XtraedgeOctober 2011

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 OCTOBER 2011
Dear Students,
Is examination a common cause of stress?
In most Asian cultures, the great emphasis on academic achievement and high
expectations of success make it especially stressful for students. The strong
negative stigma attached to failure also adds to the pressure.
Like it or not, we have to accept that examinations are necessary in any
educational system. Even though it is debatable whether they are accurate
measures of actual ability, no better alternatives have been proposed.
Examinations remain necessary to motivate students learning, measure their
progress and ultimately, serve as evidence of attainment of certain skills,
standards or qualifications.
Success at examinations provides opportunities to proceed with higher
education and improves employment prospects, underlining their importance.
No matter how well prepared, many factors may influence ones performance at
the time of the examination and there is seemingly, no definite guarantee of
success. Essentially, it is this vital importance attached to success at
examinations coupled with the element of uncertainty that makes them so
stressful.
As with other sources of stress, the stress of examinations is not all bad. It is a
strong incentive for students to study and poses a challenge for individual
achievement. However, when stress becomes excessive, performance begins to
suffer. There is thus a need to control levels of stress before it becomes
overwhelming and detrimental. Reliase of stress is necessary for optimum
performance, the means of which is relasing.
Learn to relax
The stress responses produces muscle tension, which you would commonly
experience as backache, neck ache or tension headache at the end of the day.
Often this is unconscious. So to relax these muscles, you need to consciously
practice relaxation exercises. These could involve muscle relaxation, deep
breathing exercises, body massage or guided imagery. Like any particular skill,
you need to practice them regularly in order to reap the benefits.
Another way to relax is to maintain a quiet time as part of the daily routine.
Quiet time refers to a time for you with no interruption from external sources or
distractions. This is a time where you may choose to just think of nothing and
relax. Finally, you can always take up a hobby to help you relax. Do something
you enjoy, be it listening to music.
Ideally, the drive to study should be internally driven by a desire to achieve
ones own personal goals. Instead, many are driven more by the fear of failure,
which is more stress-provoking and leads easily to discouragement.
Attending school should not merely revolve around preparation for
examinations. Interacting with teachers, socializing with friends, participating in
sports or other extra-curricular activities are all valuable aspects of a well-
rounded education.
Instead of wishing things would get easier, start looking at how you can get
better...

Yours truly

Pramod Maheshwari,
B.Tech., IIT Delhi

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responsible for any damage or loss of action to
any one, of any kind, in any manner, there from.
No Portion of the magazine can be
published/ reproduced without the
written permission of the publisher
All disputes are subject to the
exclusive jurisdiction of the Kota
Courts only.
Owned & Published by Pramod
Maheshwari, 112, Shakti Nagar,
Dadabari, Kota & Printed by Naval
Maheshwari, Published & Printed at 112,
Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota.

Editor : Pramod Maheshwari

Teachers open the door. You enter by yourself
Volume - 7 Issue - 4
October, 2011 (Monthly Magazine)
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Volume-7 Issue-4
October, 2011 (Monthly Magazine)

NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS

Much more IIT-JEE News.
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE- 2012 & 2013

S

Success Tips for the Months

If one asks for success and prepares for
failure, he will get the situation he has
prepared for.
Loser's visualize the penalties of failure.
Winner's visualize the rewards of success.
Treat others as if they were what they
ought to be and you help them to become
what they are capable of being.
You never achieve real success unless you
like what you are doing
The first step toward success is taken when
you refuse to be a captive of the
environment in which you first find
yourself.
Believe in yourself ! Have faith in your
abilities ! without a humble but reasonable
confidence in your own powers you can not
be successful or happy.

CONTENTS
INDEX PAGE

NEWS ARTICLE 3
IITians sign up for online protest against govt
Bihar Professor gets distinguished IIT alumnus
Award

IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 5
Mr. Ashwin Limaye & Ms. Amrita Sateesh Mahale

KNOW IIT-JEE 6
Previous IIT-JEE Question

XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 47

Class XII IIT-JEE 2012 Paper
Class XI IIT-JEE 2013 Paper

Regulars ..........

DYNAMIC PHYSICS 14
8-Challenging Problems [Set # 6]
Students Forum
Physics Fundamentals
Magnetic effects of current
Gravitation

CATALYSE CHEMISTRY 27

Key Concept
Halogen deravative
Halogen & Noble gases Family
Understanding :Organic Chemistry

DICEY MATHS 36

Mathematical Challenges
Students Forum
Key Concept
Limit, Continuity & Differentiability
Parabola, Ellipse & Hyperbola
Study Time........
Test Time ..........

IITians sign up for online
protest against govt
MUMBAI, INDIA: A group of
IITians is protesting against the
Indian government's proposal to
change the IIT-JEE admission
procedures. IITIANS.org, the online
community has created a Facebook
page under the name 'SAVE IITs' to
call for global protest against the
government's move to meddle with
the admission process.
According to media reports, the
HRD Ministry has proposed a new
admission mechanism for education
institutes, including IITs, for 2013-
14 where students will be selected
from a common merit list based on
students' class 12 and entrance test
marks.
The new proposal completely
changes the existing admission
system of Joint Entrance Exams
(JEE), which was in place for
decades.
The IITians feel that it will end the
IITians' era since India has many
states and respective education
boards. They fear it will lead to
corruption and politics will mask the
significance of aptitude and
knowledge in admissions to IITs.
The online protest has gathered
support of 6,000 people, including
IIT students and alumini.
It's a peaceful protest and they are
not trying to protest publicly.
Through this, they are trying to
spread the message to students and
people. Based on that they will
gather students' feedback and air
their concerns to the government,
said a fourth year electrical
engineering student - IIT Bombay.
The student said the government
should provide logical reasons
behind the proposed changes.
Secondly, there are different state
education boards which follow
different syllabus. So this new
proposed admission plan will not be
fair to every students seeking
admissions to IITs, he stressed.
Also, as the IITs are funded and run
by government, do propose whatever
they feel, the student said.
Beside the IITIANS.org community,
there are other community pages on
Facebook such as 'We Hate Kapil
Sibal', 'I Hate Kapil Sibal', 'Kapil Sibal
Stinks'. These community pages have
angry messages and remarks against the
union minister and protest his proposed
admission plan.
Bihar Professor gets distinguished
IIT alumnus Award
Prof. B B Pandey who hails from
Bhojpur district of Bihar has received
distinguished IIT Kharagpur alumnus
award from PM Manmohan Singh for
his contribution to innovation in
transport infrastructure development.
He is currently advisor (sponsored
research and industrial consultancy) at
IIT (Kharagpur).
Developed low cost technology for
maintenance-free roads for villages and
design guidelines for concrete and
asphalt roads in India. He has also
developed state-of-the-art equipment
for testing of roads and highways.
Govt seeks IITians expertise to
solve Kosi problem
Bihar government has made a request
to three experts, all IIT-Kharagpur
alumni, to make their presentation
about their cost-effective, innovative
technology in breach-resistant earthen
bund for river Kosi.
These experts have developed a
technology which should ensure cent
per cent success in preventing breaches
in bunds. Since silting is a major
problem with most Indian rivers,
application of this technology should
prove extremely useful to tame
floods, said one of the experts.
The three experts are T K Choudhary,
civil engineer and river management
specialist, Mihir Biswas, mechanical
engineer, and Somnath Ghosh, former
Hod, civil engineering, IIT-
Kharagpur.
Mihir Biswas, an IIT-Kharagpur
alumnus with considerable post-
qualification experience in
engineering and management The
breach caused devastating flood and
changed the course of the river.
Since the river bed of Kosi is at a
higher level than the adjoining area,
construction of a breach-resistant
bund is the only solution to ensure
safety from periodic floods, says an
expert.
The bund comprises of a suitably
designed bund section, concrete
walls with precast concrete materials
at toes of riverside earth slopes, and
protective concrete tiles meant to
avoid erosion of the bund.
The composite design will
effectively prevent any breach in the
bund. This innovative technology
was developed by T K Choudhary
based on his technical paper. The
technology was since vetted by IIT-
Kharagpur and received approval.
Choudhary is an IIT alumnus and
recognized river management expert.
The technology is indigenous and
labour-intensive, utilizing unskilled
local labour, making execution very
much cost-effective.
JNU makes it to top 100 in
world university rankings
The Jawaharlal Nehru University
(JNU) has made it to the top 100 in
the QS World University Rankings
this year. QS, for the first time, has
released a subject-wise list in which
the English department of JNU-Centre
for English Studies has been ranked
among the top 100 English
departments in the world. Apart from
the English department, JNU's
departments of geography and area
studies, and politics and international
studies too, have found a place in the
top 100.

Cambridge University looking
for partnerships in India
Aiming to strengthen its engagement
with India, Cambridge University is
looking to form high quality
partnerships in the areas of drug
discovery and disease management.
One of the oldest academic
institutions in the world, Cambridge
University is the alma mater of many
famed Indian personalities, including
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and
Nobel laureate Amartya Sen.
He pointed out the university is
looking at some partnerships in the
areas of drug discovery, apart from
having interactions with the Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) and the Department of
Biotechnology.

Availing scholarships from Swiss
govt
The Swiss government awards a range
of scholarships to Indian students
through the Federal Commission for
Scholarships for Foreign Students
(FCS): university scholarships (Swiss
universities and Federal Institutes of
Technology).
These scholarships provide graduates
from all fields with the opportunity to
pursue postgraduate studies or
research in Switzerland at a public
funded university or recognised
institution. Scholarships are provided
for a nine-month academic year.
Scholarships for postgraduate or
Masters programmes lasting up to two
years (third or fourth semesters) may
be extended depending on results from
the first year.

University Special innovation
council for biomedical
engineering in Gujarat
Technological University
The Gujarat Technological University
(GTU) Innovation Council has started
the process of creating an innovation
council specifically for biomedical
engineering. The newly created council
is aimed at working towards fostering
innovations in the biomedical sector
across the state. The process will
involve industrialists, policymakers,
students and faculties.
GTU has already conducted three
meetings with students and faculties.
The agenda and the other details of the
initiative were discussed in the meeting.
"Most of the technologies for
healthcare system in the country at
present are imported ones. There is a
great need to indigenize these
technologies to meet our local needs
and to make them affordable.
Encouraging the students to apply there
innovative minds in the area will lead
to the emergence of such medical
equipments," said Hiranmay Mahanta,
managing director of Techpedia of
Sristi which is partnering with GTU in
encouraging the students to carry out
innovative projects.
Benefits of solar energy discussed
at IIT-K
KANPUR: A two-day seminar on
'Micro solar energy generation and
utilisation' at IIT-K . It is being held in
association with the Institute of
Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineers (IETE), Kanpur.
The theme of the seminar is to make
solar energy viable for domestic and
commercial use.
AK Chaturvedi said that the photo-
voltaic cell is still the new research area
as the best material from which the
cells could be made.
He said that a solar inverter capable of
generating five kilowatt of power has
been installed on the roof of a lab. "The
inverter is generating power and it is
being fed to the local grid situated
within the campus," Chaturvedi added.
"The institute is working in the
direction of increasing the efficiency
and life of solar cells. IIT-K is
working in several other areas of
solar energy under the umbrella of
Solar Energy Research Enclave.
Scientists and faculty members are
working on various aspects of
material, devices, system and policy
related issues of solar energy.
Anand told the gathering that the
institute has been doing its bit by
increasing awareness and educating
the masses about solar technologies.
IIT-K had organised a conference on
'Emerging trends in the photovoltaic
generation and utilisation'.
In order to create awareness, an
exhibition was held on the use of
solar energy. In addition to solar
lighting, heating and cooking
systems, one solar-powered three-
wheeler was also displayed.
Tutorials were held to educate
students about solar energy. Poster
paper presentation and working
model contest were also held. A
panel discussion on 'Captive
generation of solar power for
domestic and commercial use' was
also held.
IIT experts to help cut noise
near Delhi Airport
The central government Wednesday
informed the Delhi High Court that it
has sought help from Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT) experts to
reduce the noise level near the Indira
Gandhi International (IGI) Airport.
The Directorate General of Civil
Aviation (DGCA) have fixed the
limits in airport zones at 105 decibels
during the day and 95 decibels at
night.
The maximum limit for noise level at
night has been fixed at levels lower
than most major international
airports, including New York's JFK
(99 decibels), Rio de Janeiro (118.4
decibels), Paris (104.5 decibels) and
Osaka (107 decibels).
Three airports in London have 94
decibels as the limit.


Success Story
Success Story
This article contains storys/interviews of persons who succeed after graduation from different IITs

He is simple, unassuming and, of course, intelligent! No
doubt that Ashwin Limaye from Pune topped the M Tech
dual degree. He has also topped in the last three years of
the course.
On the IIT experience
The five years I spent at IIT were a great experience. The
environment at IIT is totally different when compared to
that of other colleges. We had a great hostel life too. The
best thing about IIT is that it is not just about academics, it
also involves a lot of extra-curricular activities and sports.
The interaction with professors and students from diverse
backgrounds is also an enriching experience.
Although the class timings are from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., we
have all the time in the world to do what we like: this fine
balance helps in overall personality development.
My interests
Badminton is my first love. I have headed the IIT team at
various competitions in IIT and other inter-IIT
competitions and won several medals. I'm very thankful to
IIT for giving us such opportunities to play and practise. I
also like reading both fiction and non-fiction.
Next move
I have joined McKinsey & Co as a consultant. It's a great
place to work. I was interested in the people part of the
businesses and I'm enjoying my work.
My mantra for success
The most important thing is to pay attention in the class,
don't mix work and play, and stay focussed and organised.
An engineering degree helps to have structured approach
to problem-solving which is important.
Advice to IIT aspirants
Get your basics right, you should have problem-solving
skills, you must learn to ask why and not how, and be
focussed in what you do. I did not go for any formal
coaching, I did a correspondence course along with 3 of
my friends so it was mostly combined study.
India or abroad?
India, of course! I belong to this place and I would love to
settle down in India. However, I would like to experience
how the environment is abroad. India is a growing market
with plenty of opportunity, growth and innovation. It is the
place to be now, this is where we can shine and excel. And
I want to be a part of the great Indian growth story.

Ms. Amrita Sateesh Mahale,
B Tech in Aerospace Engineering

Lively, enthusiastic and cheerful, Amrita from Mumbai, is
a topper all the way. She represents the growing number of
women IIT toppers. She won the IIT silver medal for
topping the Aerospace Engineering course and a gold
medal for overall proficiency.
On the IIT Experience
It was a fantastic experience. The first year was very
stressful as you are surround by toppers and child
prodigies. It takes some time to get used to the
environment. Studies are not as difficult as they are before
joining IIT. You get the best facilities to study and work.
Interests
I like robotics and have done projects on robotics and won
awards. I have also published research papers on aerospace and
automobile fuel cells after an internship at Mercedes Benz.
I like reading and writing. I was the editor of the department
magazine. I also write poetry. I was also on the editorial
board of the IIT newspaper. I learnt a lot of new things like
drumming and playing squash at the IIT. I also like
advertising and did two advertisements at O&M during an
internship:
Success mantra : Lots of hard work, two years of
preparations, I attended coaching classes after my 10th
standard.
Advice to IIT aspirants
One has to work really hard, put in lot of extra work for
two years to get the branch of one's choice. But one should
not be dejected if one doesn't get selected. One has a lot of
opportunities and many interesting things to do now.
Next move
I have joined the Boston Consultancy Services. I would
like to explore the corporate world. I enjoy my work. The
job has lived up to my expectations. I used to think that the
corporate world is a very cut-throat one, but I was
surprised to find that it not so. Everyone is very helpful.
And aerospace? Yes, it is on the radar, I would like to
pursue research in aerospace in future.
Mr. Ashwin Limaye
M Tech dual degree in Computer
Science and Engineering

PHYSICS

1. A block X of mass 0.5 kg is held by a long massless
string on a frictionless inclined plane of inclination
30 to the horizontal. The string is wound on a
uniform solid cylindrical drum Y of mass 2 kg and of
radius 0.2 m as shown in figure. The drum is given an
initial angular velocity such that the block X starts
moving up the plane.
X
Y
30

(i) Find the tension in the string during the motion.
(ii) At a certain instant of time the magnitude of the
angular velocity of Y is 10 rad s
1
calculate the
distance travelled by X from that instant of time
until it comes to rest.
Sol. The drum is given an initial velocity such that the
block X starts moving up the plane.

X
R
= 30
m
T
T

mg
mg cos
mg sin
Y

As the time passes, the velocity of the block deceases.
The linear retardation a of the block X is given by
mg sin T = ma ...(i)
The linear retardation of the block and the angular
acceleration of the drum () are related as
a = R ...(ii)
Where R is the Radius of the drum.
The retarding torque of the drum is due to tension T
in the string. = T R
But = I where I = M.I. of drum about its axis of
rotation.
T R =
2
1
MR
2
...(iii)

(
=
2
MR
2
1
I Q
From (ii) TR =
2
1
MR
2

r
a
a =
M
T 2

Substituting this value in (i)
mg sin T = m
M
T 2
mg sin = |
.
|
\
|
+
M
m 2
1 T
T =
m 2 M
M ) sin mg (
+

=
5 . 0 2 2
2 30 sin 8 . 9 5 . 0
+

= 1.63 N
(ii) The total kinetic energy of the drum and the block
at the instant when the drum is having angular
velocity to 10 rads
1
gets converted into the potential
energy of the block

mg
h = ssin
S

[(K.E.)
Rotational
]
drum
+ [(K.E.)
Translational
]
block
= mgh

2
1
I
2
+
2
1
mv
2
= mgS sin

2
1
I
2
+
2
1
m(R)
2
= mgS sin [Q v = R]

2
1
MR
2
2
+
2
1
mR
2
2
= mgS sin

2
1
+
sin mg
) m M ( R
2 2
= S
=
2
1

30 sin 8 . 9 5 . 0
) 5 . 0 2 ( 10 10 2 . 0 2 . 0

+
= 1.22 m
Alternatively
a = R = R
MR
T 2
[From (iii)]
=
2 . 0 2
63 . 1 2 2 . 0

V = 0
S = S
a = a
R
0
= u

KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions
Using v
2
u
2
= 2as
0
2

2 2
0
R = 2 ( a)s
S =
63 . 1 2
2 . 0 2 . 0 10 10

= 1.22 m

2. A right prism is to be made by selecting a proper
material and the angles A and B (B A), as shown in
figure. It is desired that a ray of light incident on the
face AB emerges parallel to the incident direction
after two internal reflections. [IIT-1987]

A
B
C

(i) What should be the minimum refractive index
n for this to be possible ?
(ii) For n =
3
5
is it possible to achieve this with the
angle B equal to 30 degrees ?
Sol. (i) Let x is the incident angle for reflection at AC.
Four total internal reflection x > i
e
(critical angle)

A
B
C
x
x
90x
M
y
y
90y
N
y

Let y be the incident angle of the ray on face CB. For
total internal reflection
y > i
C

x + y > 2i
c

But x = A and y = B (from geometry)
x + y = 90
90 > 2i
c

i
c
< 45
The refractive index of the medium for this to
happen.
=
c
i sin
1
=
45 sin
1
= 2
(ii) For =
3
5

sin i
c
=
1
=
3 / 5
1
=
5
3

i
c
= 37
y = 30 (Given)
x = 60 x > i
c
but y < i
c

Total internal reflection will take place on face
AC but not on CB.

3. (a) A charge of Q is uniformly distributed over a
spherical volume of radius R. Obtain an expression
for the energy of the system.
(b) What will be the corresponding expression for the
energy needed to completely disassemble the planet
earth against the gravitational pull amongst its
constituent particles ?
Assume the earth to be a sphere of uniform mass
density. Calculate this energy, given the product of
the mass and the radius of the earth to be 2.5 10
31

kg-m.
(c) If the same charge of Q as in part (a) above is
given to a spherical conductor of the same radius R,
what will be the energy of the system ? [IIT-1992]
Sol. (a) In this case the electric field exists from centre of
the sphere to infinity. Potential energy is stored in
electric field with energy density
dr

u =
2
1
0
E
2
(Energy/Volume)
(i) Energy stored within the sphere (U
1
)
Electric field at a distance r is
E =
0
4
1
.
3
R
Q
. r
U =
2
1
0
E
2
=
2
0
2
3
0
r
R
Q
.
4
1
)
`

Volume of element dV = (4r
2
)dr
Energy stored in this volume dU = U(dr)
dU = (4r
2
dr)
2
3
0
0
r
R
Q
.
4
1
2
)
`

dU =
6
2
0
R
Q
.
40
1
.r
4
dr
U
1
=
R
0
dU=
R
0
4
6
0
2
dr r
R 8
Q

=
R
0
5
6
0
2
] r [
R 8
Q

U
1
=
R
Q
.
40
1
2
0
...(1)
(ii) Energy stored outside the sphere (U
2
)
Electric field at a distance r is
E =
2
0
R
Q
.
4
1

U =
2
1
0
E
2
=
2
2
0
0
R
Q
.
4
1
2
)
`

dU = . dV = (4r
2
dr)
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
0
0
R
Q
.
4
1
2

dU =
0
2
8
Q
2
r
dr

U
2
=
R
dU =
0
2
8
Q
R
2
r
dr
=
R 8
Q
0
2
...(2)
Therefore, total energy of the system is
U = U
1
+ U
2
=
R 40
Q
0
2
+
R 8
Q
0
2

or U =
20
3
R
Q
0
2

(b) Comparing this with gravitational forces, the
gravitational potential energy of earth will be
U =
5
3
R
GM
2

by replacing Q
2
by M
2
and
0
4
1
by G.
g =
R
GM
2

G =
M
gR
2

U =
5
3
MgR
Therefore, energy needed to completely disassemble
the earth against gravitational pull amongst its
constituent particle will be given by
E = |U| =
5
3
MgR
Substituting the values, we get
E =
5
3
(10m/s
2
) (2.5 10
31
kg-m)
E = 1.5 10
32
J
(c) This is the case of a charged spherical conductor
of radius R, energy of which is given by =
C
Q
2
1
2

or U =
R 4
Q
.
2
1
0
2
=
R 8
Q
0
2

4. A circular loop of radius R is bent along a diameter
and given a shape as shown in figure. One of the
semicircles (KNM) lies in the x-z plane and the other
one (KLM) in the y-z plane with their centres at
origin. Current I is flowing through each of the
semicircles as shown in figure. [IIT-2000]
K
I
N
M
L
I
z
x
y

(a) a particle of charge q is released at the origin with
a velocity
v = v
0
i
. Find the instantaneous force
F
on the particle. Assume that space is gravity free.
(b) If an external uniform magnetic field B
0
j
is
applied determine the force 1 F
and 2 F
on the
semicircles KLM and KNM due to the field and the
net force
F on the loop.
Sol. (a) Magnetic field (
B ) at the origin = magnetic field

due to semicircle KLM + Magnetic field due to other
semicircle KNM

B =
R 4
I
0
( i
) +
R 4
I
0
( j
B =
R 4
I
0
i
+
R 4
I
0
j

=
R 4
I
0
( i
+ j
)
Magnetic force acting on the particle

F = q(
B )
= q{(v
0
i
) ( i
+ j
)}
R 4
I
0

F = k
R 4
I qv
0 0

(b)
F
KLM
=
F
KNM
=
F
KM

And
F
KM
= BI(2R) i
= 2BIRi
1
F =
2
F = 2BIRi

Total force on the loop,

F =
1
F +
2
F
or
F = 4BIRi

Note : If a current carrying wire ADC (of any shape)
is placed in a uniform magnetic field
B .
Then,
F
ADC
=
F
AC

or |
F
ADC
| = i
(AC)B
From this we can conclude that net force on a current
carrying loop in uniform magnetic field is zero. In the
question, segments KLM and KNM also form a loop
and they are also placed in a uniform magnetic field
but in this case net force on the loop will not be zero.
It would had been zero if the current in any of the
segments was in opposite direction.

5. Assume that the de Broglie wave associated with an
electron can form a standing wave between the atoms
arranged in a one dimensional array with nodes at
each of the atomic sites. It is found that one such
standing wave is formed if the distance d between the
atoms of the array is 2. A similar standing wave is
again formed if d is increased to 2.5 but not for any
intermediate value of d. Find the energy of the
electrons in electron volts and the least value of d for
which the standing wave of the type described above
can form. [IIT-1997]
Sol. As nodes are formed at each of the atomic sites,
hence
2 = n |
.
|
\
|
2
...(1)
[Q Distance between successive nodes = /2]
Hence from the figure
2
N N N N N N
n loops
2.5
N N N N N N
(n+1) loops
/2
N

and 2.5 = (n + 1)
2
...(2)

2
5 . 2
=
n
1 n +
,
4
5
=
n
1 n +
or n = 4
Hence, from equation (1),
2 = 4
2
i.e. = 1
d will be minimum, when
n = 1, d
min
=
2
=
2
1
= 0.5
Now, de broglie wavelength is given be
=
mK 2
h
or K =
m 2 .
h
2
2

K =
19 31 2 10
2 34
10 6 . 1 10 1 . 9 2 ) 10 1 (
) 10 63 . 6 (

eV
=
6 . 1 1 . 9 8
) 63 . 6 (
2

10
2
eV = 151 eV

CHEMISTRY

6. A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice
containing a sequence of layers of ABABAB ......... .
Any packing of spheres leaves out voids in the
lattice. What percentage by volume of this lattice is
empty space ? [IIT-1996]
Sol. A unit cell of hcp structure is a hexagonal cell, which
is shown in figure (i) & (ii). Three such cells form
one hcp unit.
For hexagonal cell, a = b c; = = 90 and
= 120. It has 8 atoms at the corners and one inside,
Number of atoms per unit cell =
8
8
+ 1 = 2
Area of the base = b ON [From fig.(ii)]
= b a sin 60
=
2
3
a
2
(Q b = a)

a

b
c
Figure (i)

Volume of the hexagonal cell
= Area of the base height =
2
3
a
2
.c
But c =
3
2 2
a
Volume of the hexagonal cell
=
2
3
a
2
.
3
2 2
a = a
3
2
and radius of the atom, r =
2
a

Hence, fraction of total volume or atomic packing factor
=
cell hexagonal the of Volume
atoms 2 of Volume

60
N b
O
a
figure (ii)

=
2 a
r
3
4
2
3
3

=
2 a
2
a
3
4
2
3
3
|
.
|
\
|

=
2 3
= 0.74 = 74%
The percentage of void space = 100 74 = 26%

7. An alkyl halide X, of formula C
6
H
13
Cl on treatment
with potassium t-butoxide gives two isomeric alkenes
Y and Z(C
6
H
12
). Both alkenes on hydrogenation give
2, 3-dimethyl butane. Predict the structures of X, Y
and Z. [IIT-1996]
Sol. The alkyl halide X, on dehydrohalogenation gives
two isomeric alkenes.

X
13 6
Cl H C
HCl ;
butoxide t K

12 6
H C
Z Y+
Both, Y and Z have the same molecular formula
C
6
H
12
(C
n
H
2n
). Since, both Y and Z absorb one mol of
H
2
to give same alkane 2, 3-dimethyl butane, hence
they should have the skeleton of this alkane.
Y and Z (C
6
H
12
)
Ni
H
2

CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3

CH
3
2,3-dimethyl butane

The above alkane can be prepared from two alkenes
CH
3
C = C CH
3

CH
3

CH
3

2,3-dimethyl
butene-2
(Y)
and CH
3
CH C = CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
2,3-dimethyl
butene-1
(Z)

The hydrogenation of Y and Z is shown below :

CH
3
C = C CH
3

CH
3
CH
3

(Y)
H2
Ni
CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

CH
3
CH C = CH
2

CH
3
CH
3

(Z)
H2
Ni
CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

Both, Y and Z can be obtained from following alkyl
halide :
CH
3
C CH CH
3

CH
3
CH
3

2-chloro-2,3-dimethyl butane
(X)
K-t-butoxide
; HCl
CH
2
= C CH CH
3

CH
3
CH
3

Cl
+ CH
3
C = C CH
3
CH
3 CH
3
(Z) 20% (Y) 80%

Hence, X,

CH
3
C CH CH
3

CH
3
CH
3

Cl

Y,
CH
3
C = C CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

Z,
CH
3
CH C = CH
2

CH
3
CH
3

8. How is boron obtained from borax ? Give chemical
equations with reaction conditions. Write the
structure of B
2
H
6
and its reaction with HCl.
[IIT-2002]
Sol. When hot concentrated HCl is added to borax
(Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O) the sparingly soluble H
3
BO
3
is
formed which on subsequent heating gives B
2
O
3

which is reduced to boron on heating with Mg, Na or
K
Na
2
B
4
O
7
(anhydrous) + 2HCl(hot, conc.)
2NaCl + H
2
B
4
O
7

H
2
B
4
O
7
+ 5H
2
O 4H
3
BO
3

2H
3
BO
3

heating strong
B
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
B
2
O
3
+ 6K 2B + 3K
2
O or
B
2
O
3
+ 6Na 2B + 3Na
2
O or
B
2
O
3
+ 3Mg 2B + 3MgO
Structure of B
2
H
6

B
H
H
B
H
H
H
H
1.19
97
1.37
122
1.77
Hydrogen bridge
bonding (3C-2e bond)

B
2
H
6
+ HCl B
2
H
5
Cl + H
2

Normally this reaction takes place in the presence of
Lewis acid (AlCl
3
).

9. An organic compound A, C
8
H
4
O
3
, in dry benzene in
the presence of anhydrous AlCl
3
gives compound B.
The compound B on treatment with PCl
5
followed by
reaction with H
2
/Pd(BaSO
4
) gives compound C,
which on reaction with hydrazine gives a cyclised
compound D(C
14
H
10
N
2
). Identify A, B, C and D.
Explain the formation of D from C. [IIT-2000]
Sol. The given reactions are as follows.

O
O +
O
AlCl3
O
O
OH
PCl5
H2/Pd (BaSO4)
C
6
H
5
H
C
C
O
O
H2NNH2
C
6
H
5
N

N

The formation of D from C may be explained as
follows.

C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5
O
O
NH
2

NH
2

O

NH
2

NH
2

O

+

+

C
6
H
5
O
N H
N H
OH
C
6
H
5
N
N

10. The oxides of sodium and potassium contained in a
0.5 g sample of feldspar were converted to the
respective chlorides. The weight of the chlorides thus
obtained was 0.1180 g. Subsequent treatment of the
chlorides with silver nitrate gave 0.2451 g of silver
chloride. What is the percentage of Na
2
O and K
2
O in
the mixture ? [IIT-1979]
Sol. Mass of sample of feldspar containing Na
2
O and
K
2
O = 0.5 g.
According to the question,
Na
2
O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
O ..(1)
2 23 + 16 = 62g 2(23 + 35.5) = 117 g
K
2
O + 2HCl 2KCl + H
2
O ..(2)
2 39 + 16 = 94g 2(39 + 35.5) = 149 g
Mass of chlorides = 0.1180 g
Let, Mass of NaCl = x g
Mass of KCl = (0.1180 x)g
Again, on reaction with silver nitrate,
NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3
..(3)
23 + 35.5 = 58.5g 108 + 35.5 = 143.5g
KCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + KNO
3
...(4)
39 + 35.5 = 74.5g 108 + 35.5 = 143.5g
Total mass of AgCl obtained = 0.2451 g
Step 1. From eq. (3)
58.5 g of NaCl yields = 143.5 g AgCl
x g of NaCl yields =
5 . 58
5 . 143
x g AgCl
And from eq. (4),
74.5 g of KCl yields = 143.5 g of AgCl
(0.1180 x)g of KCl yields
=
5 . 74
5 . 143
(0.1180 x)g AgCl
Total mass of AgCl

5 . 58
5 . 143
x +
5 . 74
5 . 143
(0.1180 x) = 0.2451
which gives, x = 0.0342
Hence, Mass of NaCl = x = 0.0342 g
And Mass of KCl = 0.1180 0.0342 = 0.0838g
Step 2. From eq.(1),
117 g of NaCl is obtained from = 62 g Na
2
O
0.0342 g NaCl is obtained from
=
117
62
0.032 = 0.018 g Na
2
O
From eq. (2),
149 g of KCl is obtained from = 94 g K
2
O
0.0838 g of KCl is obtained from
=
149
94
0.0838 = 0.053 g K
2
O
Step 3. % of Na
2
O in feldspar =
5 . 0
018 . 0
100 = 3.6%
% of K
2
O in feldspar =
5 . 0
053 . 0
100 = 10.6 %

MATHEMATICS

11. Let
1
,
2
,
1
,
2
be the roots of ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 and
px
2
+ qx + r = 0 respectively. If the system of
equations
1
y +
2
z = 0 and
1
y +
2
z = 0 has a non
trivial solution, then prove that
2
2
q
b
=
pr
ac
. [IIT-1987]
Sol. We are given
1
,
2
are roots of ax
2
+ bx + c = 0

1
+
2
= b/a and
1

2
= c/a ...(i)
and
1
,
2
are roots of px
2
+ qx + r = 0

1
+
2
=
p
q
and
1
2
=
p
r
...(ii)
The system of equations,

1
y +
2
z = 0

1
y +
2
z = 0, has non-trivial solution
we have
2 2
1 1

= 0
or
2
1
=
2
1
applying componendo-dividendo

2 1
2 1

+
=
2 1
2 1

+

(
1
+
2
) (
1

2
) = (
1

2
) (
1
+
2
)
(
1
+
2
)
2
{(
1
+
2
)
2
4
1
2
}
= {(
1
+
2
)
2
4
1
2
}. (
1
+
2
)
2

using (i) and (ii), we get

2
2
a
b
p
r
p
q 4
2
2
=
2
2
p
q
a
c
a
b 4
2
2

2 2
2 2
p a
q b

p a
r b
2
2
4
=
2 2
2 2
p a
q b

2
2
4
ap
c q

or
a
r b
2
=
p
c q
2

2
2
q
b
=
pr
ac

12. Let f (x) =
> +
0 ,
0 ,
3 2
x x ax x
x xe
ax

where a is a positive constant. Find the interval in
which f ' (x) is increasing. [IIT-1996]
Sol. At x = 0 L.H.L. = ) ( lim
0
x f
x
= 0 lim
0
=
ax
x
xe
and R.H.L. = ) ( lim
0
x f
x
+
=
+
0
lim
x
(x + ax
2
x
3
) = 0
Therefore, L.H.L. = R.H.L. = 0 = f (0)
So f (x) is continuous at x = 0
Also, f ' (x) =
> +
< +
0 , 3 2 1
0 , . 1
2
x if x ax
x if axe e
ax ax

and Lf '(0) =
0
) 0 ( ) (
lim
0 x
f x f
x

=
x
xe
ax
x
0
lim
0
=
0
lim
x
e
ax
= e
0
= 1
and Rf '(0) =
0
) 0 ( ) (
lim
0 +
+
x
f x f
x

=
x
x ax x
x
0
lim
3 2
0
+
+

=
+
0
lim
x
1 + ax x
2
= 1
Therefore, Lf ' (0) = Rf ' (0) = 1 f ' (0) = 1
Hence, f ' (x) =
> +
=
< +
0 , 3 2 1
0 1
0 , ) 1 (
2
x if x ax
x if
x if e ax
ax

Now, we can say without solving that f '(x) is
continuous at x = 0 and hence on R. We have
f " (x) =
>
< + +
0 , 6 2
0 , ) 1 (
x if x a
x if e ax a ae
ax ax

and Lf " (0) =
0
) 0 ( ' ) ( '
lim
0 x
f x f
x

=
x
e ax
ax
x
1 ) 1 (
lim
0
+

=
(
(
+
x
e
ae
ax
ax
x
1
lim
0

=
0
lim
x
ae
ax
+ a .
ax
e
ax
x
1
lim
0

= ae
0
+ a(1) = 2a
and Rf " (0) =
0
) 0 ( ' ) ( '
lim
0 +
+
x
f x f
x

=
x
x ax
x
1 ) 3 2 1 (
lim
2
0
+
+

=
x
x ax
x
2
0
3 2
lim
+
=
+
0
lim
x
2a 3x = 2a
Therefore Lf " (0) = Rf "(0) = 2a
Hence, f "(x) =
>
=
< +
0 6 2
0 , 2
0 ) 2 (
x if x a
x if a
x if e ax a
ax

Now, for x < 0, f " (x) > 0 if ax + 2 > 0
for x < 0, f "(x) > 0 if x > 2/a
f ' (x) > 0 if
a
2
< x < 0
and for x > 0, f " (x) > 0 if 2a 6x > 0
for x > 0, f " (0) if x < a/3
Thus, f (x) increases on [2/a, 0] and on [0, a/3]
Hence, f (x) increases on
(
3
,
2 a
a
.

13. Let C
1
and C
2
be two circles with C
2
lying inside C
1
.
A circle C lying inside C
1
touches C
1
internally and
C
2
externally. Identify the locus of the centre of C.
[IIT-2001]
Sol. Let the given circles C
1
and C
2
have centres O
1
and
O
2
and radii r
1
and r
2
respectively.
Let the variable circle C touching C
1
internally, C
2

externally have a radius r and centre at O.

O
2

r
2

r
O
C
O
1

C
2

C
1
r
1

Now, OO
2
= r + r
2
and OO
1
= r
1
r
OO
1
+ OO
2
= r
1
+ r
2

which is greater then O
1
O
2
and O
1
O
2
< r
1
+ r
2

(Q C
2
lies inside C
1
)
locus of O is an ellipse with foci O
1
and O
2
.
Alternate solution :
Let equations of C
1
be x
2
+ y
2
= r
1
2
and of C
2
be
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
= r
2
2

Let cetnre C be (h, k) and radius r, then by the given
condition

2 2
) ( ) ( b k a h + = r + r
2
and
2 2
k h + = r
1
r

2 2
) ( ) ( b k a h + +
2 2
k h + = r
1
+ r
2

Required locus is

2 2
) ( ) ( b y a x + +
2 2
y x + = r
1
+ r
2

which represents an ellipse whose foci are at (a, b)
and (0, 0).

14. Evaluate

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
0
| |cos
cos
2
1
cos 3 cos
2
1
sin 2 x x e
x
sin x dx]
[IIT-2005]
Sol. I =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
0
| |cos
cos
2
1
cos 3 cos
2
1
sin 2 x x e
x
sin x dx
I =
|
.
|
\
|
0
| |cos
cos
2
1
sin 2 . sin . dx x x e
x

+
|
.
|
\
|
0
| |cos
cos
2
1
cos 3 . x e
x
. sin x dx ...(i)
or I = I
1
+ I
2

(Using
a
dx x f
2
0
) ( =
|
|
|
|
.
|
+ =
=
) ( ) 2 ( , ) ( 2
) ( ) 2 ( , 0
0
x f x a f dx x f
x f x a f
a

I
1
= 6
|
.
|
\
|
2 /
0
cos
cos
2
1
cos 2 . sin . x x e
x
. sin x = f (x)
and I
2
= 0
|
.
|
\
|
x e as
x
cos
2
1
cos 3 . ,
| |cos
. sin x = f (x)
} ) ( ) ( x f x f = ...(ii)
Now I
1
= 6 dt
t
e
t
|
.
|
\
|
1
0
2
sin 2 .
put, cos x = t
I
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
1
2
1
sin
2 2
1
cos
5
24 e
e ...(iii)
from (i), (ii), (iii)
I =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
1
2
1
sin
2 2
1
cos
5
24 e
e

15. A bag contains 12 red balls and 6 white balls. Six
balls are drawns one by one without replacement of
which at least 4 balls are white. Find the probalility
that in the next two drawns exactly one white ball is
drawn. (Leave the answer in
n
C
r
). [IIT-2004]
Sol. Using Baye's theorem; P(B/A) =
=
=
3
1
3
1
) (
) / ( ). (
i
i
i
i i
A P
A B P A P

where A be the event at least 4 white balls have been
drawn.
A
1
be the event exactly 4 white balls have been
drawn. A
2
be the event exactly 5 while balls have
been drawn.
A
3
be the event exactly 6 white balls have been drawn.
B be the event exactly 1 white ball is drawn from two
draws.
P (B/A) =
6
18
6
6
0
12
6
18
5
6
1
12
6
18
4
6
2
12
2
12
1
1
1
11
6
18
5
6
1
12
2
12
1
2
1
10
6
18
4
6
2
12
. . .
.
.
. .
.
.
C
C C
C
C C
C
C C
C
C C
C
C C
C
C C
C
C C
+ +
+

=
) . . . (
) . . . ( ) . . . (
6
6
0
12
5
6
1
12
4
6
2
12
2
12
1
1
1
11
5
6
1
12
1
12
1
10
4
6
2
12
C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C
+ +
+

What is mercury poisoning?

CHEMICAL DANGER Too much mercury can
make you sick, but sometimes the symptoms are hard
to distinguish from other illnesses.
What's mercury?
There are three kinds of mercury. Depending on what
the exposure is, you could have different symptoms
and disease states.
Elemental, or metal mercury, is found in
thermometers. The problem with that is the inhalation
of fumes that come off that mercury. Playing with it
and ingesting it is not as toxic. That kind of mercury
causes significant amounts of neurological damage.
As the exposure gets longer, there may be additional
changes in the bone marrow that affect the ability to
produce blood cells, infertility and problems with
heart rhythm.
Mercury salts, which are basically industrial, if you
breathe in or ingest them, gravitate more toward the
kidney and not so much the nervous system.
The organic mercury is what gets into the food
chain. It's put into the water by chemical plants that
are manufacturing things and they get into shellfish
and fish, or elemental mercury that gets into the
water is changed into organic mercury by sea life;
we eat fish or shellfish and we get mercury
exposure. That organic mercury acts very similarly
to the elemental form. It affects a lot of nervous
system damage. If a woman is pregnant, this can
also cause birth defects and loss of the fetus if the
levels get high enough.
Is mercury something we need in our diets, or is
no amount nutritionally safe or necessary?
No level is normal. Zero is normal. It doesnt have a
specific reason to be in our body. As long as we live
on this Earth, because it's in Earth's crust and in the
atmosphere, we're going to be exposed. But there is
no specific function for that metal in our body.
The issue is one of looking at the total body burden:
How much mercury is in the body and what's known
to be a normal background? Theoretically, there's
going to be a baseline level, a general population
average, but depending on where you live, that level
may be higher or lower. If you live near a coast,
you're more up to eating seafood. Or you may be in
an industrial area where mercury is put into the water
or the air.

Passage # (Q. No. 1 to Q. No. 3)
An ideal diatomic gas is expanded so that the amount
of heat transferred to the gas is equal to the decrease
in its internal energy.

1. The molar specific heat of the gas in this process is
given by C whose value is
(A)
2
R 5
(B)
2
R 3
(C) 2R (D)
2
R 5

2. The process can be represented by the equation TV
n

= constant, where the value of n is
(A)
5
7
n = (B)
5
1
n = (C)
2
3
n = (D)
5
3
n =

3. If in the above process the initial temperature of the
gas be T
0
and the final volume be 32 times the initial
volume, the work done (in joules) by the gas during
the process will be
(A) RT
0
(B)
2
RT 5
0
(C) 2RT
0
(D)
2
RT
0

4. For the photoelectric experiment, match the
following column I with column II if frequency
and intensity of incident photon are f and I while
work function of metal is .
Column-I Column-II
(A) If frequency is increased (P) Stopping potential
keeping intensity and increases
work function constant
(B) If I is increased keeping (Q) Saturation
f and are constant photocurrent
increases
(C) If is decreased keeping (R) Maximum kinetic
f and I are constant energy of the
photoelectrons
increases

(D) If the distance between (S) Stopping potential
anode and cathode remains the same
increases
(T) Maximum kinetic
energy of the
photoelectrons
decreases

5. For the following circuit match the following
columns at steady state.

X=2
3F
R=3
S=7 Y=4
B D
A
C
6V

Column-I Column-II
(A) Potential difference (in volts) (P) zero
across A and D
(B) Potential difference (in volts) (Q)
5
9

across capacitor

(C) Value of Y (in ) for which (R)
5
1

no energy is stored in capacitor
(D) Steady state current (in amp) (S) 14
in the branch containing capacitor
(T)
5
14

6. Magnetic flux linked with a stationary loop of
resistance R varies with time during time period T as
follows: ) t T ( at =
then the amount of heat generated in the loop during
time T is (assume inductance of coil is negligible)
(A)
R 3
aT
3
(B)
R 3
T a
2 2
(C)
R
T a
3 2
(D)
R 3
T a
3 2

7. An ideal gas follows the process
, V T T
2
0
+ = where T
0
and are positive constant
and V is volume of one mole of gas. If this process
the minimum pressure attained by gas is
0
T R
then find the value of .

8. A travelling wave is given by

) 4 t 12 xt 12 x 3 (
8 . 0
y
2 2
+ + +
= where x and y are m
and t is in sec then find the wave velocity in m/s.

This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.

By : Dev Sharma
Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Physics Challenging Problems
Sol ut i ons wi l l be publ i shed i n next i ssue
Set # 6


1. Path difference
= = cos d x

O
Screen
P
S
1
S
2

Option [A,B,C,D] is correct

2. Conceptual
Option [A,C] is correct
3.
) R d ( 4
q
V V V
0
es arg ch . ind q conductor
+
= + =

Option [A,D] is correct

4. It temperature of gas at any time t is T, then

l
) T T ( kA
q
dt
dQ
0
=

Also
dT R
2
7
n dT . C . n dQ
P
= =

l
) T T ( kA
q
dt
dT
.
2
nR 7
0
=

=

T
T
t
0
0
0
dt
nR 7
2
) T T ( kA q
dT
l l

Option [A] is correct

5. At maximum temperature T
max.

) T T (
kA
q
0 max
=
l


6.
max
max
0
0
T
V
T
v
=


7.
= = =

0
2
Q
R 4 R . S d . E
,
Q = 3 10
-10
C
So in terms of 10
-10
C
Q = 3

8.
) t T ( at =

) t 2 T ( a
dt
d
e =

=
=
T
0
2
dt
R
e
H

Option [D] is correct

Solution
Physics Challenging Problems
Set # 5
8
Quest i ons were Publ i shed i n Sept ember Issue
Physics Facts
Magnetism
1. The direction of a magnetic field is defined by the direction a compass needle points.
2. Magnetic fields point from the north to the south outside the magnet and south to north inside the magnet.
3. Magnetic flux is measured in webers.
4. Left hands are for negative charges and right hands are for positive charges.
5. The first hand rule deals with the B-field around a current bearing wire, the third hand rule looks at the force on
charges moving in a B-field, and the second hand rule is redundant.
6. Solenoids are stronger with more current or more wire turns or adding a soft iron core.

1. In the circuit shown in fig. emf and internal
resistance of battery are 6V and 0.5 respectively.
Calculate charge on each capacitor in steady state.

2
1F
3
2F 3F
3 2
Battery
+

Sol. In steady state no current flows through capacitors.
But due to circuit formed by resistors, a current is
drawn from the battery. To calculate current through
resistors in steady state, circuit may be analysed after
removing capacitors. Then the circuit will be as
shown in fig.

2 3
3 2
6V
+
0.5
I
1
I
2
(I
1
I
2
)
(I
1
I
2
)
I
2
I
1

Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law on lower mesh,
3I
2
+ 2I
2
+ 0.5I
1
6 = 0 ...(1)
Now applying KVL on upper mesh,
2(I
1
I
2
) + 3(I
1
I
2
) 2I
2
3I
2
= 0 ...(2)
From equations (1) and (2), I
1
= 2A, I
2
= 1A
Let, in steady state, charges on capacitors of
capacitance 1 F, 2 F and 3 F be q
1
, q
2
and q
3

respectively as shown in fig.

2
1F
3
2F 3F
3 2
A
+
B C D E
F
G H I
J
(I
1
I
2
)
(I
1
I
2
)
0.5
6V
I
1
I
2
I
2
I
2
I
2
I
1
+

q
1
+

q
2
+

q
3

Applying KVL on mesh ABIJA, +
6
1
10 1
q
= 0
or q
1
= 0 Ans.
Now applying KVL on mesh BCHIB,
2(I
1
I
2
) +
6
2
10 2
q
3I
2

6
1
10
q
= 0,
q
2
= 2 10
6
C or 2C Ans.
Now applying KVL on mesh DEFGD,

6
3
10 3
q
= 0 or q
3
= 0 Ans.

2. System shown in figure consists of two large parallel
metallic plates carrying current in opposite directions.
Current density in each plate is j per unit width.
Calculate

(i) Magnetic induction in space between the plates
and
(ii) force acting per unit area of each plate.
Sol. If a large plate carries a current which is uniformly
distributed over its width, then a uniform magnetic
field is established around it.
If a section of plate, which is normal to the direction
of flow of current, is considered then it will be as
shown in figure (A)

P Q
B
R S B
l
Fig. (A)

Let magnetic induction of the field induced due to
current in one plate be B.
Considering a length l in the section as shown in
figure(A) and applying Amperes's Circuital Law.
B.2l = m(lj) or B =
2
1
0
j
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
PHYSI CS
But there are two plates which carry equal current but
in opposite directions. Therefore, magnetic fields due
to these currents, in the space between the plates are
unidirectional.
Resultant magnetic field induction between the
plates = 2B =
0
j Ans. (i)
Now consider an elemental width dx in the section of
upper plate as shown in Figure(B). This elemental
width is similar to a long straight conductor carrying
current di = j dx

dx
Fig. (B)

Magnetic induction at this conductor due to current
in lower plate is B =
2
1
0
j (leftward)
Hence, force on this conductor, dF = B di per unit
length
or dF =
2
1
0
j
2
dx
per unit length
But area of unit length of the conductor considered
= 1 . dx = dx
Force per unit area of upper plate =
dx
dF

=
2
1
0j
2
Ans. (ii)

3. A long straight wire is coplanar with a current
carrying circular loop of radius R as shown in figure.
Current flowing through wire and the loop is I
0
and I
respectively. If distance between centre of loop and
wire is r = 2 R, calculate force of attraction between
the wire and the loop.

I
r
I
0

Sol. Assuming that diameter of loop, which is
perpendicular to the straight wire to be x-axis.
Considering two equal elemental are lengths Rd
each of the loop at angles with negative x-axis as
show in figure

Rd
2R
I
0
Rd

x
dF'
dF'

Distance of each elemental length from straight wire
is x = (r R cos )
or x = R(2 cos )
Magnetic induction, due to current I
0
through
straight wire, at positions of these elemental lengths
is
B =
x 2
I
0 0
=
) cos 2 ( R 2
I
0 0

(along inward normal to this paper)
Magnitude of force on each elemental length,
dF' = BI (R d) =
) cos 2 ( 2
Id I
0 0

According to Fleming's left hand rule, directions of
these two forces will be as shown in Figure.
Since, these forces are equally inclined with x-axis in
opposite directions and have equal magnitude,
therefore, their components normal to x-axis
neutralise each other. Hence, their resultant is along
negative x-axis or towards the straight wire.
This resultant force,
dF = dF'.2 cos = |
.
|
\
|
cos 2
cos I I
0 0
dx
Net force on the loop,
F =
I I
0 0
0
) cos 2 (
cos
d =
0
II
0
(
(
3
3 2
Ans.

4. A plane wave propagates along positive x-direction in
a homogeneous medium of density = 200 kg m
3
.
Due to propagation of the wave medium particles
oscillate. Space density of their oscillation energy is
E = 0.16
2
Jm
3
and maximum shear strain produced
in the medium is
0
= 8 10
5
. If at an instant phase
difference between two particles located at point (1m,
1m, 1m) and (2m, 2m, 2m) is = 144, assuming at
t = 0 phase of particles at x = 0 to be zero,
(i) calculate equation of the wave and
(ii) state whether the wave is longitudinal or
transverse.

Sol. Since, the wave is a place travelling wave, therefore,
intensity at every point will be the same.
Since, initial phase of particles at x = 0 is zero and
the wave is travelling along positive x-direction,
therefore, equation of the wave will be of the form
= sin |
.
|
\
|
v
x
t ...(i)
Let intensity of the wave be I, then space density of
oscillation energy of medium particles will be equal
to E =
v
1
.
But I = 2
2
n
2
a
2
v, therefore, E = 2
2
n
2
a
2
= Jm
3

or a
2
n
2
= 4 10
4
or an = 0.02 ...(ii)
Shear strain of the medium is =
dx
d
.
Differentiating equation (i),
=
v
a
.cos |
.
|
\
|
v
x
t
Modulus of shear strain will be maximum when
coa |
.
|
\
|
v
x
t = 1
Maximum shear strain
0
=
v
a
, but it is equal
to 8 10
5

v
a
= 8 10
5
where = 2n
an = 4v 10
5
...(iii)
Solving equation (ii) and (iii), v = 500 ms
1

Since, the wave is travelling along positive
x-direction, therefore, phase difference between
particles at points (1m, 1m, 1m) and (2m, 2m, 2m) is
due to difference between their x coordinates only.
The phase difference is given by = 2.
x

where x = (x
2
x
1
) = (2 1) m = 1m
=

x . 2
= 2.5 m
But v = n, therefore, n =
v
= 200 Hz
Substituting n = 200 Hz in equation (ii),
a = 1 10
4
m
Angular frequency, = 2n = 400 rad/sec
Substituting all these values in equation (i)
= 10
4
sin (400t 0.8 x) m Ans. (i)
Since, due to propagation of the wave, shear strain is
produced in the medium, therefore, the wave is a
place transverse wave.

5. A hollow sphere of mass m = 510 gm is made of a
material having specific heat capacity s = 450 J Kg
1
K
1
.
Inner and outer surfaces of the sphere have area
a = 1 10
3
m
2
and A = 6.931 10
3
m
2
respectively.
Sphere is suspended by a light non-conducting thread
from ceiling of a room. Assuming sphere material to
be highly conducting and its emissivity e = 0.80,
calculate time taken by the sphere to cool from
1
= 37 C to
2
= 32C when room temperature,
0
= 27C.
(Take, Stefan's constant =
3
17
10
8
Wm
2
K
4
).
Sol. Since, sphere is hollow, therefore, it has two surface
(i) outer surface of area A, which is exposed to
atmosphere and (ii) inner surface of area a, which is
not exposed to the atmosphere. Hence, no radiation
takes place from inner surface or in other words, heat
radiates from outer surface only.
Let at some instant t, difference between temperature
of sphere and room be ''.
Then net rate of radiation from surface of the sphere,
E = eA[(T
0
+ )
4
T
0
4
] where T
0
(273 +
9
)
or E = eAT
0
4
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1
T
1
4
0

But temperature difference varies from (
1

2
) to
(
2

0
) which is always very small in comparison to
T
0
, therefore, higher powers of
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
T
are negligible.
E = eAT
0
4
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1
T
4
1
0
= 4 eAT
0
3
.
Thermal capacity of the sphere, C = ms
Rate of decrease of temperature difference is
|
.
|
\
|
dt
d
=
C
E
=
ms
T eA 4
3
0
.
or
d
=
ms
T eA 4
3
0
. dt ...(i)
But at time t = 0, = (
1

0
) and when = (
2

0
),
t = ?
Integrating equation (i) with these limits,

) (
) (
0 2
0 1
d
=
ms
AT e 4
3
0
t
0
dt
t =
3
0
AT e 4
ms
.log
e
|
|
.
|
\
|

0 2
0 1
= 4687.5 sec Ans.



Magnetic field :
A magnetic field of strength B is said to exist at a
point if a current element or a moving charged
particle passing through the point experiences a
sideways force equal in magnitude to
F = I lB sin or qvB sin

I
B
v
B
+ q

where l is the length of the current element, q is the
charge moving with velocity v, and is the angle
between the direction of B and the current element,
or between B and v, 0 < < . The direction of the
force F is always perpendicular to the plane
containing l and B, or v and B. In the figures, this
would mean the plane of the paper. The sense of F
is that in which a screw would move if rotated from
l or v to B through . In this case, this would mean
a clockwise rotation, causing F to be directed into
the paper. In vector notation, this is summarized as
F
r
= I( l
r
B
r
) or q( v
r
B
r
)
The unit of B is tesla (T) or newton per ampere metre
or weber per square metre. B is called the magnetic
induction.
Biot-Savart Law : A moving charge or any current
element give rise to a magnetic field. This is given by
(B)
p
=
2
0
r
sin I
4

l

P
r

I
l

where (B)
p
is the contribution of l to the magnetic
field at P, while
0
is a universal magnetic constant
with the value
0
= 4 10
7
weber/ampere metre or
henry per metre. The direction of (B)
P
is
perpendicular to the plane containing l and r, with
the same sense as the motion of a screw which is
rotated from l
r
towards r
r
through the smaller
angle.
Magnetic field at the centre of a Circular Coil :
B =
a 2
NI
0
tesla (T)
where, a = radius of the coil,
N = its number of turns, I = current.
The direction of B is along the axis of the coil.
Magnetic Field a Point on the Axis of a Coil :
B =
2 / 3 2 2
2
0
) x a ( 2
NIa
+
tesla (T)
where x is the distance of the point from its centre.
Magnetic Field due to a Straight Conductor at a
Point :
B =
d
I
4
(sin
1
+ sin
2
)
where d is the perpendicular distance of the point
from the conductor,
1
and
2
are the angles
subtended by the upper and lower portions of the
conductor at the point.
When the conductor is long B =
d
I 2
4

Magnetic Moment of a Loop : Magnetic moment of
a current loop(m) = IS (current area)
or m = IS ampere metre
2

Torque on a current Loop = m B sin where is
the angle between normal to the loop and the
magnetic field.
Energy of a Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
U = U
= 0
+ mB(1 cos )
Work Done in Turning a Current Loop
W = mB(1 cos )
Problem Solving Strategy : Magnetic Forces :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : The right-
hand rule allows you to determine the magnetic force
on a moving charged particle.
Step 2 : Set up the problem using the following steps :
Draw the velocity vector v
r
and magnetic field B
r

with their tails together so that you can visualize
the plane in which these two vector lie.
Identify the angle between the two vectors.
Magnetic effects of current
PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Identity the target variables. This may be the
magnitude and direction of the force, or it may be
the magnitude or direction of v
r
or B
r
.
Step 3 : Execute the solution as follows :
Express the magnetic force using Eq. B v q F
r
r
r
=
The magnitude of the force is given by
Eq. F = qvB sin .
Remember that F
r
is perpendicular to the plane of
the vectors v
r
and B
r
. The direction of B v
r
r
is
determined by the right-hand rule; keep referring
to until you're sure you understand this rule. If q
is negative, the force is opposite to B v
r
r
.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Whenever you can,
solve the problem in two ways. Do it directly from
the geometric definition of the vector product. Then
find the components of the vectors in some
convenient axis system and calculate the vector
product algebraically from the components. Verify
that the results agree.
Problem Solving Strategy : Motion in Magnetic Fields :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : In analyzing
the motion of a charged particle in electric and
magnetic fields, you will apply Newton's second law
of motion, F
r
= ma
r
, with the net force given by
F
r
= q ) B v E (
r
r
r
+ . Often, other forces such as
gravity can be neglected.
Step 2 : Setup the problem using the following steps :
Determine the target variable(s).
Often the use of components is the most efficient
approach. Choose a coordinate system and then
express all vector quantities (including E
r
, B
r
, v
r
,
F
r
and a
r
) in terms of their components in this
system.
Step 3 : Execute the solutions as follows :
If the particle moves perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field, the trajectory is circle with a
radius and angular speed given by Eqs.
R =
B | q |
mv
and
=
R
v
= v
mv
B | q |
=
m
B | q |

If your calculation involves a more complex
trajectory, use F
r
= ma
r
in component form:
F
x
= ma
x
, and so forth. This approach is
particularly useful when both electric and
magnetic fields are present.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
results are reasonable.
Problem Solving Strategy :
Magnetic Field Calculations :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : The law of
Biot and Savart allows you to calculate the magnetic
field due to a current carrying wire of any shape.
The idea is to calculate the field due to a
representative current element in the wire, then
combine the contributions from all such elements to
find the total field.
Step 2 : Setup the problem using the following steps :
Make a diagram showing a representative current
element and the point P at which the field is to be
determined (the field point).
Draw the current element l
r
d , being careful to
ensure that it points in the direction of the current.
Draw the unit vector r . Note that it is always
directed from the current element (the source
point) to the field point P.
Identify the target variables. Usually they will be
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field
B
r
.
Step 3 : Execute the solution as follows :
Use eq. dB =
2
0
r
sin d I
4

l
or B d
r
=
2
0
r
r d I
4

l
r

to express the magnetic field B d
r
at P from the
representative current element.
Add up all the B d
r
's to find the total field at point
P. In some situations the B d
r
's at point P have the
same direction for all the current elements; then
the magnitude of the total B
r
field is the sum of
the magnitudes of the B d
r
's. But often the B d
r
's
have different direction for different current
elements. Then you have to set up a coordinate
system and represent each B d
r
in terms of its
components. The integrals for the total B
r
is then
expressed in terms of an integral for each
component.
Sometimes you can use the symmetry of the
situation to prove that one component of B
r
must
vanish. Always be alert for ways to use symmetry
to simplify the problem.
Look for ways to use the principle of
superposition of magnetic fields. Later in this
chapter we'll determine the fields produced by
certain simple conductor shapes; if you encounter
a conductor of a complex shape that can be
represented as a combination of these simple
shapes, you can use superposition to find the field
of the complex shape. Examples include a
rectangular loop and a semicircle with straight
line segments on both sides.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Often your answer
will be a mathematical expression for B
r
as a
function of the position of the field point. Check the
answer by examining its behavior in as many limits
as you can.

1. Two long wires a distance 2d apart carry equal
antiparallel currents i, as shown in the figure.
Calculate the magnetic induction at a point P
equidistant from the wires at a distance D from a
point midway between the wires.
A
D
P
0
B
2d

Sol. The point is at a distance
2 2
d D + from each wire.
magnitude of field due each =
2 2
0
d D
i 2
4

The direction of the field due to A is at right angles to
AP and that due to B is at right angles to BP.
Resolving the field along OP and perpendicular to it,
the normal components cancel out and the
components along OP are added.

A
D
P
0
B
0
B sin
B

B cos
B cos
B
B sin
d
d

B (field) at P = 2B cos along OP
= 2
4
0
2 2
d D
i 2
+
2 2
d D
d
+
=
) d D (
id
2 2
0
+

2. An alpha particle travels in a circular path of radius
0.45 m in a magnetic field with B = 1.2 Wb m
2
.
Calculate (a) its speed, (b) its kinetic energy, and (c)
the potential difference through which if would have
to be associated to achieve this energy. Mass of alpha
particle = 6.64 10
27
kg.
Sol. (a) Bqv = mr
2
/r v = Bqr/m
or v =
m
Bqr
=
27
19
10 64 . 6
45 . 0 10 2 . 3 2 . 1

= 2.6 10
7
ms
1

(b) Bqv = mv
2
/r
Bq = mv/r =
r
mE 2
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
mv
2
1
E Q
or E =
m 2
r q B
2 2 2
=
27
2 2 19 2
10 64 . 6 2
45 . 0 ) 10 2 . 3 ( 2 . 1

= 2.25 10
12
J
(c) E(energy acquired) = Vq
or V =
q
E
=
19
12
10 2 . 3
10 25 . 2
V = 7.0 10
6
V

3. Use Biot Savart law to calculate the magnetic field
B at the common centre of the following circuits.

r
2
r
1
b
c
0
i
i
a
d

r
1
r
2
i
i
d

a

0 b c

Sol. The field due to the straight portions da and bc is zero
as the centre O is at end-on position relative to them.
The field due to the curved parts are opposite as can
seen by the screw rule. To find the magnitude due to
either conductor, consider an element of width dl at
angular distance , from the radius Od.
b

c
0

i

a
d

d

dl
i

Then dB
1
=
2
1
0
r
90 sin id
4
l
perpendicular into the

plane of the paper
dB
1
=
2
1
1 0
r
) d r ( i
4

(Q dl = r
1
d)
B
1
=
0
1
0
d
r
i
4
=
1
0
r 4
i

Similarly, B
2
, field at O due to cd =
2
0
r 4
i
out of the
plane of the paper.
B, field due to the loop abcd =
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
0
r
1
r
1
4
i

perpendicular into the plane.
The second circuit is a special case of the above
when =
B =
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
0
r
1
r
1
i
4
1

Solved Examples
4. A wire ring whose radius is 4 cm is at right angles to
the general direction of a radically symmetrical
diverging magnetic field as shown in the figure. The
flux density in the region occupied by the wire itself
is 0.1 Wb m
2
and the direction of the field
everywhere is at an angle of 60 with the plane of the
ring. Find the magnitude and direction of the force on
the ring when the current in it is 15.9 A.

0

Sol. Let us resolve the field along and perpendicular to the
axis of the ring. The resolved parts are B sin and B
cos . The forces on the elements of the ring due to
the 'Bsin' component are in the plane of the ring and
are distributed symmetrically towards the centre all
along the ring, so they sum up to zero. But the forces
on the elements due to 'Bcos' component are along
the normal to the ring, hence they sum up to a
resultant along that direction.
F = IlB cos
= BIl cos
= BI2R cos ( l = 2R)
or F = 2BIR cos
= 2 0.1 15.9 (4 10
2
) cos 60
= 0.2N

5. A long straight conductor carrying I
1
, is placed in the
plane of a ribbon carrying current I
2
parallel to the
previous one. The width of the ribbon is b and the
straight conductor is at a distance 'a' from the near
edge. Find the force of attraction between the two.

a
I
2

b
I
1

Sol. Consider a thin strip at a distance x and of thickness
dx. It is equivalent to a long straight conductor
carrying (I
2
dx/b) current.
dF (force of attraction) =
x 2
I
1 0
b
dx I
2

=
b 2
I I
2 1 0
x
dx

F =
b 2
I I
2 1 0
+b a
x x
dx

=
b 2
I I
2 1 0
ln
b
b a +

1. Barium compounds are the source for the
different greens in fireworks.

2. There are 60,000 miles (97,000 km) in blood
vessels in every human.

3. The average person produces about 400 to
500 ml of cerebrospinal fluid every day.

4. Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atom
had a nucleus in 1911.

5. Impacts by comets or asteroids can also
generate giant tsunamis.

6. Basic surgery would cure 80% of the over
45 million blind people in the world. Sixty
percent of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa,
China and India.

7. Studies have confirmed that ginkgo
increases blood flow to the retina, and can
slow retinal deterioration resulting in an
increase of visual acuity. In clinical tests
ginkgo has improved hearing loss in the
elderly. It also improves circulation in the
extremities relieving cold hands and feet,
swelling in the limbs and chronic arterial
blockage.

8. Venus may well once have had water like
Earth does, but because of the scorching
surface temperature of 482 degrees C (900
degrees F). Any sign of it has long ago
evaporated.

9. About 95 percent of every edible fat or oil
consists of fatty acids. Fatty acids all are
based on carbon chains - carbon atoms
linked together one after another in a single
molecule. Different fatty acids are defined as
saturated, monounsaturated, or
polyunsaturated depending on how
effectively hydrogen atoms have linked onto
those carbon chains.

10. On average women cry 5.3 times a month.
Men only 1.4.

11. The Medal of Honor is the highest award for
valour in action against an enemy force
which can be bestowed upon an individual
serving in the Armed Services of the United
States.

C Newton's Law of Gravitation :
Two point masses m
1
and m
2
, separated by' a distance
r, attract each other with a force
F = G
2
2 1
r
m m

where G = 6.67 10
11
Nm
2
kg
2

= universal constant of gravitation.
m
1 F

F

m
2

r

This force between two masses acts equally on both
masses, acts though in opposite directions. It does not
depend on the medium present between the two
masses.
Gravitation Field :
This is a region in space where any mass will
experience a force. The gravitational field strength
(g) at a point is the force acting on a unit mass placed
at that point. It is a vector.

m g
r
r

Any mass sets up a gravitational field around it. The
gravitational field strength at a distance r from a point
mass m is
g = G
2
r
m

The negative sign indicates that the gravitational field
is always attractive.
Gravitational Potential :
The gravitational potential (V) at a points is the work
that has to be done to bring a unit mass from infinity
to that point. It is a scalar. The gravitational potential
at a distance r from a point mass m is
V = G
r
m

The negative sign arises because in bringing the unit
mass from infinity, work is done by the system, so
that its potential energy decreases.
The potential at a point does not depend on the actual
path followed in bringing the unit mass from infinity.
Thus, gravitational force is a conservative force.
Gravitational field (g) and potential (V) due to a
spherical shell and a solid sphere :

R
M
r
R
M
r

(i) Outside (i) Outside
g = G
2
r
M
g = G
2
r
M

g
r
= G
2
r
M
r g
r
= G r
r
M
2

V = G
r
M
V = G
r
M

(ii) Inside (ii) Inside
g = 0
g = G
3
R
M
r
where R is the radius of
the sphere
V = G
R
M

where R is the radius
of the shell
V = G
3
R 2
M
(3R
2
r
2
)

Escape Velocity :
The minimum velocity to be imparted to a body on
the surface of a planet, so that it is carried beyond the
gravitational field of that planet, is called the escape
velocity of that planet. Obviously to carry the body
beyond the gravitational field, the amount of energy
needed is that which is required to bring it from
infinity up to the surface of the planet. This is exactly
the potential energy of the body. Potential energy per
unit mass is equal to the potential of the field. So if m
is the mass of the body and v
c
is the escape velocity,
then

2
e
mv
2
1
= Vm = G
R
M
m
where M is the mass of the planet and R is its radius.
or v
e
=
R
GM 2

Gravitation
PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
If g is the gravitational field intensity, then
mg =
2
R
GM 2
or GM = gR
2

v
e
= gR 2
Satellites and Orbital speed (V
0
) :
A satellite is a small body revolving around a larger
body under the gravitational attraction of the latter.
The force of gravitational attraction provides the
necessary centripetal force so that the satellite may be
in rotational equilibrium. The speed at which
rotational equilibrium is attained is called the orbital
speed. Let it be v
0
. Then for rotational equilibrium
F
attraction
=
r
mv
2
0

where r is the radius of the orbit, measured from the
centre of the planet.
G
2
r
Mm
=
r
mv
2
0

or v
0
=
r
GM

If a satellite is projected with velocity v < v
0
the path
is a small ellipse with point of projection as apogee
and if v
0
< v < 2 v
0
the path is a bigger ellipse with
point of projection as perigee. If v = 2 v
0
the path is
parabolic and if v > 2 v
0
the path is hyperbolic.

1. Two masses M
1
and M
2
at an infinite distance from
each other and initially at rest, start interacting
gravitationally. Find their velocity of approach when
they are a distance s apart.
Sol. Since they move under mutual attraction and no
external force acts on them, their momentum and
energy are conserved.
0 =
2
1
M
1
v
1
2
+
2
1
M
2
v
2
2

s
M GM
2 1

(It is zero because in the beginning, both kinetic
energy and potential energy are zero.)
0 = M
1
v
1
+ M
2
v
2

Solving the equations v
1
2
=
) M M ( s
GM 2
2 1
2
2
+

and v
2
2
=
) M M ( s
GM 2
2 1
2
2
+

V(velocity of approach) = v
1
(v
2
) = v
1
+ v
2

=
s
) M M ( G 2
2 1
+

2. A planet of mass m moves along a circle around the
sun of mass m
s
with velocity v = 34.9 kms
1
with
respect to the heliocentric frame of reference, that is,
with the sun at the centre of the frame. Find the
period of revolution of this planet around the sun and
show that Kepler's third law, that is, the cube of the
orbital radius is proportional to the square of the time
revolution of planets, Given that m
s
= 1.97 10
30
kg,
G = 6.67 10
11
units.
Sol. From the dynamics of circular motion (assuming
circular orbit)
m
d
v
2
= Gm
2
d
m
v
2
=
d
Gm
s

v = d
v
2
=
v
Gm
s
or =
s
3
Gm
v

or T =
3
s
v
Gm 2

=
3 3
30 11
) 10 9 . 34 (
10 97 . 1 10 67 . 6 2
= 225 days
Taking the equation in terms of d and

2
s
d
Gmm
= m
2
d T
2
=
s
2
Gm
4
d
3

T
2
d
3
This is Kepler's third law.

3. An artificial satellite (of mass m) of the earth (radius
R and mass M) moves in an orbit whose radius is n
times the radius of the earth. Assuming resistance to
the motion to be proportional to the square of
velocity, that is F = av
2
, find how long the satellite
will take to fall on to the earth.
Sol. E (energy of the satellite) =
r
GMm
+
2
1
mv
2

By the dynamics of circular motion

2
r
GMm
=
r
mv
2
v =
r
GM

E =
r
GMm
+
2
1
r
GMm
=
2
1
r
GMm

dE =
2
r
GMm
2
1
dr
Also dE = power dt = Fv dt = av
3
dt

2
r
GMm
2
1
dr = a
2 / 3
r
GM
|
.
|
\
|
dt
dt =
GM a 2
m
r
1/2
dr
t =
GM a 2
m
R
nR
2 / 1
dr r =
GM a
R m
( n 1)
Q GM = gR
2
, t =
gR a
m
( n 1)

Solved Examples
4. A spaceship approaches the moon (mass = M and
radius = R) along a parabolic path which is almost
tangential to its surface. At the moment of maximum
approach, the brake rocket is fired to convert the
spaceship into a satellite of the moon. Find the
change in speed.
Sol. If v is the velocity at the vertex of the parabola, then
v is also the escape velocity because if it is thrown
with this velocity it will follow the parabolic path
never to return to the moon.

M
v
v orbit

Now v
escape
=
R
GM 2

v = v
final
v
initial
= v
orbit
v
escape

v =
R
GM

R
GM 2
=
R
GM
( 2 1)
The negative sign means the speed has to be
decreased.
required change in speed =
R
GM
( 2 1)

5. A satellite is revolving in a circular equatorial orbit of
radius R = 2 10
4
km from east to west. Calculate
the interval after which it will appear at the same
equatorial town. Given that the radius of the
earth = 6400 km and g (acceleration due to gravity)
= 10 ms
2
.
Sol. Let be the actual angular velocity of the satellite
from east to west and
c
be the angular speed of the
earth (west to east).
Then
relative
= (
e
) = +
e
=
rel

e

By the dynamics of circular motion

2
R
GMm
= m
2
r or
2
=
3
2
R
gR
(Q GM= gR
e
2
)
=
3
2
e
R
gR

rel
=
3
2
e
R
gR
+
e

rel
=
21 3
12 2
10 2
10 4 . 6 10

+ 7.27 10
5

(Q
e
=
86400
2
= 7.27 10
5
)

rel
= 22.6 10
5
+ 7.27 10
5

= 30 10
5
rad s
1

=
rel
2
=
5
10 30
2

= 2.09 10
4
s = 5 hr 48 min

Brief description: cobalt is a brittle, hard, transition
metal with magnetic properties similar to those of
iron. Cobalt is present in meteorites. Ore deposits are
found in Zaire, Morocco and Canada. Cobalt-60
(
60
Co) is an artificially produced isotope used as a
source of rays (high energy radiation). Cobalt salts
colour glass a beautiful deep blue colour.
Basic information about and classifications of
cobalt :
Name : Cobalt
Symbol : Co
Atomic number : 27
Atomic weight : 58.933195 (5)
Standard state : solid at 298 K
Group in periodic table : 9
Group name : (none)
Period in periodic table : 4
Block in periodic table: d-block
Colour : lustrous, metallic, greyish tinge
Classification : Metallic
Marmite, which we all eat here in England and which
is what makes us English, is a source of vitamin B
12
,
actually a compound containing cobalt. The
equivalent, but altogether blander, in Australia is
Vegemite. Marmite is available in the USA. Try
mixing it with peanut butter.

This sample is from The Elements Collection, an
attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92
naturally occurring elements that is available for sale.
ISOLATION :
Isolation: it is not normally necessary to make cobalt
in the laboratory as it is available readily
commercially. Many ores contain cobalt but not
many are of economic importance. These include the
sulphides and arsenides linnaeite, Co
3
S
4
, cobaltite,
CoAsS, and smaltite, CoAs
2
. Industrially, however, it
is normally produced as a byproduct from the
produstion of copper, nickel, and lead.
Organic
Chemistry
Fundamentals

Structure of aryl and vinyl halides :
The low reactivity of aryl and vinyl halides towards
displacement has, like the stabilities of alkenes and
dienes, been attributed to two different factors : (a)
delocalization of electrons by resonance; and (b)
differences in () bond energies due to differences in
hybridization of carbon.
Let us look first at the resonance interpretation.
Chlorobenzene is considered to be a hybrid of not
only the two Kekule structures I and II, but also of
three structures, III, IV, and V, in which chlorine is
joined to carbon by a double bond ; in III, IV, and V
chlorine bears a positive charge and the ortho and
para positions of the ring bear a negative charge.

:Cl:
I
. .
:Cl:
. .
Cl:
. .
H
:
Cl:
. .

H :
Cl:
. .

H
:
II
III IV V
In a similar way, vinyl chloride is considered to be a
hybrid of structure VI and structure VII, in which
chlorine is joined to carbon by a double bond ; in VII
chlorine bears a positive charge and C2 bears a
negative charge. Other aryl and vinyl halides are
considered to have structures exactly analogous to
these.
H : C : : C : Cl :
H
..
H
..
2
1
VI
H : C : C : : Cl :
H
..
H
..
2
1
VII
.. ..

..
..

Contribution from III, IV, and V, and from VII
stabilizes the chlorobenzene and vinyl chloride
molecules, and gives double-bond character to the
carbon-chlorine bond. Carbon and chlorine are thus
held together by something more than a single pair of
electrons, and the carbon-chlorine bond is stronger
than if it were a pure single bond. The low reactivity
of these halides toward nucleophilic substitution is
due (partly, at least) to resonance stabilization of the
halides (by a factor that in this case does not stabilize
the transition state to the same extent); this
stabilization increase the E
act
for displacement, and
thus slows down reaction. For aryl halides, another
factor which may will be the most important one
is stabilization of the molecule by resonance
involving the Kekule structures.
The alternative interpretation is simple. In alkyl
halides the carbon holding halogen is sp
3
-hybridized.
In aryl and vinyl halides, carbon is sp
2
-hybridized;
the bond to halogen is shorter and stronger, and the
molecule is more stable.
The carbon-halogen bonds of aryl and vinyl halides
are unusually short. In chlorobenzene and vinyl
chloride the CC bond length is only 1.69 , as
compared with a length of 1.771.80 in a large
number of alkyl chlorides In bromobenzene and vinyl
bromide the CBr bond length is only 1.86 , as
compared with a length of 1.91 1.92 in alkyl
bromides.
Now, a double bond is shorter than a single bond
joining the same pair of atoms; if the carbonhalogen
bond in aryl and vinyl halides has double-bond
character, it should be shorter than the carbon
halogen bond in alkyl halides. Alternatively, a bond
formed by overlap of an sp
2
orbital should be shorter
than the corresponding bond involving an sp
3
orbital.
Dipole moments of aryl and vinyl halides are
unusually small. Organic halogen compounds are
polar molecules; displacement of electrons towards
the more electronegative element makes halogen
relatively negative and carbon relatively positive. The
dipole moments of a number of alkyl chlorides and
bromides range from 2.02 D to 2.15 D. The mobile
electrons of the benzene ring and of the carbon
carbon double bond should be particularly easy to
displace; hence we might have expected aryl and
vinyl halides to have even larger dipole moments
then alkyl halides.
Chlorobenzene and bromobenzene have dipole
moments of only 1.7 D, and vinyl chloride and vinyl
bromide have dipole moments of only 1.4 D. This is
consistent with the resonance picture of these
molecules. In the structures that contain doubly
bonded halogen (III, IV, V, and VII) there is a
positive charge on halogen and a negative charge on
carbon; to the extent that these structures contribute
to the hybrids, they tend to oppose the usual
displacement of electrons toward halogen. Although
there is still a net displacement of electrons towards
halogen in aryl halides and vinyl halides, it is less
than in other organic halides.

HALOGEN
DERIVATIVES

Elimination-addition mechanism for nucleophilic
aromatic substitution. Benzyne :
When an aryl halide like chlorobenzene is treated
with the very strong basic amide ion, NH
2
, in liquid
ammonia, it is converted into aniline. This is not the
simple displacement that, on the surface, it appears to
be. Instead, the reaction involves two stages :
elimination and then addition. The intermediate is the
molecule called benzyne (or dehydrobenzene).

X
Aryl halide
NH
2

NH
3

Benzyne
NH
2

NH
3

Aniline
NH
2
B
enzyne has the structure shown in fig. in which an
additional bond is formed between two carbons (the
one originally holding the halogen and the one
originally holding the hydrogen) by sideways overlap
of sp
2
orbitals. This new bond orbital lies along the
side of the ring, and has little interaction with the
cloud lying above and below the ring. The sideways
overlap is not very good, the new bond is a weak one,
and benzyne is a highly reactive molecule.
H
H
H
H
Benzyne molecule. The sideways overlap
of sp
2
orbitals form a bond out of the
plane of the aromatic cloud.

The elimination stage, in which benzyne is formed,
involves two steps : abstraction of a hydrogen ion
(step 1) by the amide ion to form ammonia and
carbanion I, which then loses halide ion (step 2) to
form benzyne.
(1)
X
+ NH
2
I
X
+ NH
3
:

(2)
X
I
+ X
:
Benzyne
Elimination

The addition stage, in which benzyne is consumed,
may also involve two steps : attachment of the amide
ion (step 3) to form carbanion II, which then reacts
with an acid, ammmonia, to abstract a hydrogen ion
(step 4). It may be that step (3) and step (4) are
concerted, and addition involves a single step; if this
is so, the transition state is probably one in which
attachment of nitrogen has proceeded to a greater
extent attachment of hydrogen, so that it has
considerable carbanion character.
(3)
Benzyne
+ NH
2

II
NH
2
:

(4)
NH
2
II
+ NH
2
:
Aniline
+ NH
3
NH
2
Addition

Some facts on which the above mechanism is based.
(a) Fact. Labeled chlorobenzene in which
14
C

held the
chlorine atom was allowed to react with amide ion. In
half the aniline obtained the amino group was held by
14
C and in half it was held by an adjacent carbon.

NH
2
*
(47%)
NH
3
Cl
*
NH
2
*
NH
2
+

(53%)

Interpretation : In benzyne the labeled carbon and
the ones next to it become equivalent, and NH
2
adds
randomly (except for a small isotope effect) to one or
the other.

NH
2
*
NH
3
Cl
*
*
NH
2
*
NH
2

NH
3

NH
2

NH
3

*
NH
2
*
H
2
N

(b) Fact. Compounds containing two groups ortho to
halogen like 2-bromo-3-methyl anisole, do not react
at all.
CH
3
No reaction
NH
2

Br
CH
3
O
NH
3

Interpretation : With no ortho hydrogen to be lost,
benzyne cannot form.

Inorganic
Chemistry
Fundamentals

Ionization Energy :
The ionization energies of the halogens show the
usual trend to smaller values as the atoms increase in
size. The values are very high, and there is little
tendency for the atoms to lose electrons and form
positive ions.
Ionization and hydration energies, electron affinity
First ionization
energy
(kJ mol
1
)
Electron
affinity
(kJ mol
1
)
Hydration
energy X

(kJ mol
1
)
F 1681 333 513
Cl 1256 349 370
Br 1143 325 339
I 1009 296 274
At 270

The ionization energy for F is appreciably higher
than for the others because of its small size. F always
has an oxidation state of (1) except in F
2
. It forms
compounds either by gaining an electron to form F
,
or by sharing an electron to form a covalent bond.
Hydrogen has an ionization energy of 1311 kJ mol
1
,
and it forms H
+
ions. It is at first surprising that the
halogens Cl, Br and I have lower ionization energies
than H, yet they do not form simple X
+
ions. The
ionization energy is the energy required to produce
an ion from a single isolated gaseous atom. Usually
we have a crystalline solid, or a solution, so the
lattice energy or hydration energy must also be
considered. Because H
+
is very small , crystals
containing H
+
have a high lattice energy, and in
solution the hydration energy is also very high (1091
kJ mol
1
). The negative ions also have a hydration
energy. Thus H
+
ions are formed because the lattice
energy, or the hydration energy, exceeds the
ionization energy. In contrast the halide ions X
+

would be large and thus have low hydration and
lattice energies. Since the ionization energy would be
larger than the lattice energy or hydration energy,
these ions are not normally formed. However, a few
compounds are know where I
+
is stabilized by
forming a complex with a Lewis base. for example
[I(pyridine)
2
]
+
NO
3
.
The electron affinities for the halogens are all
negative. This shows that energy is evolved when a
halogen atom gains an electron, and X X
. Thus,
the halogen all form halide ions.
Bond energy in X
2
Molecule :
The elements all form diatomic molecules. It would
be expected that the bond energy in the X
2
molecules
would decrease as the atoms become larger, since
increased size results in less effective overlap of
orbitals. Cl
2
, Br
2
and I
2
show the expected trend
(table) but the bond energy for F
2
does not fit the
expected trend.
Bond energy and bond lengths of X
2

Bond energy (free
energy of dissociation)
(kJ mol
1
)
Bond length X
2

()
F 126 1.43
Cl 210 1.99
Br 158 2.28
I 118 2.66

The bond energy in F
2
is abnormally low (126 kJmol
1
),
and this is largely responsible for its very high
reactivity. (Other elements in the first row of the
periodic table also have weaker bonds than the
elements which follow in their respective groups. For
example in Group 15 the N N bond in hydrazine is
weaker than P P, and in Group 16 the O O bond
in peroxides is weaker than S S.) Two different
explanation have been suggested for the low bond
energy :
(1) Mulliken postulated that in Cl
2
, Br
2
and I
2
some
pd hybridization occurred, allowing some multiple
bonding. This would make the bonds stronger than in
F
2
in which there are no d orbitals available.
(2) Coulson suggested that since fluorine atoms are
small, the F F distance is also small (1.48 ), and
hence internuclear repulsion is appreciable. The
larger electron electron repulsions between the lone
pairs of electrons on the two fluorine atoms weaken
the bond.
Pseudohalogens and Pseudohalides :
A few ions are known, consisting of two or more
atoms of which at least one is N, that have properties
similar to those of the halide ions. They are therefore
called pseudohalide ions. Pseudohalide ions are

HALOGEN & NOBLE
GASES FAMILY
KEY CONCEPT
univalent, and these form salts resembling the halide
salts.
For example, the sodium salts are soluble in water,
but the silver salts are insoluble. The hydrogen
compounds are acids like the halogen acids HX.
Some of the pseudohalide ions combine to form
dimers comparable with the halogen molecules X
2
.
These include cyanogen (CN)
2
, thiocyanogen (SCN)
2

and selenocyanogen (SeCN)
2
.
The important pseudohalogens
Anion Acid Dimer
CN

: cyanide ion HCN hydrogen cyanide (CN)
2
: cyanogen
SCN
: thiocynate ion HSCN : thiocyanic acid (SCN)

2
:
selenocyanogen
SeCN

: selenocyanate ion (SeCN)
2
:
selenocyanogen
OCN
:cyanate ion HOCN : cyanic acid

NCN
2
: cyanamide ion

H
2
NCN : cyanamide
ONC
: fulminate ion HONC : fulminic acid

N
3
: azide ion HN
3
: hydrogen azide
The best known pseudohalide is CN
. This resembles
Cl
, Br
and I

in the following respects :
1. It forms an acid HCN.
2. It can be oxidized to form a molecule cyanogen
(CN)
2
.
3. It forms insoluble salts with Ag
+
, Pb
2+
and Hg
+
.
4. Interpseudohalogen compounds ClCN, BrCN and
ICN can be formed.
5. AgCN is insoluble in water but soluble in ammonia,
as is AgCl.
6. It forms a large number of complexes similar to
halide complexes. e.g. [Cu(CN)
4
]
2
and [CuCl
4
]
2
,
and [Co(CN)
6
]
3
and [CoCl
6
]
3
.
Clathrate Compounds :
Clathrate compounds of the noble gases are well
known. Normal chemical compounds have ionic or
covalent bonds. However, in the clathrates atoms or
molecules of the appropriate size are trapped in
cavities in the crystal lattice of other compounds.
Though the gases are trapped, they do not form
bonds.
If an aqueous solution of quinol (1, 4-
dihydroxybenzene) is crystallized under a pressure of
10 40 atmospheres of Ar, Kr or Xe, the gas
becomes trapped in cavities of about 4 diameter in
the -quinol structure. When the clathrate is
dissolved, the hydrogen bonded arrangement of -
quinol breaks down and the noble gas escapes. Other
small molecules such as O
2
, SO
2
, H
2
S, MeCN and
CH
3
OH form clathrates as well as Ar, Kr and Xe. The
smaller noble gases He and Ne do not form clathrate
compounds because the gas atoms are small enough
to escape from the cavities. The composition of these
clathrate compounds corresponds to 3 quinol : 1
trapped molecule, through normally all the cavities
are not filled.
The gases Ar, Kr and Xe may be trapped in cavities
in a similar way when water is frozen under a high
pressure of the gas. These are clathrate compounds,
but are more commonly called 'the noble gas
hydrates'. They have formulae approximating to
6H
2
O : 1 gas atom. He and Ne are not trapped
because they are too small. The heavier noble gases
can also be trapped in cavities in synthetic zeolites,
and samples have been obtained containing up to
20% of Ar by weight. Clathrates provide a
convenient means of storing radioactive isotopes of
Kr and Xe produced in nuclear reactors.
Structure and bonding in Xenon compounds :
(i) Structure and bonding in XeF
4
: The structure of
XeF
4
is square planar, with XeF distances of 1.95 .
The valence bond theory explains this by promoting
two electrons as shown :

5s 5p 5d
(Electronic Structure of Xe-excited state)

(four unpaired electrons form bonds to four fluorine
atoms six electron pairs form octahedral structure
with two positions occupied by lone pairs)
The Xe atom bonds to four F atoms. The xenon 5p
x

orbital forms a three-centre MO with 2p orbitals from
two F atoms just as in XeF
2
. The 5p
y
orbital forms
another three-centre MO involving two more F
atoms. The two three-centre obitals are at right angles
to each other, thus giving a square planar molecule.
Xe
F
F F
F

(ii) Structure and bonding in XeF
6
: The structure
of XeF
6
is a distorted octahedron. The bonding in
XeF
6
has caused considerable controversy which is
not completely resolved. The structure may be
explained in valence bond terms by promoting three
electrons in Xe :

5s 5p 5d
(Electronic structure of Xenon-exicted state)

The six unpaired electrons form bonds with fluorine
atoms. The distribution of seven orbitals gives either
a capped octahedron or a pentagonal bipyramid (as in
IF
7
). (A capped octahedron has a lone pair pointing
through one of the faces of the octahedron) Since
there are six bonds and one lone pair, a capped
octahedron would give a distorted octahedral
molecule. The molecular orbital approach fails with
XeF
6
, since three three-centre molecular orbitals
systems mutually at right angles would give a regular
octahedral shape.
F
F
F
F Xe
F
F

The vibrational spectrum of gaseous XeF
6
indicates
C
3v
, symmetry, i.e. an octahedron distorted by the
lone pair at the centre of one triangular face. The
structure of the molecule rapidly fluctuates between
structures where the lone pair occupies each of the
eight triangular faces. In various non-aqueous
solvents, xenon hexafluoride forms a tetramer Xe
4
F
24
.
Solid xenon hexafluoride is polymorphic. Except at
very low temperatures it contains tetramers, where
four square pyramidal XeF
5
+
ions are joined to two
similar ions by means of two bridging F
ions. The
XeF distances are 1.84 on the square pyramidal
units and 2.23 and 2.60 in the bridging groups.
Xenon Oxyfluorides :
Structure of XeOF
2
:
Total number of electrons in valence shell of
Xe:12 (8 from Xe + 2 from O and 2 from F)
Total number of electrons pairs
= 6(3bp + 2lp + 1bp)

F Xe F
O

Hybridisation = sp
3
d (to accommodate 3bp and 2lp)
Geometry = T-shaped
Structure of XeOF
4
:
Total number of electron in valence shell of
Xe : 14 (8 from Xe + 2 from O + 4 from F)

Xe
F
F F
F
O

Total number of electron pairs
= 7(5bp + 1lp + 1d-pbp)
Hybridization : sp
3
d
2
(to accommodate 5bp and
1lp)
Geometry : Square pyramidal
Structure of XeO
2
F
2
:
Total number of electron in valence shell of
Xe = 14 (8 from Xe + 2 from F + 4 from O)
Total number of electron pairs
= 7(4bp + 1lp + 2bp)

F
Xe
F
O
O

Hybridization: sp
3
d (to accommodate 4bp + 1lp)
Geometry : Trigonal bipyramidal or Sea-saw.
Similarly : Structure of XeO
3
F
2
and XeO
2
F
4

The Andromeda Galaxy is 2.3 million light years
away.
Pluto lies at the outer edge of the planetary
system of our sun, and at the inner edge of the
Kuiper Belt, a belt of icy comets that are the
remnants of the formation of the solar system.
On June 8 2004, Venus passed directly between
the Earth and the Sun, appearing as a large black
dot travelling across the Sun's disk. This event is
known as a "transit of Venus" and is very rare:
the last one was in 1882, the next one is in 2012.
A sunbeam setting out through space at the rate
of 186,000 miles a second would describe a
gigantic circle and return to its origins after
about 200 billion years.

1. Compound (A), C
3
H
6
Cl
2
, on reduction with LiAlH
4

gives propane. Treatment of (A) with aqueous alkali
followed by oxidation gives (B) C
3
H
4
O
4
which gives
effervescence with NaHCO
3
. Esterification of (B)
with ethanol gives (C), C
7
H
12
O
4
, which is well
known synthetic reagent. When (B) is heated alone,
the product is ethanoic acid, but while heating with
soda-lime it gives methane. Compound (B) on
reduction with LiAlH
4
gives a diol which on reaction
with SOCl
2
gives back compound (A). Identify all the
compounds and give balanced equation of the
reactions.
Sol. Compound (B) gives effervescence with NaHCO
3

solution. Hence it is a dicarboxylic acid, since it on
heating alone gives acetic acid and with soda-lime
CH
4
, it means two COOH in it are at different
carbon atoms.

CH
2

COOH
COOH
2NaHCO3
CH
2

COONa
COONa
+ 2CO
2
+2H
2
O

CH
3
COOH + CO
2

Soda-lime
CH
4
+ 2CO
2

(B)

Acid (B) can be prepared from (A), C
3
H
6
Cl
2
, which
should be 1,3-dichloro propane.

CH
2

CH
2
Cl
CH
2
Cl
2NaOH(aq.)
CH
2

CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH (2NaCl)
Propane 1,3-diol
3[O]
CH
2

COOH
COOH
(B)
+ H
2
O
(A)

Esterification of (B) with ethanol gives malonic ester
which is a synthetic reagent of high importance.

CH
2

COOH
COOH

CH
2

COOC
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5 2H2O
Malonic ester (B)
+ C
2
H
5
OH

LiAlH4
CH
2

CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2

COOH
COOH
(B)
2H2O
2SOCl2
CH
2

CH
2
Cl
CH
2
Cl
2SO2; 2HCl
(A)

Hence, (A)

CH
2

CH
2
Cl
CH
2
Cl
(B)

2. A hydrocarbon (A) of the formula C
8
H
10
, on
ozonolysis gives compound (B), C
4
H
6
O
2
, only. The
compound (B) can also be obtained from the alkyl
bromide, (C) (C
3
H
4
Br) upon treatment with Mg in
dry ether, followed by treatment with CO
2
and
acidification. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and also give
equations for the reactions.
Sol. A(C
8
H
10
)
O H ) ii (
O ) i (
2
3

) B (
2 6 4
O H C
Since compound (A) adds one mol of O
3
, hence it
should have either a C = C or a C C bond.
If it was alkene its formula should be C
8
H
16
(C
n
H
2n
)
and if it was alkyne it should have the formula C
8
H
14
;
it is definite that the compound has an unsaturated
group, it appears that it is a cyclosubstituted ethyne.
H C C H
10 6
H C
H 2
+
C
3
H
5
C C C
3
H
5

the C
3
H
5
correspond to cyclopropyl () radical
hence compound (A) is

CH C C CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
1,2-dicyclopropyl ethane

The ozonolysis of above compound would give two
moles of cyclopropane carboxylic acid (C
4
H
6
O
2
).

CH C C CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2 (A)
(i) O3
CH C C CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
H2O
O

O O
(B)
CH C C CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
+H
2
O
2

O O

CH COOH
CH
2
CH
2
2

warm

Compound (B) is prepared from cyclopropyl bromide
as follows :

CH Br
CH
2
CH
2 (C)
Mg
either
CH.MgBr
CH
2
CH
2
C = O
O

Cyclopropyl
magnesium bromide

CH COOH
CH
2
CH
2
CH.COOMgBr
CH
2
CH
2
Addition compound
HOH
dil. HCl; MgBrOH

UNDERSTANDING
Organic Chemistry
Hence,

A,
CC

B,
COOH

3. An organic compound (A) contains 69.42% C, 5.78%
H and 11.57% N. Its vapour density is 60.5. It
evolves NH
3
when boiled with KOH. On heating
with P
2
O
5
, it gives a compound (B) having C =
81.55%, H = 4.85% and N= 13.59%. On reduction
with Na + C
2
H
5
OH (B) gives a base, which reacts
with HNO
2
giving off N
2
and yielding an alcohol (C).
The alcohol can be oxidised to benzoic acid. Explain
the above reactions and assign structural formulae to
(A), (B) and (C)
Sol. (i) Calculation of empirical formula of (A) :

Element At.
wt.
% Relative no. of
atoms
Simplest
ratio
C 12 69.42
12
42 . 69
= 5.785
826 . 0
785 . 5
= 7
H 1 5.78
1
78 . 5
= 5.78
826 . 0
78 . 5
= 7
N 14 11.57
14
57 . 11
= 0.826
826 . 0
826 . 0
= 1
O 16 13.23
16
23 . 13
= 1.827
826 . 0
827 . 0
= 1

Hence, empirical formula of (A) = C
7
H
7
NO
Empirical formula wt. = 84 + 7 + 14 + 16 = 121
(ii) Calculation of molecular weight of (A) :
Molecular weight = 2 V.D. = 2 60.5 = 121
(iii) Determination of molecular formula of (A):
n =
. wt Empirical
. wt Molecular
=
121
121
= 1
Hence, molecular formula = empirical formula
i.e., C
7
H
7
NO
(iv) Calculate of empirical formula of (B) :

Element At.
wt.
% Relative no. of
atoms
Simplest
ratio
C 12 81.55
12
55 . 81
= 6.80
97 . 0
80 . 6
= 7
H 1 4.85
1
85 . 4
= 4.85
97 . 0
85 . 4
= 5
N 14 13.59
14
59 . 13
= 0.97
97 . 0
97 . 0
= 1

Hence, empirical formula of (B) = C
7
H
5
N
(v) Determination of structural formulae :
(a) Since compound (A) on heating with KOH gives
NH
3
, a characteristic test of amide, hence the
compound (A) is an amide (CONH
2
).
(b) Since compound (B) is obtained by heating (A)
with P
2
O
5
, a dehydrating agent.
O H N H C ON H C
2
) B (
5 7
O P
) A (
7 7
5 2
+
The above reaction confirms that (A) is an amide,
and the remaining reaction are :

C
7
H
5
N
COOH
Alcohol
[H] HNO2
N
2
+ (C)
[O]
(B)

The formula of benzoic acid indicates that the
compound (A) is an aromatic amide. Hence, the
reactions are :

CONH
2
Benzamide
KOH
+ NH
3

Boil
(A)
COOK

CONH
2
Benzonitrile
P2O5
+ H
2
O

(A)
CN

(B)

CH
2
NH
2
Benzyl amine
Na +C2H5OH
+ 4[H]
(Base)
CN

(B)

CH
2
NH
2
Benzyl alcohol
HNO2
+ N
2
+ H
2
O
CH
2
OH
(C)

CH
2
OH
Benzoic acid
2[O]
H2O
(C)
COOH

4.
) Cl H C (
C B ) H C ( A
13 6
HCl
12 6
+
B
KOH . alc
D isomer of A
D
Ozonolysis
E (it gives negative test with Fehling
solution but responds to
iodoform test)
A
Ozonolysis
F + G Both gives positive Tollen's
test but do not give iodoform test.
F + G
NaOH . Conc
HCOONa + primary alcohol
Identify to A to G
Sol.
) Cl H C (
C B ) H C ( A
13 6
HCl
12 6
+
B
Ozonolysis
E (it gives negative test with Fehling
solution but responds to
iodoform test)
A
Ozonolysis
F + G Both gives positive Tollen's
test but do not give iodoform test.
F + G
NaOH . Conc
HCOONa + primary alcohol
Both F and G are aldehydes because they give
positive Tollen's test and do not give iodoform test.
These aldehydes give Cross Cannizzaro's reaction. So
they do not have -hydrogen atoms. In cross
Cannizzaro's reaction HCOONa is formed along with
p-alcohols. So in these an aldehyde is HCHO and
another is (CH
3
)
3
C.CHO. F and G are obtained by
ozonolysis of A. Therefore compound 'A' is
CH
2
= CH C(CH
3
)
3
.
Structure of compound 'A' is

CH
3
CH
3
C CH = CH
2
CH
3

Compound 'A' on reaction with HCl gives comp. B
and C which have molecular formula C
6
H
13
Cl. Thus,

CH
3
C CH = CH
2
CH
3
C CH CH
3

CH
3
CH
3
HCl
CH
3
CH
3
Cl

Comp. 'B'
CH
3
C CH
2
CH
2
Cl
CH
3
CH
3
Comp. 'C'
+

Compound 'B' gives 'D' on dehydrohalogenation with
alc. KOH.

CH
3
C CH CH
3

CH
3
CH
3
alc. KOH
CH
3
CH
3
Cl

Sec. carbonium ion
CH
3
C CH
CH
3
Compound 'D'
CH
3
C CH CH
3

Boil (Cl
)
+
+
CH
3
CH
3
H
+
C = C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

Compound 'D' on ozonolysis to give compound 'E'

Compound 'E'
C = C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
Ozonolysis
2CH
3
C CH
3
O

Compound 'E' has methyl ketonic groups (COCH
3
)
so it gives positive iodoform test and does not give
the test with Fehling solution due to absence of
CHO group.
Compound 'A' on ozonolysis to give compounds F
and G as follows :

(CH
3
)
3
CCH = CH
2

Ozonolysis
Comp. 'G'
(CH
3
)
3
C CHO + CH
2
O
'F'

Compound G and F gives crossed Cannizzaro's
reaction with conc. NaOH solution.

HCOONa + CH
3
C CH
2
OH
Ozonolysis
CH
3
CH
3
Comp. 'G'
CH
3
C CHO + CH
2
O + conc. NaOH
'F'
CH
3
CH
3

Hence,
Compound 'A' =

CH
3
C CH = CH
2
(C
6
H
12
)
CH
3
CH
3

Compound 'B' =

CH
3
C CH CH
3

CH
3
CH
3
Cl

Compound 'C' =

CH
3
C CH
2
CH
2
Cl
CH
3
CH
3

Compound 'D' =

C = C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

Compound 'E' =

CH
3
C CH
3

O

Compound 'F' =

H C H
O

Compound 'G' =

CH
3
C CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3

5. An unsaturated hydrocarbon (A), C
6
H
10
readily gives
(B) on treatment with NaNH
2
in liquid NH
3
. When
(B) is allowed to react with 1-chloro propane, a
compound (C) is obtained. On partial hydrogenation
in the presence of Lindlar catalyst (C) gives (D),
C
9
H
18
. On ozonolysis (D) gives 2, 2-dimethyl
propanal and butanal. Give structures of (A), (B), (C)
and (D) with proper reasoning.
Sol. The structure of compound (D) can be obtained by
joining the products of ozonolysis.

CH
3
C CH = O + O = CH.CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
2,2-dimethyl propanal
2[O]
Butanal
CH
3
C CH = CH.CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
2,2-dimethyl heptene-3 (D)

Ozonolysis equation of (D) is :
CH
3
C CH = CHCH
2
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
CH
3
(D)
(I) O3
CH
3
C CHO + CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CHO
CH
3
CH
3
(II) H2O/Zn

Alkene (D) is obtained by the partial hydrogenation
of (C), thus (C) contains a CC triple bond at C
3
.

CH
3
C C C CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
CH
3
(C)
H2
CH
3
C CH = CHCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
Lindlar catalyst
(D)
The starting compound (A) reacts with NaNH
2
in
presence of liquid NH
3
. It means it contains one
CCH at the terminal carbon, and, therefore gives a
mono sodium derivative.

) A (
10 6
H C
3
2
NH
NaNH
C
4
H
9

) B (
C C.Na
Compound (B) reacts with 1-chloro propane to give
compound (C) as follows :

C
4
H
9
C C Na + Cl CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

C
4
H
9
CC CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

NaCl
(C)
(B) 1-chloro propane

But, (C) is
CH
3
C C C CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

Now, putting the value of C
4
H
9
as a t-butyl radical,
we have :

CH
3
C CC H
CH
3
CH
3
(A)

NaNH2
CH
3
C CCNa + NH
3
CH
3
CH
3
(B)

Hence,

CH
3
C CCH
CH
3
CH
3
(3,3-dimethyl butyne-1)
(A)

CH
3
C CCNa
CH
3
CH
3
(B)

CH
3
C CC CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
CH
3
(C)

CH
3
C CH = CHCH
2
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
CH
3
(D)

CH Br
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
Cyclopropyl
magnesium bromide
CH . MgBr

Mg
ether
C=O
O

Pi Day
On Pi Day (March 14 or 3-14) in 1879, a baby was
born in Ulm, Germany to a German couple whose
name meant "one stone". That baby was Albert
Einstein!
occurs naturally in tables of death, in what is
known as a Gaussian distribution of deaths in a
population; that is, when a person dies, the event
'feels' Pi.
The symbol for Pi was introduced by the English
mathematician William Jones in 1706.
Mathematician John Conway pointed out that if you
break down the digits of Pi into blocks of ten, the
probability that one of those blocks will contain ten
distinct digits is about one in 40,000. Curiously, this
first happens in the 7th block of ten digits.
There is the little rhyme to help the memorisation of
twenty-one digits of :
Now, I wish I could recollect pi. "Eureka," cried the
great inventor. Christmas Pudding; Christmas Pie
Is the problem's very center.

1. Find the greatest value of the expression
(a x) (b y) (c z) (ax + by + cz), where a, b, c are
known positive quantities and a x, b y, c z are
also positive?

2. Let f (x) satisfies the differential equation
xf '(x) + f (x) = g(x), where f (x) and g(x) are
continuous functions. If f (x) is decreasing function
for all x R
+
, then prove that
x.g (x) <
x
x g
0
) ( dx; for x > 0.

3. If a chord of the circle x
2
+ y
2
= 32 makes equal
intercepts of length p on the coordinate axes, then
find the range of p.

4. The arc AC of a circle subtends a right angle at the
centre O. B divides the arc AC in the ratio 2 : 1. If
OA =
a and OB =
b , find OC .

5. Out of 20 consecutive numbers 4 are chosen at
random. Prove that the chance of their sum being
even is greater than that of their sum being odd.

6. Find a point P on the line 3x + 2y + 10 = 0 such that
|PA PB| is maximum when A is (4, 2) and B is
(2, 4).

7. Secants are drawn from a given point A to cut a given
circle at the pairs of points P
1
, Q
1
; P
2
, Q
2
; ...., P
n
, Q
n
.
Show that AP
1
. AQ
1
= AP
2
. AQ
2
= .... = AP
n
. AQ
n

8. Let A & B be the matrices such that AA
T
= I and
AB = BA. Prove that AB
T
= A
T
B.

9. If a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1, b + ic = (1 + a) z, prove that
c
ib a
+
+
1
=
iz
iz
+
1
1
, where a, b, c are real numbers and z
is a complex number.

10. Let n is an odd positive integer, show that (without
using mathematical induction) (n
2
1)n is divisible
by 24. Here n > 1.

`t{xt|vt V{txzx
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota Sol ut i ons wi l l be publ i shed i n next i ssue
6
Set
INTERESTING SCIENCE FACTS

The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second.
It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel
from the Suns surface to the Earth.
In October 1999 the 6 billionth person was born.
10 percent of all human beings ever born are
alive at this very moment.
The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels
through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.
Every year over one million earthquakes shake
the Earth.
The largest ever hailstone weighed over 1 kg and
fell in Bangladesh in 1986.
Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike
the Earth.
Every year lightning kills 1000 people.
In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London
broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf.
If you could drive your car straight up you would
arrive in space in just over an hour.
All the hydrogen atoms in our bodies were
created 12 billion years ago in the Big Bang.
The Earth is 4.56 billion years oldthe same age
as the Moon and the Sun.
Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.


1. Let S
1
a
1
x
2
+ 2h
1
xy + b
1
y
2
+ 2g
1
x + 2f
1
y + c
1
= 0
& S
2
a
2
x
2
+ 2h
2
xy + b
2
y
2
+ 2g
2
x + 2f
2
y + c
2
= 0
be the rectangular hyperbolas. So
a
1
+ b
1
= 0 & a
2
+ b
2
= 0
Now S
1
+ S
2
= 0 represents the conics through their
points of intersection i.e. A, B, C and D. The sum of
coefficient of x
2
& y
2
in it is
(a
1
+ a
2
) + (b
1
+ b
2
) = (a
1
+ b
1
) + (a
2
+ b
2
) = 0
Hence, it will also be rectangular hyperbola. Now for
when it represents pair of straight lines then also
sum of coeff. of x
2
& y
2
will be zero. Hence those
lines will be perpendicular. So AD & BC will be
perpendicular. Similarly BD & AC and CD & AB
will also pairs of perpendicular lines. Hence D will
be orthocentre of triangle ABC. In fact orthocentre of
triangle forms by any of 3 of these points will be the
fourth point.

2. c = 2R;
4
abc
= R;
s
= r
A
B C

a
2
+ b
2
= c
2

a + b + c = 2s
a + b = 2(s R) as c = 2R
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab = 4(s R)
2
= 4R
2
+ 2ab
ab = 2(s R)
2
2R
2
= 2s
2
4sR
2 = 2s
2
4sR
=
2
2
s
2.
s
.R;
2
r
= 1 +
r
R 2

= r
2
+ 2Rr

3. m
1
(OQ) =
h
k
& m
2
(PR) =
1
1
m
=
h
k
+

so m
1
m
2
= 1

h
k
.
h
k
+
= 1
k
2
= +h h
2
; so h = h
2
+ k
2

=
h
k h
2 2
+
so point R is
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0 ,
2 2
h
k h

O
(h,k)
r
R
(b,0)
A(a,0)
Q(a,a)

Now (PR)
2
= (RA)
2

k
2
+
2
2 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
h
k h
h =
2
2 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
h
k h
a
k
2
+ h
2
+
2
2 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
h
k h
2(h
2
+ k
2
)
= a
2
+
2
2 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
h
k h
2a
h
k h
2 2
+

k
2
+ h
2
a
2
= 2(h
2
+ k
2
) 2a
h
k h
2 2
+

a
2
= (h 2a)
h
k h
2 2
+

(x
2
+ y
2
) (x 2a) + a
2
x = 0

4. Let z = x be the purely real root then
f (x) = x
4
+ 2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 4x + 5 = 0
f (x) = 4x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 6x + 4 = 0
4(x + 1) (4x
2
+ 4 4x + 6x) = 0
(x + 1) (4x
2
+ 2x + 4) = 0
x = 1 is only real root
& f (1) = 1 2 + 3 4 + 5 = 3 > 0
no real root of f(x).
Now let z = iy be the purely imaginary roots then
y
4
2iy
3
3y
2
+ 4iy + 5 = 0
so y
4
3y
2
+ 5 = 0 and 2y
3
+ 3y
2
= 0 must have
simultaneous solution which is not possible.
as y = 0, y = 3/2 are the roots of 2
nd
but they do not
satisfy.

5. L.H.S.
x
a
=
a
y
x =
y
a
2

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
y
a
a
y
f
y a
y a n
/
) / (
2
2
l
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
y
dy a

I =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
y
a
a
y
f
y
1
(ln a
2
lny) dy
MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES

SOLUTION FOR SEPTEMBER ISSUE (SET # 5)
I =
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
x
a
a
x
f (2ln a lny)
y
dy

2I =
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
x
a
a
x
f (lna)
x
dx
I=
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
x
a
a
x
f
x
na l
dx

6. Let the fixed points be P(, 0) & Q ( , 0) and
variable line be
y = mx + c as given
2
1
| |
m
c m
+
+
.
2
1
| |
m
c m
+
+
= a; where
'a' is a constant.
so |c
2
m
2
2
| = a (1 + m
2
) ...(1)
Now let foot of the perpendicular from (, 0) be (h, k)
then c = k mh &
m
1
=
h
k
m =
k
h

so c = k +
k
h h ) (
=
k
h h k +
2 2

use these in (1)

2
2
2
2
2 2 2
) ( ) (
+
k
h
k
h h k
= a
2
2
) (
1
k
h
+
|k
2
+ h
2
h + h
2
| |k
2
+ h
2
h h +
2
|
= a(k
2
+ (h )
2
)
so x
2
+ y
2
= (
2
+ a)

7. y = f (x) =
x
z zx
e
0
2
dz =
x
z zx
e e
0
2
. dz
y =
x
z zx
e ze
0
2
. dz + 1 =
x
z zx
ze e
0
) 2 (
2
1
2
dz + 1
=
(
(

x
zx z x zx z
dz e xe e e
0
0
. ) . (
2
1
2 2
+ 1
=
2
1
xy + 1
dx
dy

2
1
xy = 1
I.F. =
dx
x
e
2
=
4 /
2
x
e

solution is
y .
4 /
2
x
e
4 /
2
x
e dx =
x
z
e
0
4 /
2
dz
y =
x
z x
e e
0
4 / 4 /
2 2
dz proved.

8. Since
1
+
1
=
4
7
2
2
a
a

) ( 1
) ( 2
+ +
+
=
4
7
2
2
a
a

as given = 4, so + = a
2
+ 1
Hence the equation is x
2
(a
2
+ 1) x + 4 = 0
Let f (x) = x
2
(a
2
+ 1)x + 4
Since both roots of f (x) = 0 lie in (1, 4), hence
D = (a
2
+ 1)
2
16 0
a (, 3 ) ( 3 , ) ...(1)
and f (1) > 0 1 (a
2
+ 1) 4 > 0
a (2, 2) ...(2)
and f (4) > 0 16 (a
2
+ 1) 4 + 4 > 0
a (2, 2) ...(3)
and
a 2
(1, 4) 1 <
2
1
2
+ a
< 4
a ( 7 , 1) (1, 7 ) ...(4)
Hence a (2, 3 ] [ 3 , 2)

9. f(x) =
3
5
x
2/3

3
10
x
1/3
=
3 / 1
) 2 (
3
5
x
x

sign. dia of f(x)
(2, 0)
(5, 0)
(0,3(4)
1/3
)
2 0
+ +

x = 2 is local min.
x = 0 is local max.
f (x) is non diff. at x = 0
f (0) = 0
f (2) = 2
5/3
5.2
2/3
.(2 5) = 3.2
2/3
= 3(4)
1/3

f (x) = x
2/3
(x 5)
f (x) passes through (0, 0), (5, 0)
If x
5/3
5x
2/3
= k has exactly one positive root then
from sketch.
k > 0

10. There will be
99
C
44
subsets in which 1 will be least
element
similarly there will be
98
C
49
subsets in which 2 will
be least element
so
x p
p
min
= 1.
99
C
49
+ 2.
98
C
49
+ 3.
97
C
49
+ .... + 51.
49
C
49

= Coeff. of x
49
in [(1 + x)
99
+ 2(1 + x)
98
+
..... + 51(1+x)
49
]
= Coeff. of (1 + x)
99
x
x
x
x
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
1
) 1 ( 51
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
48 51

= Coeff. of
x
x
x
x
x x
+
+ +
49
2
2
48 99
) 1 ( 51
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (

= coeff. of x
51
in [(1 + x)
101
(1 + x)
50
]
+ coeff. of x
50
in 51(1 + x)
49

=
101
C
51
0 + 0 =
101
C
51


1. In a particular programming language, a valid
variable name can consist of a sequence of one to six
alphanumeric characters A, B, C, ... , Z, 0, 1, 2, ...., 9
beginning with a letter. Find the total number of valid
variable names.
Sol. The number of valid variable names of one character
= 26 (Q there are 26 letters and the variable name
must begin with a letter).
The number of valid variable names of two
characters
= 26 36 (Q the first place should have a letter and
the second place can have any one of the
26 + 10 alphanumeric characters,
repetition being allowed).
The number of valid variable names of three
characters
= 26 36 36 and so on.
the total number of valid variable names of one to
six characters
= 26 + 26 36 + 26 36
2
+ ... + 26 36
5

= 26(1 + 36 + 36
2
+ ... + 36
5
)
= 26.
1 36
1 36
6
=
35
26
(36
6
1).

2. Sum to n terms
2
1 x
x
+
4
2
1 x
x
+
8
4
1 x
x
+ ...
Also find the sum to infinite terms when |x| < 1.
Sol. Here t
n
=
n
n
x
x
2
2
1
1
=
) 1 )( 1 (
1 ) 1 (
1 1
1
2 2
2
n n
n
x x
x
+
+

=
1
2
1
1
n
x

n
x
2
1
1

putting n = 1, 2, 3, .... we get
t
1
=
x 1
1

2
1
1
x

t
2
=
2
1
1
x

4
1
1
x

t
3
=
4
1
1
x

8
1
1
x

..........................................
t
n
=
1
2
1
1
n
x

n
x
2
1
1

____________________________
Adding,
sum =
x 1
1

n
x
2
1
1
=
) 1 )( 1 (
2
2
n
n
x x
x x

=
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
2
1 2
n
n
x x
x x

sum to infinite terms
=
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
lim
2
1 2
n
n
x x
x x
n
=
x
x
1

for
n
x
2
0 as n when |x| < 1.

3. Let O be a point in the ABC such that
OAC = OCB = OBA = .
Prove that cot = cot A + cot B + cot C.
Sol.
A
B C
O

From AOC,
AOC sin
AC
=
sin
OC
.
But AOC = (OCA + OAC)
= (C + ) = C

) C sin(
AC
=
sin
OC

or
C sin
b
=
sin
OC
...(i)
Similarly, from OBC we get

B sin
a
=
) B sin(
OC
...(ii)
(i) (ii)
C sin
B sin
a
b
=
sin
) B sin(

Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
MATHS
or
C sin A sin
B sin
2
=

sin
sin . B cos cos . B sin

)
`
=
A sin
B sin
a
b
Q
= cot . sin B cos B
or
C sin A sin
B sin
= cot cot B
or
C sin A sin
) C A sin( +
= cot cot B {Q (A + C) = B}
or
C sin . A sin
C sin . A cos C cos . A sin +
= cot cot B
or cot C + cot A = cot cot B
cot = cot A + cot B + cot C.

4. Let f (x) be a real function not identically zero such
that f (x + y
2n+1
) = f (x) + {f (y)}
2n+1
, n N and x, y
are any real numbers and f ' (0) 0. Find the values
of f (5) and f ' (10).
Sol. Here, f (x + y
2n+1
) = f (x) + {f (y)}
2n+1
...(i)
Putting x = 0, y = 0 we get f (0) = f (0) + {f (0)}
2n+1

f (0) = 0.
f ' (0) 0
x
f x f
x
) 0 ( ) (
lim
0
0

x
x f
x
) (
lim
0
0
if x > 0, f (x) 0 ...(ii)
Putting x = 0, y = 1 in (i),
f (1) = f (0) + {f (1)}
2n+1

or f (1) [1 {f (1)}
2n
] = 0
f (1) = 0 or 1, {from (2)}.
Putting y = 1 in (1), for all real x,
f (x + 1) = f (x) + {f (1)}
2n+1
...(iii)
f(1) = 0 f (x + 1) = f (x)
f (1) = f (2) = f (3) = ... = 0,
i.e., f (x) is identically zero.
f (1) 0. Hence f (1) = 1.
So from (3), f (x + 1) = f (x) + 1 ...(iv)
f (5) = f (4) + 1 = {f (3) + 1} + 1
= {f (2) + 1} + 2
= {f (1) + 1)} + 3
= f (1) + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5
Also (iv) f (x) is a function whose value
increases by 1 when variable x is increases by 1.
f (x) = x; f ' (x) = 1 f ' (10) = 1.

5. A man is standing on a straight bridge over a river
and another man on a boat is on the river just below
the man on the bridge. If the first man starts walking
at the uniform speed of 4 m/min and the boat moves
perpendicularly to the bridge at the speed of 5 m/min
then at what rate are they separating after 4 minutes if
the height of the bridge above the boat is 3 m?
Sol. In the beginning, the man is at A on the bridge and
the boat is at B on the river. After t minutes, the man
is at C and the boat is at D.
From the question, AB AC and BD AC.
AC is perpendicular to the plane of AB and BD.
AC is perpendicular to each line in the plane
ABD.
AC AD.

A
C
bridge
B
D

Also, AC = 4t m and BD = 5t m and AB = 3 m
from the right-angled ABD,
AD =
2 2
BD AB + =
2 2
) 5 ( 3 t + m
and from the right-angled DAC,
DC =
2 2
AC AD +
If DC = z m, z =
2 2 2
) 4 ( ) 5 ( 3 t t + + =
2
41 9 t +

dt
dz
=
2
41 9 2
1
t +
41 2t
at t = 4 min.,

dt
dz
=
2
4 41 9 2
4 2 41
+

m/min =
665
164
m/min.

6. A cubic function f (x) vanishes at x = 2 and has
relative maximum/minimum at x = 1 and x =
3
1
.
If
1
1
) ( dx x f =
3
14
, find f (x).
Sol. Let f (x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + ;
then f ' (x) = 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c.
From the question we have f ( 2) = 0
8a + 4b 2c + = 0 ...(i)
Also, f '(x) = 0 when x = 1,
3
1
(using condition for
relative maximum/minimum).
f '(1) = 0 3a 2b + c = 0 ...(ii)
and f ' |
.
|
\
|
3
1
= 0
3
a
+
3
2b
+ c = 0,i.e.,
a + 2b + 3c = 0 ...(iii)
(ii) + (iii) 4a + 4c = 0, i.e., c = a
(iii) a + 2b 3a = 0, i.e., b = a
from (i), 8a + 4a + 2a + = 0, i.e., = 2a.
f (x) = ax
3
+ ax
2
ax + 2a = a(x
3
+ x
2
x +2)
...(iv)

1
1
) ( dx x f =
3
14
gives

+ +
1
1
2 3
) 2 ( x x x a dx =
3
14

1
1
2 2 4
2
2
3 4
(
(
+ + x
x x x
a =
3
14

or
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + 2
2
1
3
1
4
1
2
2
1
3
1
4
1
a =
3
14

a .
3
14
=
3
14
, i.e., a = 1.
from (iv), f (x) = x
3
+ x
2
x + 2.

Know about Pie

3.14
= Perimeter / Diagonal, of any circle.
Pi expanded to 45 decimal places:
3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971
69399
Pi expanded to 52 binary places:
11.0010010000111 1110110101010 0010001000010
1101000111001
You cannot square a disc using just a ruler and
compasses because is a transcendental number.
= 4(1/1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 - 1/11 + ... )
= 2(2/1 x 2/3 x 4/3 x 4/5 x 6/5 x 6/7 x 8/7 x 8/9 x ... )
355/113 (a real good rational approximation of )
(6
2
)/5
In the late 18th century, James Stirling, a Scottish
mathematician, developed an approximation for
factorials using the transcendental numbers 'Pi' and 'e':
n! (2 n)
1/2
(n/e)
n

The most famous formula for calculating Pi is Machin's
formula:
/4 = 4 arctan(1/5) arctan(1/239)
This formula, and similar ones, were used to push the
accuracy of approximations to Pi to over 500 decimal
places by the early 18th century (this was all hand
calculation!).
Interestingly, there are no occurrences of the sequence
123456 in the first million digits of Pi. - posted by
George Pantazis
Bamboozlement with Pi
Does Pi equal 3? No? Then have a look on the algebraic
equation below:
x = ( + 3)/2
2x = + 3
2x( - 3) = ( + 3)( - 3)
2 x - 6x =
2
- 9
9 - 6x =
2
- 2 x
9 - 6x + x
2
=
2
- 2 x + x
2

(3 - x)
2
= ( - x)
2

3 - x = - x
3 =
We use Pi to:
Describe the DNA double helix,
Determining the distribution of primes - the probability
that two randomly selected integers are relatively prime
(i.e. have no common factors) is 6 / p2,
Analyzing the ripples on water
Checking for accuracy - as there are now millions upon
millions of known decimal places of Pi, by asking a
super computer to compute this many figures its
accuracy can be tested.
THE COLOURS OF COMPLEX
METAL IONS
This page is going to take a simple look at the origin
of colour in complex ions - in particular, why so
many transition metal ions are coloured. Be aware
that this is only an introduction to what can grow
into an extremely complicated topic.
Why do we see some compounds as being
coloured?
White light
You will know, of course, that if you pass white
light through a prism it splits into all the colours of
the rainbow. Visible light is simply a small part of
an electromagnetic spectrum most of which we can't
see - gamma rays, X-rays, infra-red, radio waves
and so on.
Each of these has a particular wavelength, ranging
from 10
-16
metres for gamma rays to several
hundred metres for radio waves. Visible light has
wavelengths from about 400 to 750 nm.
(1 nanometre = 10
-9
metres.)
The diagram shows an approximation to the
spectrum of visible light.

Limits :
Theorems of Limits :
If f (x) and g(x) are two functions, then
(i) )] ( ) ( [ lim x g x f
a x
= ) ( lim x f
a x
) ( lim x g
a x

(ii) )] ( ). ( [ lim x g x f
a x
= ) ( lim x f
a x
. ) ( lim x g
a x

(iii)
(
) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
a x
=
) ( lim
) ( lim
x g
x f
a x
a x
if ) ( lim x g
a x
0
(iv) )] ( [ lim x kf
a x
= k ) ( lim x f
a x
, where k is constant.
(v) ) ( lim x f
a x
= ) ( lim x f
a x

(vi)
q p
a x
x f
/
) ( lim
=
q p
a x
x f
/
) ( lim
|
.
|
\
|
, where p and q are

integers.
Some important expansions :
(i) sin x =
+ + ....
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
7 5 3
x x x
x
(ii) cos x =
+ + ....
! 6 ! 4 ! 2
1
6 4 2
x x x

(iii) sin h x =
+ + + ....
! 5 ! 3
5 3
x x
x
(iv) cos h x =
+ + + ....
! 4 ! 2
1
4 2
x x

(v) tan x =
+ + + ....
15
2
3
5 3
x x
x
(vi) log(1 + x) =
+ + ....
4
x
3
x
2
x
x
4 3 2

(vii) e
x
=
+ + + + ....
! 3 ! 2
1
3 2
x x
x
(viii) a
x
=
+ + + .... ) (log
! 2
log 1
2
2
a
x
a x
(ix) (1 x)
1
= {1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+ ......}
(x) sin
1
x =
+ + + + ......
7
.
6
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
5
.
4
3
.
2
1
3
.
2
1
7 5 3
x x x
x
(xi) tan
1
x =
)
`
+ .....
5
1
3
1
5 3
x x x
Some important Limits :
(i) x
x
sin lim
0
= 0
(ii) x
x
cos lim
0
= 1
(iii)
x
x
x
sin
lim
0
= 1 =
x
x
x sin
lim
0

(iv)
x
x
x
tan
lim
0
= 1 =
x
x
x tan
lim
0

(v)
x
x
x
) 1 log(
lim
0
+
= 1
(vi)
x
x
e
0
lim
= 1
(vii)
x
e
x
x
1
lim
0
= 1
(viii)
x
a
x
x
1
lim
0
= log
e
a
(ix)
a x
a x
n n
a x
lim = na
n1

(x)
x
x x
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1 lim = e =
x
x x
|
.
|
\
|
+

1
1 lim
(xi)
x
x
x
/ 1
0
) 1 ( lim +
= e
(xii)
x
x x
a
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 lim = e
a

(xiii)
n
x
a

lim =
<
>
1 , 0
1 ,
a if
a if

i.e. a
= , if a > 1 and a
= 0, if a < 1
(xiv)
x
x
n
x
1 ) 1 (
lim
0
+
= n
(xv)
x
x
x
1
0
sin
lim
= 1 =
x
x
x
1
0
tan
lim

LIMIT,CONTINUITY &
DIFFERENTIABILITY
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
S

(xvi) x
a x
1
sin lim
= sin
1
a, |a| 1
(xvii) x
a x
1
cos lim
= cos
1
a, |a| 1
(xviii) x
a x
1
tan lim
= tan
1
a, < a <
(xix) x
e
e x
log lim
= 1
(xx)
2
0
cos 1
lim
x
x
x
=
2
1

Let ) ( lim x f
a x
= l and ) ( lim x g
a x
= m, then
(xxi)
) (
)) ( ( lim
x g
a x
x f
= l
m
(xxii) If f (x) g(x) for every x in the deleted
neighbourhood (nbd) of a, then ) ( lim x f
a x
) ( lim x g
a x
.
(xxiii) If f (x) g(x) h(x) for every x in the deleted nbd of
a and ) ( lim x f
a x
= l = ) ( lim x h
a x
, then ) ( lim x g
a x
= l.
(xxiv) ) ( lim x fog
a x
= f |
.
|
\
|
) ( lim x g
a x
= f (m)
In particular (a) ) ( log lim x f
a x
= log |
.
|
\
|
) ( lim x f
a x
= logl
(b)
) x ( f
a x
e lim
=
) x ( f lim
a x
e
= e
l

(xxv) If ) ( lim x f
a x
= + or , then
) (
1
lim
x f a x
= 0.
Evaluation of Limits (Working Rules) :
By factorisation : To evaluate
) (
) (
lim
x
x
a x
, factorise
both (x) and (x), if possible, then cancel the
common factor involving a from the numerator and
the denominator. In the last obtain the limit by
substituting a for x.
Evaluation by substitution : To evaluate ) x ( f lim
a x
,
put x = a + h and simplify the numerator and
denominator, then cancel the common factor
involving h in the numerator and denominator. In the
last obtain the limit by substituting h = 0.
By L Hospital's rule : Apply L-Hospital's rule to
the form
0
0
or
.

) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
a x
=
) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
a x
=
) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
n
n
a x

By using expansion formulae : The expansion
formulae can also be used with advantage in
simplification and evaluation of limits.
By rationalisation : In case if numerator or
denominator (or both) are irrational functions,
rationalisation of numerator or denominator (or both)
helps to obtain the limit of the function.
Continuity :
f (x) is continuous at x = a if ) ( lim x f
a x
exists and is
equal to f (a) i.e. if ) ( lim
x f
a x
= f (a) = ) ( lim x f
a x
+
.
Discontinuous functions : A function f is said to be
discontinuous at a point a of its domain D if is not
continuous there at. The point a is then called a point
of discontinuity of the function. The discontinuity
may arise due to any of the following situations:
(a) ) ( lim x f
a x +
or ) ( lim x f
a x
of both may not exist.
(b) ) ( lim x f
a x +
as well as ) ( lim x f
a x
may exist but are
unequal.
(c) ) ( lim x f
a x +
as well as ) ( lim x f
a x
both may exist
but either of the two or both may not be equal to f(a).
We classify the point of discontinuity according to
various situations discussed above.
Removable discontinuity : A function f is said to
have removable discontinuity at x = a if
) ( lim x f
a x
= ) ( lim x f
a x +
but their common value is not
equal to f (a). Such a discontinuity can be removed
by assigning a suitable value to the function f at x = a.
Discontinuity of the first kind : A function f is said
to have a discontinuity of the first kind at x = a if
) ( lim x f
a x
and ) ( lim x f
a x +
both exist but are not equal.
f is said to have a discontinuity of the first kind from
the left at x = a if ) ( lim x f
a x
exists but not equal to
f (a). Discontinuity of the first kind from the right is
similarly defined.
Discontinuity of second kind : A function f is said
to have a discontinuity of the second kind at x = a if
neither ) ( lim x f
a x
nor ) ( lim x f
a x +
exists.
f if said to have discontinuity of the second kind from
the left at x = a if ) x ( f lim
a x
does not exist.
Similarly, if ) x ( f lim
a x +
does not exist, then f is said to
have discontinuity of the second kind from the right
at x = a.
Differentiability :
f (x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if R = L
i.e.
h
a f h a f
Lt
h
) ( ) (
0
+
=
h
a f h a f
Lt
h

) ( ) (
0

Note : We discuss R, L or R, L at x = a when the
function is defined differently for x > a or x < a and
at x = a.

Parabola :
The locus of a point which moves such that its
distance from a fixed point is equal to its distance
from a fixed straight line, i.e. e = 1 is called a
parabola.

X
Z O S(a, 0)
M Y
Y
L
L
P
P
N
X

Its equation in standard form is y
2
= 4ax
(i) Focus S (a, 0)
(ii) Equation of directrix ZM is x + a = 0
(iii) Vertex is O (0, 0)
(iv) Axis of parabola is XOX
Some definitions :
Focal distance : The distance of a point on parabola
from focus is called focal distance. If P(x
1
, y
1
) is on
the parabola, then focal distance is x
1
+ a.
Focal chord : The chord of parabola which passes
through focus is called focal chord of parabola.
Latus rectum : The chord of parabola which passes
through focus and perpendicular to axis of parabola is
called latus rectum of parabola. Its length is 4a and
end points are L(a, 2a) and L(a, 2a).
Double ordinate : Any chord which is perpendicular
to the axis of the parabola is called its double
ordinate.
Equation of tangent at P(x
1
, y
1
) is
yy
1
= 2a(x + x
1
)
and equation of tangent in slope form is
y = mx +
m
a

Here point of contact is |
.
|
\
|
m
a
m
a 2
,
2

Equation of normal at P (x
1
, y
1
) is
y y
1
=
a
y
2
1
(x x
1
)
and equation of normal in slope form is
y = mx 2am am
3

Here foot of normal is (am
2
, 2am)
The line y = mx + c may be tangent to the parabola if
c = a/m and may be normal to the parabola if
c = 2am am
3
.
Chord of contact at point (x
1
, y
1
) is
yy
1
= 2a (x + x
1
)
Ellipse :
If a point moves in a plane in such a way that ratio of
its distances from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed
straight line (directrix) is always less than 1, i.e. e < 1
called an ellipse
Standard equation of an ellipse is
2
2
a
x
+
2
2
b
y
= 1
where b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
Now, When a > b

S
(ae,0)
A
(a,0)
A
(a,0)
O
(0,0)
(ae,0)
S X
Z
M
L
1
B(0,b)
Y

L
Z
X
M
L
Y

B(0, b)

In this position,
(i) Major axis 2a and minor axis 2b
(ii) Foci, S( ae, 0) and S(ae, 0) and centre O(0, 0)
(iii) Vertices A ( a, 0) and A(a, 0)
(iv) Equation of directries ZM and ZM are
x
e
a
= 0, Z |
.
|
\
|
0 ,
e
a
and Z |
.
|
\
|
0 ,
e
a

(v) Length of latus rectum is
a
b
2
2
= LL = L
1
L
1

The coordinates of points of intersection of line
y = mx + c and the ellipse are given by

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
,
m a b
b
m a b
m a

PARABOLA, ELLIPSE &
HYPERBOLA
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
S

Equation of tangents of ellipse in term of m is
y = mx
2 2 2
m a b +
and the line y = mx + c is a tangent of the ellipse, if
c =
2 2 2
m a b +
The length of chord cuts off by the ellipse from the
line y = mx + c is

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
. 1 2
m a b
c b m a m ab
+
+ +

The equation of tangent at any point (x
1
, y
1
) on the
ellipse is

2
1
a
xx
+
2
1
b
yy
= 1
and at the point (a cos , b sin ) on the ellipse, the
tangents is

a
x cos
+
b
y sin
= 1
Parametric equations of the ellipse are
x = a cos and y = b sin .
The equation of normal at any point (x
1
, y
1
) on the
ellipse is

1
2
1
) (
x
a x x
=
1
2
1
) (
y
b y y

also at the point (a cos , b sin ) on the ellipse, the
equation of normal is
ax sec by cosec = a
2
b
2

Focal distance of a point P(x
1
, y
1
) are a ex
1

Chord of contact at point (x
1
, y
1
) is

2
1
a
xx
+
2
1
b
yy
= 1
Chord whose mid-point is (h, k) is

2
a
hx
+
2
b
ky
=
2
2
a
h
+
2
2
b
k
i.e. T = S
1

The locus of point of intersection of two
perpendicular tangents drawn on the ellipse is
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
+ b
2
. This locus is a circle whose centre is
the centre of the ellipse and radius is length of line
joining the vertices of major and minor axis. This
circle is called "director circle".
The eccentric angle of point P on the ellipse is made
by the major axis with the line PO, where O is centre
of the ellipse.
(a) The sum of the focal distance of any point on an
ellipse is equal to the major axis of the ellipse.
(b) The point (x
1
, y
1
) lies outside, on or inside the
ellipse f (x, y) = 0 according as f (x
1
, y
1
) > = or < 0.
The locus of mid-point of parallel chords of an ellipse
is called its diameter and its equation is y =
m a
x b
2
2

which is passes through centre of the ellipse.
The two diameter of an ellipse each of which bisect
the parallel chords of others are called conjugate
diameters. Therefore, the two diameters y = m
1
x and
y = m
2
x will be conjugate diameter if m
1
m
2
=
2
2
a
b
.
Hyperbola :
When the ratio (defined in parabola and ellipse) is
greater than 1, i.e. e > 1, then the conic is said to be
hyperbola.
Since the equation of the hyperbola
2
2
a
x

2
2
b
y
= 1
differs from that of the ellipse
2
2
a
x
+
2
2
b
y
= 1 in
having b
2
, most of the results proved for the ellipse
are true for the hyperbola, if we replace b
2
by b
2
in
their proofs. We therefore, give below the list of
corresponding results applicable in case of hyperbola.
Standard equation of hyperbola is
2
2
a
x

2
2
b
y
= 1
where b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)

M
Y
M
L
L
X X
L
1
L
1
B
Y
A
Z O Z (ae,0)S
(a,0)
(
0
,
b
)

(
0
,
0
)

A (a,0)
S(ae,0)
(
0
,
b
)

B

In this case,
Foci are S (ae, 0) and S( ae, 0).
Equation of directrices ZM and ZM are
x m
e
a
= 0, Z |
.
|
\
|
0 ,
e
a
and Z |
.
|
\
|
0 ,
e
a

Transverse axis AA = 2a, conjugate axis BB = 2b.
Centre O (0, 0).
Length of latus rectum LL = L
1
L
1
=
a
b
2
2

The difference of focal distance from any point
P(x
1
, y
1
) on hyperbola remains constant and is equal
to the length of transverse axis. i.e.
SP ~ SP = (ex
1
+ a) (ex
1
a) = 2a
The equation of rectangular hyperbola
x
2
y
2
= a
2
= b
2
i.e. in standard form of hyperbola put
a = b. Hence e = 2 for rectangular hyperbola.



PHYSICS

Questions 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. Mark your response in
OMR sheet against the question number of that
question. + 3 marks will be given for each correct
answer and 1 mark for each wrong answer.

1. In order to measure the spring constant of a spring,
mass A, B and C observe the observations in an
experiment using the same spring, but blocks of
different masses as shown. Assume that Hook's law
is valid and time period is given by T =
k
M
2
1
.
The observations are shown in the table.
Least count for mass = 1 gm.
Least count for time = 0.1 sec.

M
k
Smooth surface

Man
Mass of bl ock
M (kg)
Number of
osci l l ati ons n
Total ti me for (n)
osci l l ati ons (sec)
Ti me peri od
(sec)
A 1 20 10 0.5
B 1 10 5 0.5
C 2 20 14 0.7

If e
A
, e
B
, e
C
, are the percentage errors in calculation
of k, i.e., |
.
|
\
|
100
k
k
for man A, B, C respectively,
then :
(A) e
A
= e
B
= e
C
(B) e
B
is minimum
(C) e
A
is maximum (D) e
C
is minimum

2. Which one of the following statements is wrong
about X-rays
(A) Frequency of K
(characteristics) X-ray of Zn
is greater in comparison to K
X-ray to Ni
(B) Cut off wavelength of continuous X-ray
depends on the kinetic energy of the slowest
electron in the X-ray tube
(C) For same value of applied accelerating voltage
in the X-ray tube, cut off wavelength is same
for Ni and Cu target
(D) For constant applied voltage if number of
electrons striking per second on the target
increases, then intensity of X-ray increases
IIT-JEE 2012
XtraEdge Test Series # 6
Based on New Pattern
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Calorimetry, K.T.G., Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Thermal expansion, Transverse wave, Sound
wave, Doppler's effect, Atomic Structure, Radioactivity, X-ray, Nuclear Physics, Matter Waves, Photoelectric Effect,
Practical Physics. Chemistry : Chemical Equilibrium, Acid Base, Ionic Equilibrium, Classification & Nomenclature,
Isomerism , Hydrogen Family, Boron Family & Carbon Family, S-block elements, Nitrogen Family, Oxygen Family,
Halogen Family & Noble Gas, Salt Analysis, Metallurgy, Co-ordination Compounds, Transitional Elements.
Mathematics : Point, Straight line, Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Vector, 3-D, Probability, Determinants, Matrices.
Instructions : [Each subject contain]
Section I : Question 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be
awarded for correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section II : Question 5 to 9 are multiple choice question with multiple correct answer. +4 marks will be awarded for
correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section III : Question 10 to 11 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete
correctly matched answer (i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong
answer.
Section IV : Question 12 to 19 are Numerical Response Question (single digit Ans. type) +4 marks will be
awarded for correct answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer.
3. A transverse sinusoidal wave is traveling along a
string in the negative x-axis. At particular time t,
for the shown snap shot of wave, magnitude of
displacements of point A, B and C are same. Take
velocity of point in positive y direction as positive
and in negative direction as negative. At given
instant of time velocities of points A, B, C are v
A
,
v
B
, v
C
respectively. Then respective values of
B
A
v
v

and
C
A
v
v
are -

A
B
C
x
y

(A) + 1, 1 (B) + 1, + 2
(C) 1, 1 (D) 1, 1

4. A radioactive sample S
1
has activity A and another
sample S
2
has activity 3A. The half lives of S
1
and
S
2
are 2T and 5T respectively. The ratio of number
of nuclei present in S
1
to S
2
is -
(A) 5/2 (B) 5/6 (C) 2/15 (D) 3/1

which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
Mark your response in OMR sheet against the
question number of that question. + 4 marks will be
given for each correct answer and 1 mark for each
wrong answer.
5. Energy liberated in the de-excitation of hydrogen
atom from 3
rd
level to 1
st
level falls on a
photo-cathode. Later when the same photo-cathode
is exposed to a spectrum of some unknown
hydrogen like gas, excited to 2
nd
energy level, it is
found that the de-Broglie wavelength of the fastest
photoelectrons, now ejected has decreased by a
factor of 3. For this new gas, difference of energies
of 2
nd
Lyman line and 1
st
Balmer line if found to be
3 times the ionization potential of the hydrogen
atom. Select the correct statement(s)
(A) The gas is lithium
(B) The gas is helium
(C) The work function of photo-cathode is 8.5 eV
(D) The work function of photo-cathode is 5.5 eV

6. In a kitchen experiment, you empty a tray of ice
cubes into a bowl of water. After an hour or so,
when the mixture has come to thermal equilibrium,
you notice a little more water in the bowl than you
started with and fewer ice cubes in the bowl than
you started with. One can say that

(A) the temperature of the water is slightly higher
than the remaining ice cubes
(B) the temperature of the water is slightly lower
than the remaining ice cubes
(C) the temperature of the water is the same as the
temperature of the remaining ice cubes
(D) the temperature of the water or the ice cubes
depends on the exact mass of water and ice
cubes in the bowl.

7. AB : Isothermal (T
A
= 300 K)
BC : Adiabatic (Work = 5J)
CD : Constant pressure (5 atm)
DE : Isothermal
EA : Adiabatic (Change in internal energy 8J)

P
V
C
B
A
E
D

(A) Work done in the cycle is 13 J
(B) Change in internal energy in path CD is 13J
(C) Heat transferred in path DE is 11J
(D) Work done in EA is 8J

8. A standing wave of time period T is set up in a
string clamped between two rigid supports. At
t = 0 antinode is at its maximum displacement 2A.
(A) The energy of a node is equal to energy of an
antinode for the first time at t = T/8
(B) The energy of node and antinode becomes
equal after every T/2 second
(C) The displacement of the particle of antinode at
8
T
t = is A 2 .
(D) The displacement of the particle of node is zero

9. Density () veruses temperature (T) graph of a
thermodynamic cycle of an ideal gas is as shown. If
BC and AD are the part of rectangular hyperbola
then which of the following graphs will represent
the same thermodynamic cycle?

Temperature (T)
Density ()
C
A
D
B

(A)
Volume (V)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

P
C
A
D
B
(B)
Volume (V)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

C
A D
B
P

(C)
Temperature (T)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

C
A D
B
P

(D)
Temperature (T)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

C
A
D
B
P

This section contains 2 questions (Questions 10, 11).
Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with
statements (P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers
to these questions have to be appropriately bubbled
as illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T; B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and
D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix
should be as follows :

A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

question number of that question in section-II. + 8
marks will be given for complete correct answer (i.e.
+2 marks for each correct row) and NO NEGATIVE
MARKING for wrong answer.

10. Match the Column :
Column-I Column-II
(A) ) Ice formation in a (P) Molecular transfer
lake leads to uniform
heat content
(B) The mode not (Q) heat transfer by
associated with solid convection
(C) Water heated in a (R) Time taken is
round Bottomed flask inversely proportional
to ambient temperature
(D) Land breeze (S) process of heat
transfer by conduction
(T) free electrons play the
role for heat transfer

11. Match the matrix for the nuclear reaction given
below :
Column-I Column-II
(A)
92
U
235
+
0
n
1

54
X
e
139
+
38
Sr
94
+ 3
0
n
1
+ Energy
(B) 4
1
H
1
=
2
He
4
+ 2 + 2 + Energy
(C)
5
B
10
+
2
He
4

6
C
13
+
1
H
1
+ Energy
(D)
0
n
1

1
H
1
+
+ + Energy
Column-II
(P) Converts some matter into energy
(Q) Fission
(R) Fusion
(S) Involves weak nuclear forces
(T) is nuclear reaction

This section contains 8 questions (Q.12 to 19).
+4 marks will be given for each correct answer and
1 mark for each wrong answer. The answer to each of
the questions is a SINGLE-DIGIT INTEGER,
ranging from 0 to 9. The appropriate bubbles below
the respective question numbers in the OMR have to
be darkened. For example, if the correct answers to
question numbers X, Y, Z and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and
2, respectively, then the correct darkening of bubbles
will look like the following :
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X Y Z W

12. Figure shows, displacement of a particle on a string
transmitting wave along x-axis as a function of
time. At t = 0 particle is at half its maximum
displacement. Amplitude of wave (in cm) is.
displacement
(in meter)
60
12.5 25.0 37.5 50.0
x
y
t (in 10
3
sec)

13. Two boats are floating on a pond in same direction
and with the same speed v. Each boat sends
through the water, a signal to the other. The
frequencies
0
of the generated signals are the
same. Find the ratio of frequencies received by the
boats.
14. Two identical stationary sound sources, emit sound
waves of frequency 10 Hz, and speed 300 m/sec as
shown. An observer is moving between the sources
with a velocity 30 m/sec. Find the beat frequency
as recorded by the observer (Hz).

S
1
O

V
0
S
2

15. The photoelectric current in a vacuum photocell is
reduced to zero when its cesium ( = 1.89eV)
electrode is irradiated by radiation of wavelength
= 2700 and a decelerating voltage V = 3V is
applied. Then the magnitude of outer contact
potential difference is N 10
1
V, then the value of
N is

16. The De-Broglie wavelength of electron in the third
Bohr orbit of hydrogen in 10
9
m is (given radius of
first Bohr orbit is 5.3 10
11
m)

17. The binding energy of an electron in the ground
state of He atom is equal to 24.6 eV. The energy
required to remove both the electrons (if the
ionisation energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV) is N
10
1
eV then N is equal to

18. The nucleus
92
U
238
is unstable against -decay with
a half-life of about 4.5 10
9
years. Then the kinetic
energy of the emitted -particle in MeV is [m
(
92
U
238
) = 238.05081u ; m(
2
He
4
) = 4.00260 u; m(-
90
Th
234
) = 234.04363u]

19. A polonium (
84
P
0
209
) nucleus transforms into one of
lead (
82
Pb
207
) by emitting an -particle, then the
kinetic energy of the -particle in MeV is -
[m (P
0
) = 209.98297u ; m (Pb) = 205.97446
m (-particle) = 4.00260 u]

CHEMISTRY

1. Give the IUPAC name of

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CHCH CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
H
3
CCH
CH
3

H
3
CCCH
3

CH
3

(A) 4-isopropyl-5-ter. butyl octane
(B) 4-ter. butyl-5-isopropyl octane
(C) 2-methyl-3-propyl-4-ter. butyl heptane
(D) 2, 2-dimethyl-3-propyl-4-isopropyl heptane
2. Correct order of occlusion property is -
(A) Pd > Pt > Au > Colloidal Pd > Pt
(B) Colloidal Pd > Pd > Pt > Au > Ni
(C) Ni < Au > Pt > Pd > Colloidal Pd
(D) Au > Pt > Pd > Ni > Colloidal Pd

3. Metallic sulphates can be obtained by reacting the
metals (above hydrogen in ECS), or its oxide,
hydroxide or carbonate with dil.H
2
SO
4
. Gp IA
metals also form hydrogen sulphates which can be
isolated in solid. In general metal sulphates are
soluble in water and crystallizes with water of
crystallization. Sulphate are thermally more stable
than nitrates. Select the stable hydrogen sulphate
which can be obtained in solid state-
(A) KHSO
4
(B) CaHSO
4

(C) FeHSO
4
(D) All of these

4. The geometrical shapes of XeF
5
+
, XeF
6
and
XeF
8
2
respectively are
(A) trigonal bipyramidal , octahedral and square
planar
(B) square based pyramidal , distorted octahedral
and octahedral
(C) planar pentagonal , octahedral and square
anti prismatic
(D) square based pyramidal, distorted octahedral
and square anti prismatic

wrong answer.
5. Which of the following is correct for the given
structures ?

H
H HO
OH
CH
3
CH
3
(I)

H
OH
CH
3

H
OH
(II)
CH
3

H
OH
CH
3
CH
3
H
OH
(III)

(A) I and II diastereomers
(B) I and III enantiomers
(C) II and III diastereomers
(D) II and III are identical

6. Which of the following is/are correct ?
(A) In COCl
2
, C Cl bond length is shorter than
single bond
(B) Si C bond strength is greater than C C
bond strength
(C) Due to smaller size of carbon CO
4
4
does not
exist
(D) CO
2
can act as ligand

7. Which of the following is/are correct regarding the
active nitrogen ?
(A) It is produced by the passage of electric
discharge through the molecular nitrogen
(B) It reacts with hydrocarbon to produce HCN
(C) It reacts with H
2
S to give blue solid
(D) When electric discharge is stopped it produces
a yellow afterglow due to recombination of
atomic nitrogen

8. K
2
CrO
4
is used identify
(A) Pb
2+
(B) Ba
2+
(C) Ag
+
(D) Ca
2+

9. Reduction of a metal oxide by excess carbon at
high temperature is a method for the commercial
preparation of some metals. This method can be
successfully applied in the case of
(A) BeO and Al
2
O
3
(B) ZnO and Fe
2
O
3
(C) CaO and Cr
2
O
3
(D) BaO and U
3
O
8


A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T


10. Match the column :
Column-I Column-II
(A) Complex exhibit no (P) Cis-[Co(en)
2

Geometrical isomerism (H
2
O)
2
]
3+

(B) complex exhibit no (Q) Cis-]Pt(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
]
optical activity
(C) Complex exhibit optical (R) Trans-[Co(en)
2

activity
(D) Complex exhibit no (S) Ni(CO)
4

paramagnetism
(T) CaCO
3

11. Match the column:
Column-I
(A) A(g) + B(g) AB(g)
(B) A
2
(g) + B
2
(g) 2AB(g)
(C) A(s)

B(g) + C(g)
(D)
2
1
A
2
(g) +
2
3
B
2
(g) AB
3
(g)
Column-II
(P) Forward shift by addition of inert gas at
constant
(Q) Backward shift by addition of inert gas at
constant pressure
(R) Not affected by addition of inert gas at constant
volume and also unaffected by increase in
pressure
(S) Not affected by addition of small amount of
reactant pressure
(T) None of these

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X Y Z W

12. The total number of geometrical isomers exist for
the complex M (AA) B
2
C
2
is

13. 1 mole oxygen and 0.375 moles of solid A
4
are
heated to react completely in a sealed vessel to
produce only one gaseous compound B. After the
formation of compound B, the vessel is brought to
initial temperature, the pressure is found to be half
of the initial pressure. Find out number of oxygen
atoms per molecules of B ?

14. K
SP
of Mg(OH)
2
is 4.0 10
12
. The no. of moles of
Mg
2+
ions in one litre of it's saturated solution in
0.1 M NaOH is report answer in term of ans 10
10

15. A mixture of KOH and Ca(OH)
2
weighing 6.13
gram is completely neutralised by an acid. If
weight percentage of KOH in mixture is 45.68 and
normality of acid is 20N then find the volume
(in ml) of acid used in neutralisation.

16. In borax (Na
2
B
4
O
7
, 10H
2
O) the number of B-O-B
bonds is

17. On heating CaC
2
O
4
, type of gases are
produced

18. How many cyclic structural isomers are possible
with molecular formula C
4
H
7
Cl ?

19. In molecule of nitro glycerin the number of N
atoms present are

MATHEMATICS

1.
If acute angle between the lines represented by
2x
2
+ 5xy + 3y
2
+ 6x + 7y + 4 = 0 is tan
1
m and
a
2
+ b
2
ab a b + 1 0 then 3a + 2b equals -

(A)
m 2
1
(B)
m
1
(C)
m
(D) 2m

2. A rhombus is inscribed in the region common to the
two circles x
2
+ y
2
4x 12 = 0 and
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x 12 = 0 with two of its vertices on the
line joining the centres of the circles. The area of
the rhombus is -
(A) 3 8 sq. units (B) 3 4 sq. units
(C) 3 6 sq. units (D) None of these
3. A parabola y = ax
2
+ bx + c crosses the x-axis at
(, 0) and (, 0) both to the right of the origin.
A circle also passes through these two points. The
length of a tangent from the origin to the circle is-
(A)
a
bc
(B) ac
2
(C) b/a (D)
a
c

4. Let
a ,
b &
c be non-coplanar unit vectors

equally inclined to one another at an acute angle .
Then |[
c ]| in terms of is equal to -
(A) (1 + cos ) 2 cos
(B) (1 + cos ) 2 cos 2 1
(C) (1 cos ) + cos 2 1
(D) None of these

wrong answer.
5. Let PN be perpendicular from point P(1, 2, 3) to xy
plane if OP makes an angle with positive
direction of z-axis and ON makes an angle with
positive direction of x-axis, where O is origin
(, are acute angles), then-
(A) sin sin =
14
2
(B) cos cos =
14
1

(C) tan =
3
5
(D) None of these

6. A(1, 2) and B(7, 10) are two points. If P(x, y) is a
point such that the angle APB is 60 and the area of
the triangle APB is maximum then which of the
following is (are) true ?
(A) P lies on any line perpendicular to AB
(B) P lies on the right bisector of AB
(C) P lies on the straight line 3x + 4y = 36
(D) P lies on the circle passing through the points
(1, 2) and (7, 10) and having a radius of 10 units

7. A circle centred at O has radius 1 and contains the
point A. Segment AB is tangent to the circle at A
and AOB = . If point C lies on OA and BC
bisects the angle ABO then OC equals

O
C
A
B

(A) sec (sec tan) (B)
+
sin 1
cos
2

(C)
+sin 1
1
(D)

2
cos
sin 1

8. Let the pair of tangents drawn from (0, 2) to the
parabola y
2
2y + 4x + 5 = 0 and the normal at the
point of contact of tangents form a quadrilateral
(A) quadrilateral will be square
(B) tangents drawn are intersecting at 90
(C) quadrilateral will be a rectangle
(D) the point (0, 2) lies on the directrix of the
parabola

9. If P is a point of the ellipse
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
+ = 1, whose
focii are S and S . Let PSS = and PSS = ,
then
(A) PS + PS = 2a, If a > b
(B) PS + PS = 2b, if a < b
(C) tan
2
tan
2
=
e
e
+
1
1

(D) tan
2
tan
2
=
2
2 2
b
b a
[a
2 2
b a ]
when a > b


A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T


Column-I Column-II
(A) If (, ) is a point on circle whose (P) 22
centre is on x-axis which touches line
y = x at (2, 2) then greatest value
of is
(B) The sum of squares of length (Q) 0
of chords intercepted by line
x + y = n, n N on circle x
2
+ y
2
= 4
(C) If point (a, a) lies between lines (R) 1
| x + y | = 6 then [ | a | ] is
([ . ] denote greatest integer)
(D) No. of points from where (S) 4+ 2 2
perpendicular tangents can be
drawn on 1
5 4
2 2
=
y x
(T) 2

Column-I Column-II
(A) )
If two numbers are chosen
(P)
256
93

from odd natural numbers
less than hundred and
multiplied together in all
possible ways, then the
probability of the product to
be divisible by 5 is
(B)
A bag 'A' contains 2 white
(Q)
663
24

and 3 red balls another
bag 'B' contains 4 white and 5
red balls. If one ball is drawn
at random from one bag and
it is found to be red, then the
probability that it was drawn
from the bag B is
(C)
Eight coins are tossed at a time,
(R)
245
89

the probability of getting heads
up in majority is
(D)
From a well shuffled pack of
(S)
52
25

52 playing cards, if cards are
drawn one by one without
replacement till black ace
comes, then probability that the
black ace comes in 4
th
draw is
(T)
663
93

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X Y Z W

12. Locus of the poles of the tangents to the hyperbola
x
2
y
2
= (39)
2
with respect to the parabola
y
2
= 156x is the ellipse 4x
2
+ y
2
= k. 'S' is sum of
digits in k. Find number of divisors of S.

13. c b a
r
r
r
, , are three unit vectors and every two are
inclined to each other at an angle cos
1
(3/5). If
c r b q a p b a
r
r
r
r
r
+ + = , where p, q, r are scalars, then
55q
2
is equal to

14. Let a
i
, i = 1, 2, 3 ..., n denotes the integers in the
domain of function f (x) = |
.
|
\
|
21
25 4
log
2 / 1
x
x

where a
i
< a
i+1
i N. If the line
L :
4
2
1
a x
=
2
1
a
a y +
=
5
3
a
a z
meets the xy, yz
and zx planes at A, B and C respectively, and if
volume of the tetrahedron OABD is V, where 'O',
is the origin and D is the image of C in the x-axis,
then find the value of
7
V 9
.

15. Two rays with common end point 'O' form a 30
angle. Point A lies on one ray. Point B on the other
ray and AB = 1. Find the maximum possible length
of OB.

16. A line 'L' is drawn from (4, 3) to meet the lines L
1
:
3x + 4y + 5 = 0 and L
2
: 3x + 4y + 15 = 0 at points
A and B respectively. From 'A' a line,
perpendicular to L is drawn meeting the line L
2
at
A
1
. Similarly, from point 'B' a line, perpendicular
to L is drawn meeting the line L
1
at B
1
. Thus
parallelogram AA
1
BB
1
is formed. Least value of
area of parallelogram AA
1
BB
1
is.....

17. If the tangent at P to the parabola y
2
= 7x is parallel
to the line 6y x + 11 = 0, then square of the
distance of P from the vertex of the parabola is D.
find
(
1000
D
where [ . ] = GIF

18. An ellipse of eccentricity
3
2
is inscribed in an
ellipse of equal eccentricity and area equals to 9
square units in such a way that both the ellipse
touch each other at end of their common major
axis. If length of major axis of smaller ellipse is
equal to length of minor axis of bigger ellipse, find
the area of the bigger ellipse outside the smaller
ellipse.

19. Nine tiles are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
respectively. Each of the three players A, B and C
randomly selects 3 tiles and they sum up those
three values as marked on the tiles. The probability
that all three players obtain an odd sum is
n
m
,
where m and n are relatively prime positive
integers. Compute the value of
17
) ( n m+
.

Puzzle : Crates of Fruit

You are on an island and there are three crates
of fruit that have washed up in front of you.
One crate contains only apples. One crate
contains only oranges. The other crate contains
both apples and oranges.
Each crate is labeled. One reads "apples", one
reads "oranges", and one reads "apples and
oranges". You know that NONE of the crates
have been labeled correctly - they are all
wrong.
If you can only take out and look at just one of
the pieces of fruit from just one of the crates,
how can you label ALL of the crates correctly?

PHYSICS

1. There are two parts of a vessel. The pressure in one
part is P and its volume is V. The volume of another
part is 4V and there is vacuum in it. If the intervening
wall is ruptured, then work done by the gas and
change in its internal energy will be

P
V
Vacuum
4V

(A) W = 2PV, dU = ve
(B) W = 3PV, dU = 0
(C) W = 0, dU = + ve
(D) W = 0, dU = 0

2. A mixture of 8gm of helium and 14gm of nitrogen
is enclosed in a vessel of constant volume at 300K.
The quantity of heat absorbed by the mixture to
double the root mean velocity of its molecules is
(R = universal gas constant )
(A) 2725 R (B) 3630 R
(C) 3825 R (D) 5625 R

3. Two particles of medium disturbed by the wave
propagation are at x
1
= 0 and x
2
= 1 cm. The
respective displacement (in cm) of the particles can
be given by equations
t 3 sin 2 y
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
8
t 3 sin 2 y
2

wave velocity can be -
(A) 16 cm/s (B) 24 cm/s
(C) 12 cm /s (D) 8 cm/s

4. An open organ pipe of length L vibrates in second
harmonic mode. The pressure variation is
maximum: (neglect end corrections)
(A) at the two ends
(B) at a distance
4
L
from either end inside the tube
(C) at the mid-point of the tube
(D) none of these

wrong answer.
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : : Calorimetry, K.T.G., Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Thermal expansion, Transverse wave,
Sound wave, Doppler's effect. Chemistry : Chemical Equilibrium, Acid Base, Ionic Equilibrium, Classification &
Nomenclature, Isomerism, Hydrogen Family, Boron Family & Carbon Family, S-block elements.
Mathematics : Point, Straight line, Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Vector, 3-D
Instructions : [Each subject contain]
Section I : Question 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded
for correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section II : Question 5 to 9 are multiple choice question with multiple correct answer. +4 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section III : Question 10 to 11 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete
correctly matched answer (i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong
answer.
Section IV : Question 12 to 19 are Numerical Response Question (single digit Ans. type) +4 marks will be awarded
for correct answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer.
IIT-JEE 2013
XtraEdge Test Series # 6
Based on New Pattern
5. One gram molecule of nitrogen occupies 2 10
4

cm
3
at a pressure of 10
6
dyne cm
2
. Given :
N
A
= 6 10
23
. Which of the following is correct ?

(A) The value of kT is 1/3 10
13
erg
(B) The value of kT is 1/4 10
13
erg
(C) Mean kinetic energy per molecule is 5 10
14
erg
(D) Mean kinetic energy per molecule is 9.8 erg

6. Three identical rods of same material are joined to
form a triangular shape ABC as shown. Angles at
edge A and C are respectively
1
and
2
as shown.
When this triangular shape is heated then
A
B C
2

(A)
1
decreases and
2
increases
(B)
1
increases and
2
decreases
(C)
1
increases
(D)
2
increases

7.

y(mm)
x(m)
10
5
5
10
figure 1
t = 0

y(mm)
x(m)
10
5
5
10
figure II
1
t =
1
24
s

The figures represent two snaps of a traveling wave
on a string of mass per unit length
= 0.25 kg/m. The two snaps are taken at time t =
0 and at s
24
1
t = . Then -
(A) speed of wave is 4 m/s
(B) the tension in the string is 4 N
(C) the equation of the wave is
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
6
t 4 x sin 10 y
(D) the maximum velocity of the particle = s / m
25

8. Choose the correct statement(s) from the following-
(A) any function of the form y (x, t) = f (vt x)
represents a travelling wave
(B) The velocity, wavelength and frequency of a
wave do not undergo any change when it is
reflected from a surface
(C) When an ultrasonic wave travels from air into
water, it bends towards the normal to the
air-water interface
(D) the velocity of sound is generally greater in
solids than in gases at NTP
9. A source of sound of constant frequency f is
moving in a circular track of constant radius R with
constant angular velocity . A stationary observer
is observing the motion as shown. is the angle
made by source corresponding to sound which is
heard by observer later on -

R

Observer

(A) Observer detects minimum frequency at = /2
(B) Observer detects minimum frequency at = ( 3/2)
(C) Observer detects minimum frequency at = /2
(D) Observer detects minimum frequency at = (3/2)


A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

marks will be given for complete correct answer
(i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and NO
NEGATIVE MARKING for wrong answer.

Column-I
(A)
Longitudinal waves can

(B) Transverse wave can
(C) The speed of sound in a medium depends on
(D) Light wave can
Column-II
(P) Have a unique wavelength
(Q) Have a unique wave velocity
(R) Be polarized
(S) Elastic property as well as inertia property
(T) None of these

Column-I
(A) Ice formation in a lake
(B) The mode not associated with solids
(C) Water heated in a round Bottomed flask
(D) Land breeze
Column-II
(P)Molecular transfer leads to uniform heat content
(Q) heat transfer by convection
(R) Time taken is inversely proportional to ambient
temperature
(S) process of heat transfer by conduction
(T) None of these

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X Y Z W

12. Aluminium container of mass 100 g contains 200 g
of ice at 20C. Heat is added to the system at the
rate of 100 calories per second. Temperature of the
system after four minutes is T then what is the
value of T/5?
Given :
Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal g
1
(C)
1

Specific heat of aluminium = 0.2 cal g
1
(C)
1

Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal g
1

13. A mixture of 250 g of water and 200 g of ice at 0C
is kept in a calorimeter of water equivalent 50 g. If
200 g of steam at 100C is passed through this
mixture. Mass of contents of the calorimeter is m
then find the value of m/5. Latent heat of fusion of
ice = 80 cal g
1
and latent heat of vaporisation of
water = 540 cal g
1
.

14. The temperature of equal masses of three different
liquids A,B and C are 12C, 19C and 28C
respectively. The temperature when A and B are
mixed is 16C and when B and C are mixed it is
23C. The temperature when A and C are mixed is
TC then find the value of T/5?

15. About 5 g of water at 30C and 5 g of ice at 20C
are mixed together in a calorimeter. Find the final
temperature of the mixture. Water equivalent of the
calorimeter is negligible.
Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal g
1
(C)
1

Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal g
1

16. A lead bullet just melts when stopped by an
obstacle. Assuming that 25% of heat is absorbed by
the obstacle. Velocity of the bullet is v then find
the value of v/100. (If its initial temperature is
27C.) Given,
Melting point of lead = 327C
Specific heat of lead = 0.03 cal g
1
(C)
1

Latent heat of fusion of lead = 6 cal g
1

and J = 4.2 joule per calorie.

17. An ice cube of mass 0.1 kg of 0C is placed in an
isolated container which is at 227C. The specific
heat S of the container varies with temperature T
according to the empirical relation S = A + BT,
where A = 100 cal/kg-K and B = 2 0 10
2
cal/kg-
K
2
. If the final temperature of the container is 27C.
The mass of the container is x then find the value
of 2x. (Latent heat of fusion of water = 8 10
4

cal/kg, sp. heat of water = 10
3
cal/kg-K).

18. In a quink tube experiment a tuning fork of
frequency 300 Hz is vibrated at one end. It is
observed that intensity decreases from maximum to
50 % of its maximum value as tube is moved by
6.25 cm. Velocity of sound (in m/s) is v then find
the value of v/100.

19. A long spring such as slinky is often used to
demonstrate longitudinal waves. If mass of spring
is m, length L and force constant K, then find the
speed of longitudinal waves on the spring where
m = 0.250 kg, L = 2.00 m K = 1.50 N/m.

CHEMISTRY

1. The incorrect IUPAC name is -
(A)
CH
3
CHCHCH
3
Cl Br
2-Bromo-3-Chlorobutane

(B)
CH
3
CHCHCH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
2,3-Dimethylpentane

(C) CH
3
CCCH(CH
3
)
2

4-Methylpent-2-yne
(D)
CH
3
CCHCH
3
O

CH
3

2-Methyl-3-butanone
2. Maleic acid and fumaric acid are -
(A) position isomers (B) Functional isomers
(C) Geometrical isomers (D) optical isomers

3. Which of the following is not correct -
(A) [H
+
] = [OH
] =
w
K for a neutral solution at
all temperature
(B) [H
+
] = [OH
] = 10
7
for a neutral solution at all
temperature
(C) [H
+
] >
w
K and [OH
] <
w
K for an acidic
solution
(D) H
+
<
w
K and [OH
] >
w
K for an alkaline
solution

4. Which of the following constitutes a set amphoteric
species -
(A) H
3
O
+
,
4 2
PO H ,
3
HCO
(B) H
2
O ,
2
4
HPO ,
2 2
PO H
(C) H
2
O ,
3 2
PO H ,
2
4
HPO
(D)
4 2
O HC ,
4 2
PO H ,
2
4
SO

wrong answer.
5. Which one is correct sets only for heterocyclic
aromatic compounds ?
(A) Oxirane, Furan, Oxitane
(B) Pyridine, Aziridine, Benzene
(C) 2-Bromothiophene, Quinoline, Furan
(D) Isoquinoline, Pyrrole, Quinoline
6. For the reaction :
A
2(g)
+ 3B
2(g)

2 AB
3(g)

H = 329 KJ,
Dissociation of AB
3(g)
will be favoured by :
(A) increasing the temperature
(B) increasing the volume of the container
(C) adding of B
2(g)
gas
(D) adding of inert gas at constant pressure
7. Atomic numbers of Cr and Fe are 24 and 26
respectively, which of the following is
diamagnetic?
(A) Cr(CO)
6
(B) Fe(CO)
5

(C) Fe(CN)
6
4
(D) Cr(NH
3
)
6
3+

8. Which of the following hydrides are covalent and
polymeric ?
(A) Ca (B) Ba (C) Be (D) Mg

9. Select correct statements -
(A) Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
is part of bones and 3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
CaF
2
is part of enamel in teeth
(B) Ca
2+
ions are important in blood clotting
(C) BeH
2
and MgH
2
are covalent and polymeric
while CaH
2
, SrH
2
and BaH
2
are ionic
(D) BeH
2
contain three-centre two-electron bonds

A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

marks will be given for complete correct answer
(i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and NO
NEGATIVE MARKING for wrong answer.

Column-I
(A)
NH
2
H
CH
2
OH
CH
3

and

OH
H
3
C
CH
2
NH
2
H

(B)
Et
H
Cl
CH
3

and

Et

H
CH
3
Cl

(C)
Et
H
OH
CH
3

and

OH

H
3
C
Et
H

(D)
H
H
3
C
2
OH

and

OH
H
3
C
2
H

Column-II
(P) Structural
(Q) Identical
(R) Enantiomers
(S) Diastereomers (T) Chain ring isomer
Column-I Column-II
(A) Two electron (P) (BN)
x

three centre bond
(B) Four electron (Q) B
2
H
6

three centre bond

(C) sp
3
hybrid orbitals (R) AlCl
3

(D) Inorganic graphite (S) B
4
H
10

(T) P
4
O
10

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X Y Z W

12. The total number of Acyclic isomers possible for
C
3
H
6
O is/are

13. Consider the reaction AB
2(g)
AB
g
+ B
(g)
. It
the initial pressure of AB
2
is 100 torr and
equilibrium pressure is 120 torr. The equilibrium
constant Kp in terms of torr is.

14. Fe(CO)
5
+ n NO
The value of n is

15. 1 mole of B
2
H
6
(g) on hydrolysis yields
moles of H
2
(g)

16. In the equilibrium MgCO
3
(s) MgO(s) + CO
2
(g),
2
CO
P = 1 atm, hence, K
p
= ......

17. Find total number of stereocentre.
H
H
OH
NH
2

18. The total number of geometrical isomers of 2, 4-
hexadienoic acid is.

19. What is OH
ion concentration in 0.01M solution

of aniline (K
b
for aniline = 4 10
10
). Report your
answer in terms of ans 10
11

(if ans is x 10
11
then report x)

MATHEMATICS

1. If G is the centroid and I the incentre of the triangle
with vertices A(36, 7), B(20, 7) and C(0, 8), then
GI is equal to -
(A) 3 / 173 (B) 3 / 397
(C) 3 / 205 (D) None of these

2. The distance of the point B with position vector
i + 2j + 3k from the line passing through the point
A whose position vector is 4i + 2j + 2k and parallel
to the vector 2i + 3j + 6k is
(A) 10 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8

3. The locus of the points of intersection of the
tangents at the extremities of the chords of the
ellipse x
2
+ 2y
2
= 6 which touch the ellipse
x
2
+ 4y
2
= 4 is -
(A) x
2
+ y
2
= 4 (B) x
2
+ y
2
= 6
(C) x
2
+ y
2
= 9 (D) none of these
4. PN is an ordinate of the parabola y
2
= 9x. A straight
line is drawn through the mid-point M of PN
parallel to the axis of the parabola meeting the
parabola at Q. NQ meets the tangent at the vertex
A, at a point T, then AT/NP =
(A) 3/2 (B) 4/3 (C) 2/3 (D)

wrong answer.
5. For all values of , the lines represented by the
equation
(2 cos + 3 sin ) x + (3 cos 5sin ) y
(5 cos 2sin ) = 0
(A) pass through a fixed point
(B) pass throught the point (1, 1)
(C) reflection of the fixed point in the line
x + y = 2 is ( 2 1, 2 1)
(D) pass through the origin if tan = 5/2
6. If the circle x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 cuts each of
the circles x
2
+ y
2
4 = 0, x
2
+ y
2
6x 8y + 10 = 0
and x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x 4y 2 = 0 at the extremities of a
diameter, then -
(A) c = 4 (B) g + f = c 1
(C) g
2
+ f
2
c = 17 (D) g f = 6

7. If the two lines represented by x
2
(tan
2
+ cos
2
)
2x y tan + y
2
sin
2
= 0 make angle , with the
x-axis, then
(A) tan + tan = 4 cosec 2
(B) tan tan = sec
2
+ tan
2

(C) tan tan = 2
(D)
tan
tan
=
+
2 sin 2
2 sin 2

8. If P, Q, R are three points on a parabola y
2
= 4ax
whose ordinates are in geometrical progression,
then the tangents at P and R meet on
(A) the line through Q parallel to x-axis
(B) the line through Q parallel to y-axis
(C) the line joining Q to the vertex
(D) the line joining Q to the focus.

9. The coordinates of the end point of the latus rectum
of the parabola (y 1)
2
= 2(x + 2), which does not
lie on the line 2x + y + 3 = 0 are
(A) ( 2, 1) (B) (3/2, 1)
(C) ( 3/2, 2) (D) ( 3/2, 0)

A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T


Column-I Column-II
(A) Length of the tangent (P) a/2
from ( a, 0) to y
2
= 4ax
(B) Length of a latus rectum (Q) 17 / 5 a
of x
2
+ 4y
2
= a
2

(C) Length of the chord of (R) 2a
the ellipse x
2
+ 4y
2
= a
2

joining an end point of
the major axis with an
end point of the minor axis

(D) Length of the perpendicular (S) 2 / 5 a
from the centre of the ellipse
x
2
+ 4y
2
= a
2
on the tangent
at the point where it intersects
the line y = x
(T) 5/2

Column-I Column-II
(A) A point on the plane (P) (1, 2, 3)
2x + 4y 5z + 15 = 0 is

(B) A point on the line (Q) (2, 4, 7)

2
1 + x
=
4
2 + y
=
5
2 + z
is

(C) A point on both (R) (5, 10, 13)
2x + 4y 5z + 15 = 0
and
2
1 + x
=
4
2 + y
=
5
2 + z
is

(D) Mid-point of the points (S) (3/2, 3, 5)
joining (A) and (B)
(T) None

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X Y Z W

12. If a = i + 2j 3k, b = 2i + j k and u is a vector
satisfying a u = a b and a . u = 0 then 2 |u|
2
is
equal to ____ .

13. If the tangent at the point P on the circle x
2
+ y
2

+ 6x + 6y = 2 meets the straight line 5x 2y + 6 = 0
at a point Q on the y-axis then the length of PQ is

14. The distance between the parallel lines given by
(x + 7y)
2
+ 2 4 (x + 7y) 42 = 0 is

15. The radius of the circle passing through the foci of
the ellipse
9 16
2 2
y x
+ = 1 and having its centre at
(0, 3) is

16. Vertices of a triangle are (0, 0) (41, 37) and
( 37, 41) where and are the roots of the
equation 3x
2
16x + 15 = 0. The area of the
triangle is k, then
543
k
is equal to

17. The volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are
the points with position vectors i 6j + 10k, i 3j
+ 7k, 5i j + k and 7i 4j + 7k is 11 cubic units if
the value of is ( > 0)

18. If the planes x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay
pass through a line, then a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2abc is
equal to

19. If the sum of the intercepts made by the lines
y = x + 2, y = 2x + 3, y = 3x + 4, ... y = 50x + 51, on
y-axis is
2
) 50 ( 51 k +
1, then k is.

Brief description: nickel is found as a constituent in
most meteorites and often serves as one of the
criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other
minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain
iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. The
USA 5-cent coin (whose nickname is "nickel")
contains just 25% nickel. Nickel is a silvery white
metal that takes on a high polish. It is hard,
malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a
fair conductor of heat and electricity.
Nickel carbonyl, [Ni(CO)
4
], is an extremely toxic
gas and exposure should not exceed 0.007 mg M
-3
.

Basic information
Name: Nickel
Symbol: Ni
Atomic number: 28
Atomic weight: 58.6934 (2)
Standard state: solid at 298 K
Group in periodic table: 10
Group name: (none)
Period in periodic table: 4
Block in periodic table: d-block
Colour: lustrous, metallic, silvery tinge
Classification: Metallic
Small and large samples of nickel foil like this, as
well as sheet, wire, mesh and rod (and nickel
alloys in foil, sheet, wire, insulated wire and rod
form) can be purchased from Advent Research
Materials via their web catalogue.
ISOLATION :
Isolation: it is not normally necessary to make
nickel in the laboratory as it is available readily
commercially. Small amounts of pure nickel can be
islated in the laborotory through the purification of
crude nickel with carbon monoxide. The
intermediate in this process is the highly toxic
nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)
4
. The carbonyl
decomposes on heating to about 250C to form pure
nickel powder.
Apples and Friends

You have a basket containing ten apples. You have
ten friends, who each desire an apple. You give each
of your friends one apple.After a few minutes each
of your friends has one apple each, yet there is an
apple remaining in the basket. How ?
XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY

PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans D B C C B, C C B,D C,D A,C
Ques 10 11 Column
Match Ans (A) R,S,T (B) Q (C) Q (D) Q (A) P,Q (B) P,R (C) P,R(D) P,S
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Numerical
Response Ans 5 2 2 3 1 8 4 5

CHEMISTRY
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans B B A D A, C A, B, C, D A,B,C,D A,B A,C
Ques 10 11 Column
Match
Ans
(A) S (B) Q,R,S
(C) P (D) P,Q,RS
(A) Q (B) R (C) P,S (D) Q
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Numerical
Response Ans 3 4 4 7 5 1 4 3

MATHEMATICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans B A D C A, C B, C A,C,D B,C,D A,B,C
Ques 10 11 Column
Match Ans (A) S (B) P (C) Q,R,T (D) Q (A) R (B) S (C) P (D) Q
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Numerical
Response Ans 6 9 4 2 8 4 4 1

PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans D C B B A, C C, D A,B,C,D A,B,D C,D
Ques 10 11 Column
Match
Ans
(A) P,Q (B) P,Q,R
(C) S (D) P,Q,R
(A) R,S (B) Q (C) P,Q (D) Q
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Numerical
Response Ans 5 5 4 0 4 1 3 5

CHEMISTRY
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans A C B C C, D A, B, D A,B,C C,D A,B,C,D
Ques 10 11 Column
Match Ans (A) P (B) R (C) Q (D) S (A) Q,R (B) S (C) Q,R (D) P
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Numerical
Response Ans 6 5 2 6 1 4 4 2

MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans C A C C A, B, C, D A, B, C, D A,C,D B C
Ques 10 11 Column
Match Ans (A) R (B) P (C) S (D) Q (A) Q (B) P (C) R (D) S
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Numerical
Response Ans 5 5 2 4 9 7 1 2
IIT- JEE 2012 (October issue)
IIT- JEE 2013 (October issue)

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XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 OCTOBER 2011

. Find the instantaneous force

B ) at the origin = magnetic field

= 4687.5 sec Ans.

perpendicular into the

: thiocynate ion HSCN : thiocyanic acid (SCN)

:cyanate ion HOCN : cyanic acid

: fulminate ion HONC : fulminic acid

, where p and q are

c be non-coplanar unit vectors

ion concentration in 0.01M solution

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