offensive______________. 6. Ben Gurion had known since the Arab Revolt that a showdown had to come with Arabs. The irony then is that the Zionists who accepted the UN partition plan were prepared for a fight while the Arabs who rejected partition and wanted a fight, were not prepared. (BenAmi) Irgun, WW2, Plan Dallet, offensive, command structure The Massacre at Deir Yassin April 1948 1. On April 9th 1948 the Zionists committed one of the worst atrocities when the Irgun and Lehi massacred between 100 and 200 Arabs at___________Deir Yassin ____________. Many were women and children. Some bodies were mutilated and thrown in wells. 2. The Arabs retaliated and killed 80 Jewish doctors and _____nurses_________at Mt Scopus in Jerusalem.
3. The attack on Deir Yassin occurred after the Haganah reached an agreement with the village. Why did the Zionists deliberately publicise the massacre? __________________ _____________________to scare off Palestinians ___________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
nurses, Deir Yassin The Mass Flight of Palestinian Arabs 1. By May 1948 300, 000 Arabs had fled their homes for other parts of Palestine or neighbouring Arab states. 2. Israel has subsequently claimed that______ _they left voluntarily _________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ and because (allegedly) the Arabs left voluntarily _____ they had no right to ccome back and claim their homes __________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. The Arabs contest this version of events and argue that________ the Zionist sought to expel the maximum arabs as possible_________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Zionist Forces gain upper hand in the Civil War April-May 1948 1. April-May 1948 saw the fiercest fighting of the Civil War. Both sides acquired heavier _________weaponry____________ such as tanks and artillery. 2. In the weeks before the _____ british___________left the Zionists took Tiberias, Haifa
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2. In the weeks before the _____ british___________left the Zionists took Tiberias, Haifa and Jaffa from the Arabs. 3. Arab military operations were undermined by the __________death of al-Husseyni, lack of coordination, arab disunity___________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ British, weaponry THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1948-49 OR THE NAQBA (CATASTROPHE) OR THE 1948-49 ARAB ISRAELI WAR 1. On 14th May 1948 the British Governor Sir Alan Cunningham and British officials left Palestine. At 4pm David _____ Ben Gurion_______________declared the establishment of the state of Israel. 2. Ben Gurion became its first Prime Minister with Chaim Weizmann as its first_________ president___________.
3. Within 24 hours both the USA and USSR recognised Israel. Why did the Soviets do this? ______________they saw it as a way to undermine britian and its arabs allies ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 4. On 15th May five Arab countries started to attack Israel. (Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Iraq and _____Lebanon______).
5. On the face of it, it should have been a______walkover___________. 650,000 Jews against five Arab states and Palestinian Arabs. 6. Why then were the Arab forces so weak? (a) At the start of the war Arab forces numbered 23,000 whereas the Israeli Defence Forces were 30-40,000. (b) The Arabs were half hearted in their intervention. The leaders felt they had to attack Israel to pacify their own____ people__________. (c) Syria and Jordan made little contribution to the ______ fighting___________. (d) Transjordan forces were the strongest having been trained by the British but King __________Abdullah _____________had been negotiating with the Zionists for some time and wanted to absorb some Palestinian territory into his kingdom. (e) The other Arab leaders distrusted Abdullah and so this______undemined__________ their war efforts. (King Abdullah of Transjordan was mistrusted by the other Arab leaders. He dreamed of leading a greater Arab state which would include Transjordan, Syria, Palestine and Lebanon. (He had been the only Arab leader to accept the UN partition planSource Al Jazeera website). President, Lebanon, Abdullah, walkover, people, fighting, undermined, Ben Gurion Phase 1 of the 1948-49 War-15 May-11 June
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Phase 1 of the 1948-49 War-15 May-11 June Fighting was fierce, particularly around Jerusalem and quite evenly balanced with the Arabs having superior firepower with heavy artillery and airpower. Phase 2 of the 1948-49 War The Truce of 11 June-8th July UN mediator Count Bernadotte, arranged a truce. During this truce Ben Gurion brought in more weapons from Czechoslovakia and asserted his authority over the Irgun by bombing a ship, the Altalena that was carrying in weapons from France. (One of the key leaders of the Irgun and later PM Menacham Begin was on board.) Phase 3 of the 1948-49 War 8th July-18th July The Israelis quickly gained the upper hand, breaking the siege of West Jerusalem, taking Nazareth and Western Galilee, both areas that allocated to the Arabs under the UN plan. What then happened to many Palestinian Arabs?___________ expelled______________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What happened to the Arabs at Lydda? ______________________death march, mass expultion __________________________________________________ Phase 4 of the 1948-49 War The Truce of 18th July-15 October and the Bernadotte Plan A second truce was agreed to and Count Bernadotte tried to negotiate a peace settlement between the sides. It would have involved the Jews giving up some land they taken from Arabs and allowing Arabs to return home. \ What happened to Count Bernadotte and his plan? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Phase 5 of the 1948-49 War 15th October 1948-January 1949 Fighting recommenced when Israelis attacked Egyptian forces in the desert. By January 1949 it looked like the Israelis were poised to secure all of the Negev, including the Gaza strip. However, why did Ben Gurion call a halt to the fighting? ___________________did not happen _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ When hostilities ended in Jan. 1949 who had won? Evidence? __________________________Israle (+25 land) ______________________________________________ A series of ceasefire agreements was arranged by UN mediator Ralph Bunche and the combatants. (Iraq did not sign a ceasefire like the other Arab states but it did withdraw its forces. Where were demilitarized zones established? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Egypt took over the Gaza strip, one of the few remaining parts of Arab Palestine and Transjordan occupied the West Bank including old Jerusalem (East Jerusalem).
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Transjordan occupied the West Bank including old Jerusalem (East Jerusalem). In 1950 King Abdullah announced his annexation of the West Bank and renamed his kingdom Jordan. He was assassinated by a Palestinian Arab in 1951 on the steps of one of the holiest places for Muslims, the al Asqa Mosque. (His grandson, Hussein was shot but the bullet was deflected by a medal. Because his father was mentally ill, Hussein became King at the age of 17. Source-Al Jazeera website.) What were the effects of the war for Arabs and Palestinians? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ The agreements between Israel and the Arab states were only temporary. The UN set up the Palestine Conciliation Commission but this failed totally. The Arab states refused to contemplate a peace treaty with Israel unless the Israelis allowed the Palestinians to return to their homes. What was Israels reply? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Why did the Israelis Win? 1. The Arab armies suffered from low motivation and a lack of coordination. They were also often coming from far away. An exception to this was the successful expulsion of the Haganah from East Jerusalem. The Arab leaders did not send sufficient forces. (Ben-Ami p.39).
2. Eventually 100, 000 Jews were enlisted to fight 17% of the population of Jews in Palestine. (Ben-Ami p.39).
3. The Jews also won because of their higher motivation. They were fighting for their very survival. They had everything to lose ___ and everything to win ______________________________ The Arab armies did not have this same motivation. However Arabs were motivated by a fear of attack from outsiders and the image of Saladin fighting Richard the Lionheart and the crusaders was invoked by Arabs. (Ben-Ami p.40) 4. As we have seen Arab leaders often had their own agendas, such as Egypts King Farouk to grab land and Abdullah of Transjordan. 5. The Jewish Haganah, well trained and highly motivated fought very well and local commanders were given autonomy to come up with solutions for dealing with the Arab armys attacks. 6. Ben Gurion was a very good leader in the crisis and his offensive strategy worked well. (Come up with a mnemonic for these reasons) Find out the definitions for these words: Nakba= the disaster Eretz Israel= land of isreal Plan D= ?
Haganah= fighting jew force Jewish Agency= zionisit orgainsation Lehi Stern Gang= extremist Zionist fighters Irgun= extremist Zionist fighters Arab League Yishuv= Zionist fightes UN Resolution 181= partition plan
Compare and contrast the views about israeli advantages during the 1948 conflict expressed in sources B and C
3. Israel was heavily reliant on outside help (mostly the USA). After the end of fighting in 1949 the American Import Export _________agreed to provide Israel with loans of $90 million. 4. Private donations, particularly from _______________Jews continued to be important. 5. In 1951 and 1952 US donations dropped off and Israel had to ask the US Government to _______________its debts. 6. Fortunately for Israel, in 1952 the West German Government agreed to provide compensation for the suffering of the Jewish people. A Reparations Treaty gave Israel 3 Billion DM over 14 years, mostly in goods. However extreme Zionists attacked the deal because it was with the country responsible for the ___________________________. 7. Agricultural development, transport, housing and __________________needed to be developed. 8. Agriculture was and still is a key component with citrus fruit and cotton being very important. More ______________________(cooperative farms) were established. 9. A lack of natural resources and large _________________budgets also drained Israels resources. 10. The Histradrut had started out as a type of union for workers but became very powerful in Israel. It was a large _________________that owned banks, trading agencies and other businesses.
American, Bank, water, reschedule, employer, defence, kibbutzim, infrastructure, Holocaust, industry
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1956-67 1. After the Suez Crisis there was sustained economic growth. The ______________increased from 1.7 million to 2.4 million. 2. ______increased at an average rate of 6.5%. 3. Irrigation and development of the Negev Desert in the south of Israel led to new towns and farms. ________and Beersheba were created and the Israeli Government embarked on a controversial programme to divert the waters of Lake Galilee and divert them to the desert in the south. 4. However, economic problems continued. High spending on defence (10%) GNP, high unemployment led to emigration, large trade deficits, ______________between the Sephardic and Ashkenazi. 5. However, a greater problem was the resentment of Palestinian Arabs who _____________
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5. However, a greater problem was the resentment of Palestinian Arabs who _____________ 12% of the population. GNP, Eilat, tension, comprised, population,
________________________________________ 4. 80% of the land was placed in the hands of government custodians. What could the custodians do?_______________________ ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. What happened to Arabs who remained in Palestine? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 7. How did the UN attempt to help the refugees initially? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. In December 1948 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that all refugees who wished to return home should be allowed to and if they did not then they should be compensated. It was clear the Israeli Government was against this. Why do you think this was? _____________________________________ Zionist ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
9. At Lausanne in France in 1949 Israel did agree to 100,000 Palestinians being repatriated. However Israel only made this offer because it was under intense US pressure to do so. Even so, the Arab nations at the conference rejected this offer as too little. This was to be the distinguishing characteristic of the Arab-Israeli tragedy. The minimal requirements of the parties for a settlement always fell disparately short of meeting each others vital conditions. (Ben-Ami p. 51) What do you think this means?
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Some have argued (Malcolm Kerr, Avi Shlaim) that peace may have been achieved if the Israelis had simply allowed large numbers of Palestinians to return. Ben-Ami argues that this is totally unrealistic because it goes against the twofold ethos of Zionism. Zionism was all about (a) gathering as many Jews as possible into a viable state with as small an Arab minority as possible and (b) land. Peace was certainly desirable but not at the expense of these principles. What do you think of his argument? What implications do you think this has for the Middle East today?_______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 11. Ben-Ami points out that there are still the old Israeli historians who defend Israels case and argue that Israel was prepared to make peace but were rebuffed by the Arabs. However he argues that they miss the point. Peace was not a priority for the Israelis, settling the land and absorbing immigrants was. (p51) Willing peace and making it can be two entirely different things; the question is always the price one is willing to pay What was the price that Israel was not prepared to pay? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) was set up in December 1949. It aimed to provide shelter irrigation and work schemes for Palestinian refugees. As the issue looked like it was going to become a permanent problem education, health and job opportunities were paid for out of the UN budget.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1948-55 1. There had been very little development of light _____ industry ________before 1948.
2. Oil and __ water_______were set to become contentious issues with Israels Arab
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2. Oil and __ water_______were set to become contentious issues with Israels Arab neighbours. 3. Israel was heavily reliant on outside help (mostly the USA). After the end of fighting in 1949 the American Import Export ___ bank______agreed to provide Israel with loans of $90 million. 4. Private donations, particularly from _____ americain __________Jews continued to be important. 5. In 1951 and 1952 US donations dropped off and Israel had to ask the US Government to _____ reschedule __________its debts. 6. Fortunately for Israel, in 1952 the West German Government agreed to provide compensation for the suffering of the Jewish people. A Reparations Treaty gave Israel 3 Billion DM over 14 years, mostly in goods. However extreme Zionists attacked the deal because it was with the country responsible for the ___ holocaust ________________________. 7. Agricultural development, transport, housing and _____ infrastructure _____________needed to be developed. 8. Agriculture was and still is a key component with citrus fruit and cotton being very important. More _____ kibbutzim _________________(cooperative farms) were established. 9. A lack of natural resources and large ______ defence___________budgets also drained Israels resources. 10. The Histradrut had started out as a type of union for workers but became very powerful in Israel. It was a large ______ employer___________that owned banks, trading agencies and other businesses. American, Bank, water, reschedule, employer, defence, kibbutzim, infrastructure, Holocaust, industry
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1956-67 1. After the Suez Crisis there was sustained economic growth. The ______ gnp________increased from 1.7 million to 2.4 million. 2. ____POPULATION __increased at an average rate of 6.5%. 3. Irrigation and development of the Negev Desert in the south of Israel led to new towns and farms. ____Eilat ____and Beersheba were created and the Israeli Government embarked on a controversial programme to divert the waters of Lake Galilee and divert them to the desert in the south. 4. However, economic problems continued. High spending on defence (10%) GNP, high unemployment led to emigration, large trade deficits, ____ tension __________between the
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unemployment led to emigration, large trade deficits, ____ tension __________between the Sephardic and Ashkenazi. 5. However, a greater problem was the resentment of Palestinian Arabs who _____comprised ________12% of the population. GNP, Eilat, tension, comprised, population,
Suez
dimanche 27 novembre 2011 09:58
Please answer the questions based on the Suez Crisis from the book 20th Century World History-canonelectronic version.
1. What changes in leadership was there in the Middle East region from 1950-55? (p. 110 paper page) Radicalization of Arab nationalism and ideologies. Criticism of the old ruling class by the people. Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated and replaced by his grand son Hussein. Lebanon's PM assassinated Syria: military coups Algeria: revolt against the French Egypt: no monarchy, nasser
2. Why was King farouk of Egypt overthrown? Incompetent, lazy, dissolute playboy life, colaboration with the Uk but more important: faillure in 1948 against Israel 3. Who headed the government in 1952 and then who took over in 1954? 1945: Nasser 1952: Naguib
4. Why was Nasser popular in Egypt? charismatic young fervent nationalist leader, fought in 1948 and good reforms
6. How did Israel respond? raided a village in jordan, killed 69 villager while the fedayyen killed 2 israelies 7. Why did relations between Egypt and Israel, Britain and France deteriorate in 1955? (p.110) isolating nasser, nasser suporting revolt in algeria,
8. What was the Non-Aligned Movement? countries not in the two blocks
9. Why were "alarm bells ringing" in Washington and London? 10. What did Nasser do with China that angered the USA? accepted weapon and money (?) 11. What did Nasser do on 26 July 1956? nationalized the suez canal
retired from politics in 1957, Mollet resigned in the same year Britain and France reputation internationally damaged Middle East influence severely reduced. Eisenhower concerned about declining Western influence in the Middle East, as the USSR had improved relations with Egypt and Syria Israel came out in much better shape o Israel had taken over the Sinai easily, demonstrated its military might, enhancing its sense of security o Withdrew from Sinai in 1957, but destroyed Fedayeen bases. o UN peace keeping troops in Gaza strip and at Sharm el-Sheikh to prevent incursions into Israel o Straits of Tiran declared an international waterway. Nasser agreed with Eisenhower in secret that he would cease to interfere in Israeli shipping.
Nasser emerged the hero of the Arab world, having stood up to the West. Nasser had closer ties with USSR they provided money to build Aswan dam. 1 billion dollars in aid, between 1958 1964. These good relations did not last long, when President Johnson came into office he was
1 billion dollars in aid, between 1958 1964. These good relations did not last long, when President Johnson came into office he was more sympathetic to Israel as he resented Nassers backing of the rebels during the Congo Civil War.
7. In the 1950s a radical, Arab Nationalist movement developed which was not Marxist but fostered social progress and Arab unity. Nassers attempts at Arab socialism included the nationalization of basic industries, social welfare programmes and attempts to improve the lives of peasants. He presented his programme as a third way, between communism capitalism. (p.119 Cannon).
8. As early as 1956 the Syrian Baath Party was calling for union with Egypt. The CIA was involved in plotting to overthrow the Syrian Govt. but did not succeed. The US threatened Syria and attempted to enlist other nations such as Turkey to attack Syria. This only strengthened
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and attempted to enlist other nations such as Turkey to attack Syria. This only strengthened Syrian-Egyptian ties as Nasser sent troops to Syria as an act of Arab brotherhood. Nassers reputation had never been so great. (p. 260 Charles Smith Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict.) 9. At first Nasser was somewhat reluctant to join with Syria and preferred really to just control Syrias foreign policy. However to some extent he was a victim of his own success. To reject unification with Syria would mean rejecting Arab unity, the very cause at the heart of Arab nationalism. (p. 261 Charles Smith Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict.) 10. The United Arab Republic (UAR) was established on February 1st 1958. 11. Who was alarmed at this? (p. 34 booklet) ____________ Israel and the Western powers as well as conservative arab powers such as Iraq or jordans ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 12. In July 1958 what happened that shook the Middle East? Why was the US concerned? (p.34 booklet.) ______________ The Iraqui govt and monarchi was overthrown and replaced with a nationalist and socialist gvt, the US was concerned cause Arab countries were going leftwards ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________
13. However, the Syrian-Egyptian merger only lasted 3 years until 1961. There were a number of reasons for this.
a) Nasser had refused to share power with the Syrian Baath Party. Instead Egyptians were allotted key positions in the government. b) In 1961 when Nasser tried to nationalize the economy, Syrians were opposed as the economy had essentially remained capitalistic. c) Most Syrians backed their countrys withdrawal from the UAR. (p.261 Smith) d) Some Muslim traditionalists also opposed Nasser. e) The Syrians also criticized Nasser for being too soft on Israel and failing to help the Palestinians. 14. Despite a coup in Syria that brought the Baath Party back to power in 1963, negotiations to bring about a new UAR came to nothing as neither country wanted to subordinate sovereignty to another. (p.267 Smith). 15. More conservative Arab states such as Saudi Arabia and Jordan remained suspicious of Nasser. Nasser backed a revolutionary faction fighting monarchists supported by Saudi Arabia in Yemen. The civil war tied down 40,000 Egyptian troops (half of Nassers army) until 1967. Nasser was hoping to cement his stature in the Arab world but instead Yemen is sometimes known as Nassers ___Vietnam______________. (p.35 booklet) 16. Disputes over water had grown due to Israels decision to divert water from its Lake Tiberias to irrigate the Negev desert. This would reduce Jordan River water available to Jordan south of
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to irrigate the Negev desert. This would reduce Jordan River water available to Jordan south of Lake Tiberias. 17. In 1964 at a conference in Cairo the Arab nations agreed to projects in Syria to divert water from tributaries into Lake Tiberias. These actions led to attacks from Israel on Syrian construction sites in 1965 and 1966. 18. Nasser did not want a war with Israel in 1964 and worked with Jordan and Saudi Arabia to get the Arab states to reach a decision against war. 19. Another key result of the Cairo Conference of 1964 was the creation of the Palestine __________liberation___________ ______organization __________________in 1964 (PLO). It was to represent Palestinians and strive toward the liberation of Palestine. It was also decided to have a Palestine Liberation Army (PLA). However what did Arab states believe was the real role of the PLO and its first president Ahmad Al Shuquairy? (p.37 booklet) __________ To strive towards liberation but more to pacify plaestinians____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
FATAH
1. When was Fatah created?_______ 1958 _________________________ (p.36 booklet) 2. Before Fatah, how had Palestinians expressed their opposition to the loss of their land? _________________and Terrorist raids ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 3. Do you think this had been successful? Explain. ___________________________not so much but it did have imapcts
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but it did have imapcts ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 4. What did Fatah stand for and who founded it? ______________________________________________________________________________ ___________
5. What was the difference between Fatah and George Habashs Arab National Movement? Arab National Movement= Arab unity before palestinianj libertation Fatah= palestinan liberation! ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Why was Nasser hostile to Fatah? __
7. Syria was the main backer of Fatah. It launched 39 raids from Jordan into Israel-mainly on the new Israeli water project.(without Jordanian approval). 8. In 1966 an even more radical faction of the Baath Party took control in Syria under Salah Jadid. 9. The Syrians were very much involved in stirring up tensions. They derided the Jordans King Husayn. The Syrians hoped to radicalize Arab society and bring Nasser into their sphere. Husayn was armed primarily by the USA (as was Israel) and he had barred the PLO and Fatah from recruiting in Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan. Smith, p.273.
How do you think Syrian propaganda would have portrayed King Husayn of Jordan? ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ As a friend of jews, Americain puppet, old school monarch ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Nasser announced he would seek to liberate Palestine in a revolutionary manner and not in a traditional way. He hoped such rhetoric would endear him to radicals yet was still vague
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a traditional way. He hoped such rhetoric would endear him to radicals yet was still vague enough so as to avoid a major confrontation with Israel. (He had said in 1965 that he had no plans to liberate Palestine. Smith p.273. Can you explain this contradiction? ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. In November 1966 he signed a mutual defence treaty with Syria and diplomatic relations were restored between the two countries. 12. In November 1966 the Israelis carried out a major retaliatory strike against the town of Samua on the West Bank. Jordanian troops were ambushed and suffered high casualties. 13. King Husayn of Jordan was caught between the Israelis and the Syrians. Unable to stop Fatah raids from Jordan, unable to counter Israeli attacks and unable to maintain credibility amongst his Palestinian subjects. 14. As 1966 ended, what conclusions can you make about Arab unity? ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _____________________not really, separated ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 15. Fatahs attacks were one of the key causes of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. A war was what Syria and Arafat wanted to provoke. (However there is an old saying be careful what you wish for because it might actually come true!)
6 days war
mercredi 18 janvier 2012 13:15
- 24 hours Israeli jets destroyed the forces of four of their Arab ghbours - assured themselves victory in the war - one of the most decisive military strikes in any coninflict a - Israeli miltary strategy planned years before by Yitzhak Rabin. At - Begining of the war forces balanced - (Israeli Defence Forces) numbered just over 250 000combat soldiers - number of tanks being evenly balanced. In - Arab states had numerical superiority - pilots lacked the training and skill of the Israelis. - IDF ground forces advance to Sinai and defeat the Egyptian army. - Egypt had over 1 5 000 casualties, lost 800 tanks and over 300 aircraft and accepted a cease-fire.
- Jordan had been attacked, with the IDF advancing to the Jordan River and into the West Bank and Jerusalem. King Husseins well-trained army proved no match for the Israelis and, three days after the opening air campaign, the city of Jerusalem and all of the West Bank lay in Israeli hands. The seizure of Jerusalem, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Israel, was an emotional moment for many but represented a humiliation for the Arab cause. By this time, the outside world and in iarticular the Soviets and Americans were rapidly trying to bring about a ceasefire and prevent further damage. On 9 June, Israel struck Syrias Golan Heights and within 24 hours took the territory, by which time a UN-sponsored cease-fire came into effect. It had been a stunning victory for Israel and another major turning point in the Middle East conflict.
1. There were many long term causes. Many of these were left over from the 1948-49 War and the __Suez ________War of 1956. 2. The Arab states felt a sense of ______ Humiliation ____________at their earlier failures. 3. The continuing plight of Palestinian refugees and the Israelis opposition to_____ concessions______. 4. Superpower intervention with the USA providing weapons to Israel and the USSR to Egypt, __ Syria ______and Iraq.
5. Neither superpower wanted their ally to go to war. The USSR supplied more equipment to the Arabs but it was mostly of a defensive nature. ____ American __________weapons were of a higher quality than the Soviets.
5. The USSR saw growing US support for Israel as an opportunity for them to influence Arab nations. They were also competing with the Chinese to be seen as the defender of developing nations. Israeli complaints about Syrian support for cross border terrorist attacks were blocked in the Security Council. Soviet supplies to Egypt, Iraq and Syria exceeded those of the US to Israel and probably bolstered Nassers confidence of a war with Israel. However, quality is more important than quantity and here, the Israelis had the advantage. (Smith p.279). In particular the Israelis had the edge in attack fighter aircraft and long range bombers. (USSR=U)
6. There were increasing border clashes between the Syrians and the Israelis, partly over Israels water diversion scheme. In the Golan Heights the Israelis and Syrians exchanged artillery and tank fire. The Syrian president, Nureddin al Attassi declared Syrias support for a war of liberation. (Smith p. 279). (SYRIA=S) 7. Syrian-Israeli air and artillery battles over the demilitarised zone below the Golan Heights left 6 Syrian planes destroyed in April 1967. (Combine this point on Syria with the one above.) 8. Jordans King Hussein was under growing pressure from Arab nationalists both inside and outside of Jordan. There were large scale Palestinian demonstrations in Jordan. (JORDAN=J)
9. Although Nasser gave public speeches attacking Israel it seems he did not want a war. On 13 May a secret message was given from the USSR to Nasser warning of huge Israeli troop movements on the Syrian border. The report was false but Nasser took it as real. Egypt had signed a defence deal with Syria in Nov. 1966. (There is some debate about whether this was a genuine mistake by Moscow or a plan to get Nasser to back his own ally.) (REPORT=R)
10. According to Ben-Ami, Nasser trapped himself with his own rhetoric. Many Arabs saw him as the new Saladin, the Arab hero who had battled the Crusaders (p.102). Indeed the struggle was presented as a fight against invaders. Even though he may not have wanted war, Nassers rhetoric was leading him to it. (SALADIN=S) 11. On 14th May Nasser sent two tank divisions into the Sinai Desert. On the 17 th May Egypt demanded a total withdrawal of all UN peacekeepers from the Sinai. U Thant, UN Secretary General complied immediately and Egyptian forces started taking up positions on Israels border. (UNITED NATIONS =UN)
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14. Levi Eshkol was under immense pressure by the military in Israel to go to war. The Cabinet voted not to go to war on 28th May, partly because President Johnson was trying to do a deal whereby he could get the Straits of Tiran opened again. However, Eshkol succumbed to pressure and he brought in right wing politicians to his government. He appointed Moshe Dayan (hero of the 1956 War) as Minister of Defence and Menachem Begin as Minister without portfolio. (ESHKOL=E)
15. The Israeli Government learned on 2nd June that Nasser had agreed to send his Vice President to Washington to try and come up with a diplomatic solution to the crisis. The Israelis did not care for this. As the Foreign Minister Ebban said, it was a face saving compromise-and the face to be saved was Nassers not Israels. For us the importance of denying Nasser political and psychological victory had become no less important than the ...issue of navigation (of the Straits of Tiran). Smith p. 283. (EGYPTS FACE SAVING MISSION=E) 16. The Israeli head of Mossad flew to the US and met with Pentagon and CIA. Officials. He was assured of US support so the Israeli cabinet approved Dayans attack plan for the 5 th June. The Chief of Staff in charge of the operation was Yitzhak Rabin.
U BOSS JERUSALEM
JORDAN under pressure
USSR SYRIA-border clashes/planes LBJ involvement
UN withdraws
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MOSSAD meeting
3. The Arab states met at _______khartoum_____________in 1967 and resolved on the Three Nos. No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with Israel. However they did refer to political efforts at the international and diplomatic level to secure Israels withdrawal. 4. In 1967-68 they were somewhat willing to negotiate on the basis of UN_______resolution___________ 242 but after Israeli opposition Nasser turned to force. 5. Egypts standing in the Arab world had declined somewhat and in the Khartoum Conference of 1967, King Feisal of Saudi Arabia persuaded Nasser to withdraw troops from Yemen. Faisal also used his growing influence to promote ______Muslim_________unity rather than just Arab unity. Khartoum, divided, Resolution, recognition, Muslim
THE UNITED NATIONS STANCE FOLLOWING THE SIX DAY WARRESOLUTION 242.
1. In November 1967 the UN passed resolution 242 in response to the war. Both the USSR and the USA were pushing for their allies to enter into negotiations 2. The resolution called for the termination of all claims or states of belligerency and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area.
3. The Israelis were happy with this because it addressed the Arab refusal to recognise Israel. Of course the Arab states found this resolution unacceptable. 4. Palestinians were also angry that the resolution only said that there should be a just settlement of the refugee problem. Why do you think this was? Wouldnt that be a good thing?_____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
the War of Attrition but these attacks in 1968 were the precursor to this. What does attrition mean? _______ a struggle in which you harm your opponent in a lot of small ways, so that
2._________________________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________________________ 4._________________________________________________________________________ 5._________________________________________________________________________ 2. Both Superpowers were concerned at the escalation of tension and worked together on what would become UN Resolution 242. The Rogers Plan was an attempt to cool the tensions of the War of Attrition.
3. Rogers was the US Secretary of State in Nixons first term. He proposed a plan whereby Israel would largely withdraw from the territory it gained in 1967 and there would be joint Jordanian-Israeli control of Jerusalem. Rogers also believed in enlisting the support of the Soviets.
4. However, internal rivalries within the Nixon Administration caused problems with this. Obviously the Israelis were incensed and angry at the proposals. Nixon assured the Israeli PM Golda Meir that the proposals would not be enacted. He was supported in this by Henry Kissinger, his National Security Adviser. Nixon liked to use backchannel communications to bypass the Dept. of State.
5. Kissinger wanted to exclude the USSR from the negotiations. He encouraged Israeli hostility to it because he believed a Middle East peace could only be achieved when the Arabs broke off contact with the USSR.
6. Both the USA and USSR continued to arm their client states. In 1968 the US had sold Israel 50 Phantom fighters and as we have seen the USSR gave aid to Egypt but also Syria. 10,000 Soviet advisers were in Egypt by 1973. The heavy Soviet presence in Egypt was of great concern to the USA.
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to the USA.
4. The Israelis responded with an attack on the village of Karameh in Jordan in March 1968. 300 Fatah fighters were killed. However, the Israelis had also taken many casualties in the fighting and Arafats reputation as a leader was made in the____________ for Karameh. (It means honour in Arabic). To many it seemed that Arafat could do what Nasser had not done! 5. In 1969 Arafat became head of the PLO and remained so until his death in 2004. There were other Palestinian rival groups such as George Habashs Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and another ________________group from the PFLP called the Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP). This factionalism undoubtedly weakened the Palestinian cause. Fatah tried to remain on good terms with all Arab states.
PALESTINIAN ATTACKS
1. The PFLP, angered at a Swiss courts sentencing of 12 Palestinian terrorist suspects blew up a_________________ flight bound for Tel Aviv in 1970. All 38 passengers and 9 crew members were killed. 2. In September 1970 the PFLP hijacked three planes and landed them in Jordan. 400 passengers from the planes (TWA, Swissair and BOAC) were taken hostage. They then blew up the planes but freed the________________.
3. At lod Airport in Israel, ________________gunmen working for Palestinian terrorists opened fire in the terminal and killed 27 people. 4. At the 1972 Munich Olympics a group of Palestinian terrorists known as _________ September killed 11 Israeli athletes and officials.
PLO-JORDANIAN TENSIONS
1. Because so many refugees were now living in camps in Jordan they were almost like a state within a state. Fatah acted like a government, collecting taxes from the refugees, running the camps and ______________young men to fight. 2. The PLO and Jordans King Hussein had diametrically opposed views. The PLO wanted to destroy Israel and create a Palestinian state. Hussein saw this as impossible and undesirable. Hussein wanted to get the West Bank back for Jordan although he would have considered granting it ____ _______within Jordan.
3. The more radical Palestinian groups such as PFLP and PDFLP wanted to overthrow Hussein. The exploding of the hijacked planes in 1970 took place 20 minutes from Husseins_____________. This brought tensions between the PLO and Jordan to a head. 4. During September of 1970 (sometimes known as Black September) pitched fighting took place between Palestinian and Jordanian forces. Refugee camps were shelled where many of the organisations had their _______________________. 3000 were killed and 11,000 were wounded.
Palestinian armed fighters kept a watch on the surroundings of the Ajloun castle where they had taken up position, on December 22, 1970,
5. To support the Palestinians_________ had attacked Jordan with tanks but were repulsed by the Jordanians. 6. Intense negotiations brokered by Nasser led to a ceasefire between Jordan and the PLO. The strain probably finished off Nasser and he died on Sept. 28 1970. (He had suffered from _______________for a long time.)
7. Fighting broke out between the Palestinians and Jordan in 1971 and so Jordan expelled the PLO. They went to Lebanon and caused some destabilisation there as raids were carried out on Israel. The Israelis made retaliatory strikes e.g. Israeli forces landed near Beirut in 1973 and killed 3 Fatah members.
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October War 1973 Course and Consequences 1. The attack on Israel came on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. Israel totally __________ underestimated ________the military capabilities of the Arab states. 2. After huge Arab gains that rattled the Israelis, the Israelis battled back and regained their lost territory and a bit more. Israel appeared to be on the brink of inflicting a huge defeat on the Arabs when a _______ cease fire ___________was negotiated with pressure from the USA and USSR. 3. On 6th October 1973 the Egyptians broke through the Bar Lev Line. Only 600 Israeli reservists were guarding. What does this show about the Israelis? (P.51 Oxford). That they were over confident and not expecting an attack 4. SAM missiles held off the Israeli Air Force and in the Golan Heights, ____ Syrians_________ forces overwhelmed the Israelis. 5. The Israelis dealt with the threat from Syria first as fierce fighting ensued. On the 9th October the __ Russians _________flew in massive amounts of supplies to the Syrians and Egyptians. 6. ______Israel _________requested supplies from the USA but they did not arrive until 14th October. 7. By 11th October, Israel had recaptured the Golan Heights and was advancing towards the Syrian capital of_______ Damascus __________.
8. General Ariel _____Sharon _____________attacked the Egyptian army and crossed the Suez Canal to cut the Egyptian Army in half.
9. On the 17th October ___ OPEC __________ (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries), raised the price of oil by 70% and announced a cut in supplies to countries that supported Israel. 10. After Nixon announced $2.2 billion aid package to Israel, OPEC cut of oil exports to the USA and Netherlands. Why the Netherlands? 11. On 19th October Brezhnev invited Kissinger to _____ Moscow____________where they agreed jointly to call for a ceasefire and negotiations for a peace settlement.
12. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 338 calling for an immediate_____ cease fire______________, the implementation of Resolution 242 and discussions for a comprehensive peace settlement. 13. The Israeli army ignored this and continued to cut off the Egyptian 3rd Army.
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13. The Israeli army ignored this and continued to cut off the Egyptian 3rd Army. 14. On 24th October Sadat asked the USSR and USA to intervene to enforce a ceasefire. Brezhnev declared the USSR would go it alone and send in forces if the USA did not agree. It was not clear if this meant military force or peacekeepers and Nixon ordered the US armed forces onto their ________ highest ________state of alert. 15. The Soviets seemed surprised by this and backed down considerably. Israeli and Egyptian officers then began ceasefire talks in the Sinai. USSR, Israel, Syrian, highest, Damascus, Sharon, OPEC, ceasefire, underestimated, Moscow, ceasefire
1. Despite Israeli armed forces ending up in a very strong position, threatening Damascus and on the west bank of the Suez, Israeli confidence had been severely shaken by the early setbacks.
2. Conversely, despite Arab setbacks in the later part of the war, they had shattered the Israeli reputation for invincibility. 3. Israeli losses of men and equipment were much greater than in previous years. Approx. 2700 Israelis were killed. Israel became even more dependent on the USA financially and militarily. In 1971 US aid to Israel equalled $71 million; by 1974 it was nearly $2.6 billion. 4. The war undermined political support for the Labor Party. The PM, Golda Meir and Defence Minister Moshe Dayan, resigned in 1974. 5. In the next Israeli election, Labors vote shrank from approximately 40% to 25%. 6. In contrast, Menachem Begins right wing Likud party increased their share to 33%. Begin became PM in 1977. CONSEQUENCES FOR EGYPT 1. Estimates of Arab losses vary-Peter Mansfield suggests 15,000 soldiers for Egypt and 7000 for Syria. 2. Sadats prestige in the Arab world was enhanced greatly and he was emboldened to push his plan for closer links with the USA. He wanted to use these links with the US to gain a peace deal with Egypt. 3. Sadat expelled Soviet advisers and liberalised the economy somewhat. 4. Sadat worked closely with Kissinger. THE ARAB OIL WEAPON 1. A key reason why the US wanted to reach a peace settlement after the 1973 War was the effect of the Arab oil weapon. The ban on exports to the West lasted from October 1973 until spring 1974. The trebling in oil prices severely harmed all Western economies. 2. In 1945 Middle East oil accounted for 7% of the world supply. By 1973 it accounted for 38%. SHUTTLE DIPLOMACY 1. Kissinger preferred discussions with individual countries. A multi-party conference in Geneva in December 1973 had failed. 2. Kissinger embarked upon shuttle diplomacy whereby he visited Egyptian and Israeli leaders over
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2. Kissinger embarked upon shuttle diplomacy whereby he visited Egyptian and Israeli leaders over time in an effort to reach a deal. He brokered a deal which allowed a prisoner exchange and then 2 more deals called Sinai 1 and Sinai 2.
3. Sinai 1(Jan 1974) saw Israel withdraw from the east bank of the Suez and limited Egyptian deployments east of the canal.
4. Sinai 2 (Sept. 1975) involved a further Israeli withdrawal beyond the Mitla and Geddi Passes. Kissinger and President Ford (Nixon resigned in 1974) had to exert huge pressure on the Israelis to agree to Sinai 2. These agreements made it possible for Egypt to rebuild towns in the Canal Zone, reopen the Suez Canal and retrieve the Sinai oilfields. 5. Another agreement was brokered between Israel and Syria in which Israel pulled back from part of the Golan. A DMZ was established. Relations between Egypt and Syria worsened. He accused Sadat of selling out fellow Arabs for a peace deal and closer ties with the US. THE PLO 1. At a meeting of Arab leaders in 1974 the PLO was declared to be the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. 2. In November 1974 Arafat was invited to address the UN General Assembly. In the speech he condemned Zionism and spoke of a future Palestine where Jews and Arabs could live in peace. He said Today I have come bearing (please complete the quote p. 56. Oxford) The General Assembly passed resolution 3236 declaring that Palestinians had the right to national independence and sovereignty and the right to return to their homes and property from which they have been displaced. 3. The PLO was given observer status within the UN and a resolution was passed that declared Zionism to be a form of racism and racial discrimination. Why were there more pro-Palestine resolutions in the General Assembly? Might be because of OPEC lobbying and pressure 4. However, do these resolutions really help the Palestinian people? No because the Israelis do not care 5. The PLO was becoming a major force in Lebanon. By 1975 Palestinians comprised 20% of Lebanons population. Continued attacks by the PLO into Israel led to Israeli retaliations. The PLO wanted to prevent an Egyptian Israeli peace deal. Why? To keep war afgaisnt Israel by the arab power as an option
October War 1973 Course and Consequences 1. The attack on Israel came on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. Israel totally __________ underestimated ________the military capabilities of the Arab states. 2. After huge Arab gains that rattled the Israelis, the Israelis battled back and regained their lost territory and a bit more. Israel appeared to be on the brink of inflicting a huge defeat on the Arabs when a _______ cease fire ___________was negotiated with pressure from the USA and USSR. 3. On 6th October 1973 the Egyptians broke through the Bar Lev Line. Only 600 Israeli reservists were guarding. What does this show about the Israelis? (P.51 Oxford). That they were over confident and not expecting an attack 4. SAM missiles held off the Israeli Air Force and in the Golan Heights, ____ Syrians_________ forces overwhelmed the Israelis. 5. The Israelis dealt with the threat from Syria first as fierce fighting ensued. On the 9th October the __ Russians _________flew in massive amounts of supplies to the Syrians and Egyptians. 6. ______Israel _________requested supplies from the USA but they did not arrive until 14th October. 7. By 11th October, Israel had recaptured the Golan Heights and was advancing towards the Syrian capital of_______ Damascus __________.
8. General Ariel _____Sharon _____________attacked the Egyptian army and crossed the Suez Canal to cut the Egyptian Army in half.
9. On the 17th October ___ OPEC __________ (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries), raised the price of oil by 70% and announced a cut in supplies to countries that supported Israel. 10. After Nixon announced $2.2 billion aid package to Israel, OPEC cut of oil exports to the USA and Netherlands. Why the Netherlands? Because thats where most European fuel was processed 11. On 19th October Brezhnev invited Kissinger to _____ Moscow____________where they agreed jointly to call for a ceasefire and negotiations for a peace settlement.
12. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 338 calling for an immediate_____ cease fire______________, the implementation of Resolution 242 and discussions for a comprehensive peace settlement. 13. The Israeli army ignored this and continued to cut off the Egyptian 3rd Army.
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13. The Israeli army ignored this and continued to cut off the Egyptian 3rd Army. 14. On 24th October Sadat asked the USSR and USA to intervene to enforce a ceasefire. Brezhnev declared the USSR would go it alone and send in forces if the USA did not agree. It was not clear if this meant military force or peacekeepers and Nixon ordered the US armed forces onto their ________ highest ________state of alert. 15. The Soviets seemed surprised by this and backed down considerably. Israeli and Egyptian officers then began ceasefire talks in the Sinai. USSR, Israel, Syrian, highest, Damascus, Sharon, OPEC, ceasefire, underestimated, Moscow, ceasefire
1. Despite Israeli armed forces ending up in a very strong position, threatening Damascus and on the west bank of the Suez, Israeli confidence had been severely shaken by the early setbacks.
2. Conversely, despite Arab setbacks in the later part of the war, they had shattered the Israeli reputation for invincibility. 3. Israeli losses of men and equipment were much greater than in previous years. Approx. 2700 Israelis were killed. Israel became even more dependent on the USA financially and militarily. In 1971 US aid to Israel equalled $71 million; by 1974 it was nearly $2.6 billion. 4. The war undermined political support for the Labor Party. The PM, Golda Meir and Defence Minister Moshe Dayan, resigned in 1974. 5. In the next Israeli election, Labors vote shrank from approximately 40% to 25%. 6. In contrast, Menachem Begins right wing Likud party increased their share to 33%. Begin became PM in 1977. CONSEQUENCES FOR EGYPT 1. Estimates of Arab losses vary-Peter Mansfield suggests 15,000 soldiers for Egypt and 7000 for Syria. 2. Sadats prestige in the Arab world was enhanced greatly and he was emboldened to push his plan for closer links with the USA. He wanted to use these links with the US to gain a peace deal with Egypt. 3. Sadat expelled Soviet advisers and liberalised the economy somewhat. 4. Sadat worked closely with Kissinger. THE ARAB OIL WEAPON 1. A key reason why the US wanted to reach a peace settlement after the 1973 War was the effect of the Arab oil weapon. The ban on exports to the West lasted from October 1973 until spring 1974. The trebling in oil prices severely harmed all Western economies. 2. In 1945 Middle East oil accounted for 7% of the world supply. By 1973 it accounted for 38%. SHUTTLE DIPLOMACY 1. Kissinger preferred discussions with individual countries. A multi-party conference in Geneva in December 1973 had failed. 2. Kissinger embarked upon shuttle diplomacy whereby he visited Egyptian and Israeli leaders over
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2. Kissinger embarked upon shuttle diplomacy whereby he visited Egyptian and Israeli leaders over time in an effort to reach a deal. He brokered a deal which allowed a prisoner exchange and then 2 more deals called Sinai 1 and Sinai 2.
3. Sinai 1(Jan 1974) saw Israel withdraw from the east bank of the Suez and limited Egyptian deployments east of the canal.
4. Sinai 2 (Sept. 1975) involved a further Israeli withdrawal beyond the Mitla and Geddi Passes. Kissinger and President Ford (Nixon resigned in 1974) had to exert huge pressure on the Israelis to agree to Sinai 2. These agreements made it possible for Egypt to rebuild towns in the Canal Zone, reopen the Suez Canal and retrieve the Sinai oilfields. 5. Another agreement was brokered between Israel and Syria in which Israel pulled back from part of the Golan. A DMZ was established. Relations between Egypt and Syria worsened. He accused Sadat of selling out fellow Arabs for a peace deal and closer ties with the US. THE PLO 1. At a meeting of Arab leaders in 1974 the PLO was declared to be the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. 2. In November 1974 Arafat was invited to address the UN General Assembly. In the speech he condemned Zionism and spoke of a future Palestine where Jews and Arabs could live in peace. He said Today I have come bearing (please complete the quote p. 56. Oxford) The General Assembly passed resolution 3236 declaring that Palestinians had the right to national independence and sovereignty and the right to return to their homes and property from which they have been displaced. 3. The PLO was given observer status within the UN and a resolution was passed that declared Zionism to be a form of racism and racial discrimination. Why were there more pro-Palestine resolutions in the General Assembly? Might be because of OPEC lobbying and pressure 4. However, do these resolutions really help the Palestinian people? No because the Israelis do not care 5. The PLO was becoming a major force in Lebanon. By 1975 Palestinians comprised 20% of Lebanons population. Continued attacks by the PLO into Israel led to Israeli retaliations. The PLO wanted to prevent an Egyptian Israeli peace deal. Why? To keep war afgaisnt Israel by the arab power as an option