Endeavor

THE RISE OF SOCIAL CREATIVES

Charles Tsai

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Social Creatives

Social Creatives designs innovative tools and programs to empower todays change agents. We provide ebooks, workshops, innovation competitions and programs to help individuals master the art of change. Visit www.socialcreatives.org to nd out more.
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Chapter 1

Introduction

Dont ask what the world needs. Ask what makes you come alive and go do it. Because what the world needs is people who have come alive.
- Howard Thurman American Theologian

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Introduction
How is the world different because you are here? -Bill Drayton, founder, Ashoka

This is not a question we get asked every day. Or ever. But whether you are a teenager or a grandparent, you can sense its importance. You might even feel it in your heart. We all want to matter. We want our life to count for something. Wed like to know we really are making a difference - to someone or some place. But that primary drive - for meaning and signicance - tends to get pushed aside. In school, we are told to strive for good grades, to score well on tests and get into better schools. And then, if were lucky, we will get good jobs and successful careers. Perhaps then we will matter. But is that really how it works?
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You may have a nagging suspicion that all that may not be enough - or even satisfying. Most jobs you see around you dont seem all that exciting or fullling. And you would be right. When people are asked if theyre satised with their jobs, 60 percent say no. Even if they are happy with what theyre doing, the typical worker these days changes jobs every 4.1 years. That means every four years, everything changes. The truth is that for most of us, jobs will give us paychecks but not purpose. If employment is not the answer, what about citizenship? The Fall of Institutions Just like work, our civic life tends to be organized and

dictated by institutions. Political parties want us to vote for them. They say thats how real change will come about. Just vote for the right party and elect the right politicians every few years. Charities want us to donate and maybe even volunteer. They say thats the most efcient way to scale change. If only they were right. These days, all institutions educational, political, social - are nding it hard to keep up with the times - to meet the changing needs of our changing world. So as institutions get stuck, individuals rise up. The Rise of Individuals All over the world, people like you and me are standing up and
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Even if you win the rat race, youre still a rat.

~ Unknown

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demanding more. Young and old, were challenging what is by introducing what could be. Were breaking old rules by inventing better ones. We take it upon ourselves to gure out solutions but even when we dont solve problems, we are creating new possibilities - for ourselves and for others. That alone gives us a sense of purpose. We, Social Creatives, share some dening characteristics. We

Gallery 1.1 Young Social Creatives

Innovate. We create new solutions or simply

put new ideas into play so that we can make things better.
Chris Temple, Zach Ingrasci and two friends use lmmaking and experiential learning to help illuminate the challenge of global poverty.

Amplify. We lift the voices and elevate the

interests of those who need to be heard. We shine the spotlight on concerns that need to be addressed.

How do we do all this? Through many different ways, of course. But one common approach - and the focus of this ebook - is to initiate projects. Launching projects of all kinds, Social Creatives are nding new answers to age old questions: How do I live a life of passion and purpose? How do I contribute
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Multiply. We spread solutions and change so

that more people can benet.

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to society? What are my true talents and gifts? In short, how do I make a difference? Of course, some projects are better conceived and generate better results than others. The next ebook will focus on how to launch successful projects and why projects are a good way to think of change in the rst place. For now, though, lets simply look at the wide variety of projects that Social Creatives engage in. Their diversity is the main purpose of this ebook. How to Use this Book I hope this brief ebook - and the 10 project categories proled - will broaden your thinking of how people can meaningfully engage in change. Each project category showcases one TED Talk. Be sure to watch each one to appreciate the true potential of each project type.

If you need more convincing, watch the bonus video in each section. Together, they offer multiple pathways to change. Which one is right for you? Whichever one you pick, be aware of the fundamental shifts in thinking that they all represent. Four in particular are: 1) Institutions to Individuals What drives change is the creativity and passion of individuals. It has always been thus. We just notice it more because they can operate more independently now of the institutions that have become dominant. 2) Organizations to Associations We still need one another but we group ourselves more organically, not through established

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organizations, but by voluntary associations and networks of like-minded individuals. 3) Jobs to Projects We fulll our calling not by jobs that pay our bills but by projects that we voluntarily take on. We may still have jobs but they dont dene us. 4) Solutions to Contributions Although we care about solving problems, we care even more that more of us nd ways to contribute our gifts and talents. The more people are engaged, the more likely it is that we can solve and even prevent problems in our world. Keep these paradigm shifts in mind as you immerse yourself in the following inspiring stories and as you begin your own journey to answering the question: How is the world different because I am here?

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Chapter 2

Artistic

Art is not what you see but what you make others see.
Edgar Degas

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Artistic

Ask people around you to name something that brings them joy something they would do even if they were not paid - and you can count on most of them to mention one of the creative arts. Artistic pursuits - writing, drawing, painting, singing, dancing, performing and making - have been core human endeavors for most of our history. They please our senses and appeal to our innate need for creativity and beauty. Psychologists today would say the arts put us in ow. Its when we are so immersed in something that we forget everything else around us. That feeling of unity and oneness can be immensely satisfying. Because most of us have some artistic skills and derive pleasure from them, we naturally nd ways to use those skills for positive ends by initiating artistic projects. Sarah Kay, for example, uses spoken word performance to entertain, educate and inspire young people to nd their own creative voice. Watch her demonstrate the magic of poetry and describe the change she creates through Project Voice.
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SARAHKAY
If I should have a daughter...
Spoken word performer uses poetry to entertain, educate and inspire youth.

Click here.

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Im sure youve come across even more obvious ways that artistic skills have been used for positive ends. Filmmakers make short lms or even feature length documentaries about climate change, genocide, child soldiers and poverty. Artists paint murals to raise awareness of urgent issues. Musicians write songs to raise funds for earthquake and famine relief. The primary question behind all their efforts is: How can my artistic skills serve a cause I care about? This question is not just for the professionals. Take a look on YouTube and Vimeo and youll see that the best work often comes from passionate amateurs. So what artistic skills do you have? What interesting or unique ways can you apply them to create positive change around you?

Julia Bacha - One Story, One Film, Many Changes

Click here.

Film shines spotlight on story of nonviolence in the town of Budrus. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: Use your artistic skills to tell a fascinating story. Dont just make pretty things. Even if you are doing what someone else has done - i.e., flash mob, lipdub - add your own creative t wist so that your work stands out.
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Dan Eldon was a young artist and activist who used photography to call attention to the famine in Somalia in the 1990s. His pictures helped mobilize the international community to intervene and save thousands of people from starvation. Dan was killed on assignment in 1993 when he was just 22 years old. His family launched a foundation in his memory to support creative activists who use media and the arts to create positive change. www.creativevisions.org

The Art of Life

Safari As A Way of Life

Watch my CNN prole of Dan Eldons life and work.

Dans mom and sister share Dans life story at TEDxTeen

Click here.

Click here.

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Chapter 3

Challenge

Be the change you wish to see in the world.

- Mahatma Gandhi

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Challenge

What is social change, really? For the most part, it involves getting people to take actions or change behavior in a way that brings about better outcomes for society. That may explain why its difcult to make a difference. People dont like to change what they do or what theyre accustomed to. In order to motivate positive behavior in others, Social Creatives understand they have to walk the talk and Be the Change. This is why many projects involve people issuing themselves a daunting challenge: run a marathon, swim the English Channel, survive on locally grown food, or live one year off the grid. For some, the challenge allows them to model behavior - show that it can be done. For others, the challenge demonstrates true commitment to a cause. That was exactly Lewis Pughs intent when he challenged himself to swim in the freezing waters at the North Pole. The risk he took showed how urgent he felt the climate change crisis had become. Watch him recount the harrowing ordeal in his TED talk. Challenge projects are attractive for other reasons.
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LEWISPUGH
My swim across the North Pole

Symbolic swim calls attention to melting ice caps.

Click here.

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Neil Pasricha - The 3 As of Awesome

Because they involve risks (of failure), they grab peoples attention. You want to know how things will turn out. When they are successful - and even when theyre not - they offer up good stories. The best ones will have audiences at the edge of their seats. So what impact can challenges have? Are they simply to grab attention and entertain? Just like artistic projects, challenges are mainly done to raise awareness and shift mindsets. If they are carefully planned and they connect people to simple actions that can be taken (donate money), then they can also lead to tangible results (funds raised). Ask yourself: What positive action do I want other people to take and how can I model that behavior to a degree that seems difcult or impossible? Or, what difcult action can I take that would demonstrate my deep commitment to a cause?

Click here.
A challenge to blog about 1,000 awesome things leads to awesome results. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: Take risks but design your challenge so that you have a reasonable chance of success. Align your challenge to the cause so people see a clear connection. Create a challenge that allows you to learn - not just prove - something.
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Chapter 4

Collaborative

If you want to go quickly, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.

- African Proverb

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Collaborative

Youve heard people talk about the Power of One. Indeed, most of the stories in this ebook attest to that. But lets not forget the Power of Many, which is equally if not more inspiring. Not only can groups of people do more, they also can be more intelligent as a group than any individual in that group. This is whats called collective wisdom. The best way to illustrate this is to have a roomful of people guess how many jelly beans are in a jar. After each person writes down a guess, you can add them up and take the average. Youll nd that almost every time, the average - which is their collective guess - is more accurate than any of the individual guesses. It works like magic! Theres magic too when large numbers of people come together to accomplish one single goal. Its hard to nd a more beautiful illustration of that than Eric Whitacres virtual choir, consisting of more than 2,000 people around the world who sang together via YouTube videos. Watch his account of how the choir came about and listen to what they managed to pull off.

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ERICWHITACRE
A virtual choir of 2,000 voices
Composer leads an online choir of more than 2,000 singers.

Click here.

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We saw collective action at work at Tahrir Square in Egypt where protesters forced the ouster of their corrupt president. And we saw it at work at Zucotti Park where Occupy Wall Street protesters stood their ground and inspired similar protests across the U.S. But we also see it in ash mobs, fundraising drives, mass clean up efforts, and Wikipedia. They arise out of knowing that some things cant be done by individuals alone. In fact, the most inspiring endeavors begin when groups of people get together and ask themselves the most powerful question in social change: What can we create together? Whatever communities youre in - online or ofine youre bound to nd like-minded people who share a common desire to contribute. Create an opportunity to get together with them and then ask yourselves honestly and openly, without pre-determining the answer: What can we create together?

Luis von Ahn - Massive-scale Online Collaboration

Click here.
The internet allows for collaborative projects of not just thousands but millions of people to digitize books and translate the web.

Tips: Learn to accept that this is not about what I want but what we want. Make it easy for people to contribute what theyre good at. Validate each persons contribution.
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Chapter 5

Design

Good design is a lot like clear thinking made visual.

Edward Tufte

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Design

Human beings are often called toolmakers. More than any other species, we invent and use tools to help us live. In turn, those tools change who we are. We even divide human history by the new technologies that emerge: trains, planes, automobiles, televisions, the internet, etc. Their power has inspired many of us to invent and improve the technology around us. Sometimes we make entirely new tools to help us get things done. Other times, we simply try to make technology more appropriate - better suited for specic users and conditions. That means we do need to re-invent the wheel - over and over again - because no single technology can be useful to everyone everywhere at all times. When 14-year-old William Kamkwamba read about wind turbines in a book, he knew they could never been made in his village. Not unless he redesigned them from the ground up and built them with local materials. He did just that and managed to bring power to his village for the very rst time. [Watch this TED Talk.]
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WILLIAMKAMKWAMBA
How I harnessed the wind
A 14-year-old school dropout builds a windmill to power his home in rural Malawi

Click here.

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Change agents everywhere invent, adapt and design new products and services to meet various needs. They start with the desire to make something better. Sometimes, the things they make dont catch on or dont appeal to enough people. And there are times when new designs actually make things worse. But occasionally, they come up with breakthroughs that forever change how we do things. That happens when design goes beyond just making something beautiful or fashionable. As Tim Brown explains in his TED Talk, design thinking starts with real human needs, uses prototypes to rene ideas, and invites input from everyone involved. Look at your own life and see if theres something you do that has frustrated you because you think there should be a better way. Ask yourself, How can I redesign objects and environments around me so that its easier for me (and others like me) to get something done?

Arvind Gupta - Turning trash into toys for learning

Click here.
One kids trash is another kids educational toys, thanks to the inventive mind of Arvind Gupta. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: Explore various designs rather than lock into one design, as great as it may seem. Design with your users rather than for them. Serve real needs. Simplify life.
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Chapter 6

Do-ItYourself
It takes half your life before you discover life is a do-ityourself project.
- Napoleon Hill

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Do-It-Yourself

Education today is all about the mind. It teaches our brains how to think and reason but it neglects our hands (and our heart). We nish school not knowing how to make or grow things. Whatever we need, we buy. Even cooking - making the food we need to survive - has become a spectator sport. So whats the problem? All the convenience society provides has made us ignorant of what goes into our stuff. We know nothing about the environmental and human cost of their production. We become increasingly dependent rather than resilient. We rely more and more on experts to do things for us. Mahatma Gandhi, Indias independence leader, argued that true political and economic freedom requires local production. And if you take that away, you also take away what it means to be human. He spun his own cotton and made his own clothes to prove that point. Artist Britta Riley takes a similar approach to food. In this TED talk, she shares the story of how she started an indoor farming project that helps urban dwellers engage in food production.
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BRITTARILEY
A garden in my apartment
Artist shows how you can grow your own food even in a small apartment.

Click here.

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Britta is just one of millions of people around the world who have joined the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) revolution. It includes people who make their own homes, their own food, their own music. They make gadgets, equipment, and clothing. Instead of relying on professionals, they try to do things themselves. Sometimes, its about doing things in a better way. Other times, its about learning skills and making things uniquely our own. Theres a world of difference between a song you write and a song you buy, even if what you buy is objectively better. If it seems daunting, dont despair. Do-It-Yourself doesnt mean do it by yourself. You can always count on other DIYers to help you out. So ask yourself: What things do you value the most and instead of buying them, can you begin to learn how to make them yourself and then help others do the same?

Marcin Jakubowski - Open-source hardware

Click here.
Open-source project allows anyone to build their on farm machines from scratch. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: Make use of things you tend to throw away. Involve others. Make it a team effort. Learn from others. Teach others.

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Chapter 7

Educational

Education is not the lling of a pail, but the lighting of a re.

- William Butler Yeats

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Educational

Youve heard it said before: Knowledge is Power. Thats especially true in todays Information Age. Yet, in much of the developing world, many children dont even go to primary school. Here in the United States where all young people are expected to nish Grade 12, at least one in four students do not graduate. Some schools even have dropout rates of over 40 percent. Across the U.S., schools are underfunded, teachers are underpaid and governments are going broke. Furthermore, schools are under such pressure to teach to standardized tests that students are not getting the education they need to thrive in a rapidly changing world. Suddenly, education has become everyones business. Look around and its easy to see opportunities to improve, spread, supplement and update formal education. Thats how Salmah Khan began giving math lessons on YouTube and launched what is arguably the most popular online school in the world - the Khan Academy.
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SALMANKHAN
Use video to reinvent education
Khan Academy turns education on its head with online videos.

Click here.

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The core subjects - reading, writing and rithmetic - are not the only topics that deserve attention. We need to learn much that isnt even taught in schools - sustainability, empathy, kindness, emotional literacy, urban farming, cooking, crafts, leadership, mentorship, entrepreneurship, civic responsibility, philanthropy, community development, etc. The list goes on. How will any of this get taught? Only through educational projects that each of us start up... for ourselves and for each other. We can no longer just sit back and wait for the right knowledge to come to us. We can all ask ourselves: What do we know that we can teach others? Or we can ask: What do I want to learn and how can I start a project that will teach me and others that valuable knowledge? Curiosity, not expertise, is what enables learning. Dont be afraid that you may not know enough.

Masarat Daud - Eight-day Academy

Click here.
Re-imagines education for all by creating 8-day academies that provide targeted learning. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: The best learning is experiential (see next chapter). Start with a meaningful question that others are also trying to figure out.

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Chapter 8

Entrepreneurial

Successful people are always looking for opportunities to help others. Unsuccessful people are asking, Whats in it for me?
Brian Tracy

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Entrepreneurial

Social Creatives seek to provide value to others through their projects, whatever type they are. The value can be social, economic, educational, environmental, etc. When the value you provide is something that others will pay for, its a lot easier for you to fund it and keep it going. This is why many change agents favor the market-based approach: they create a product or service that both provides as well as captures value. They money you earn goes back to fund the product or service you sell and maybe even generate some prot. When that happens, the project allows you to make a living doing something you love to do rather than work for some company that you dont really believe in. Thats the case with two university students, Alejandro Velez and Nikhil Arora, who decided to see if growing mushrooms with recycled coffee grounds can work and whether it might be protable. Watch them recount the humorous beginnings of their burgeoning mushroom farming business.
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ALEJANDROVELEZ & NIKHILARORA

Urban mushroom farming
Two college cllassmates turn mushroom farming into a business.

Click here.

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For many, entrepreneurship is not a choice but a necessity. It may be the only way to keep food on the table. Or it may be the only way to fund whatever change you want to create. In recent decades, change agents have been using entrepreneurship to fund activities that normally would be paid for by charities and governments. It provides for a more sustainable model. Whatever the reason, charging people for the goods or services you provide has an added side benet: it gives you a listening device that tells you whether what you have is something people truly value... enough that they would pay for it. Their hard-earned dollars are more honest than survey forms. To generate ideas for entrepreneurial projects, ask yourself: What are people willing to pay for and how can I deliver that good or service in a way that creates more social or environmental impact that what we see now?

Leila Janah - The Microwork Revolution

Click here.
Samasource outsources digital jobs to workers in developing countries, giving them work, not aid. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: Your product or service should solve a real problem that people have. Test your product or service as quickly as possible. See whether and how people buy and use it and improve quickly.
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Chapter 9

Experiential

Life is not measured by the breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away.
- Unknown

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Experiential

Making a difference often means producing change that can be measured, counted and documented. But how do you count the happiness of a child, the generosity of a mentor or the gratitude of a person you help. Life is lived in moments and sometimes, its the eeting moments and the eeting emotions that we want to enhance. What good is getting a diploma if we dont enjoy the learning? How great is a community if the houses are beautiful but the people dont talk to one another? Its sometimes said, There is no way to peace. Peace is the way. The journey is the destination. This is the sentiment behind projects involving random acts of kindness and paying it forward. The experience is its own reward. It explains why people like like Charlie Todd creates public spectacles, such as the annual no-pants subway ride, so that people have a great story to tell from what would otherwise have been a mundane experience.
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CHARLIETODD
The shared experience of absurdity
Comedian creates public spectacle to spread chaos and joy.

Click here.

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Often the point of experiential projects is not to create a meaningful experience for others but for ourselves. You can use unusual experiences to help you grow, learn something rst hand and even develop empathy - i.e., walk in someone elses shoes. Writer A.J. Jacobs spends a year trying to follow every rule in the Bible as literally as possible whereas documentarian Morgan Spurlock spends 30 days eating nothing but food from McDonalds. Both were trying to provide insights to issues most people care about, such as religion and health. And the man who invented sanitary napkins for poor women decides to wear one himself so that he can empathize with the women hes trying to help. You can ask yourself: What positive experiences would you like to create for others so that their life now can be enriched? How can you use experiential learning to advance the understanding of an important issue?

A.J. Jacobs - My year of living biblically

Click here.

How yearlong experiment in following every rule in the Bible yields insights on faith. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: Use experiential projects to remind people what truly matters. Use experiential learning to bring an issue closer to home.

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Chapter 10

Research

Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing.
- Wernher von Braun

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Research

When we think back to the research projects we did in school, they may seem pretty insignicant - a mere academic exercise. But in the real world, well-designed research can lead to signicant impact. They tell us whats wrong and how problems come about. They tell us what solutions work or dont work. Research is about getting answers that dont reveal themselves in the back of a book. Without answers, it would be difcult for anyone to effect real change. Youd think that a lot of important questions have already been answered. We just need to know where to look (after weve exhausted Wikipedia). But youd be wrong. Things are changing so fast around us that its difcult to get a clear picture on the most basic things in life, such as our food. That was the case with Robyn OBrien when her daughter had an allergic reaction to a typical breakfast and she set out to discover whats in our food we feed todays children. Her research project, now a book, has made her a real food evangelist.
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ROBYNOBRIEN
The Unhealthy Truth
Researching what made her daughter sick led this mom to become a real food evangelist.

Click here.

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Research doesnt always have to dwell on problems on whats wrong. They can also help explain whats right. That was Jerry Sternins approach when he tried to address malnutrition in rural children in Vietnam. Rather than focus on the 65% of the children who were malnourished, he tried to understand what the healthy children were doing. Their uncommon practices and behaviors were then shared with the rest of the population, which then led to an 85 percent decrease in malnutrition. Often, the solutions are already out there. We just need to see it. So the questions we have to ask ourselves: What important question do I want to answer and how can I try to answer it? How can I help nd existing solutions to a problem I care about and help other people see that as well?

Dan Buettner - How to live to be 100+

Click here.

Research into the worlds Blue Zones yields to clues to the secret of longevity. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: Be clear on the one question youre trying to answer and why its interesting or meaningful to you. Use storytelling to engage others in your research.
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Chapter 11

Service

The best way to nd yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.

- Mahatma Gandhi

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Service

Finally, Social Creatives initiate service projects where the primary motivation is to create change by helping others. The need is clear. What matters is that people step up and do what they can. We see this whenever fundraising campaigns, donation drives and volunteer efforts are organized. But even in this category, creativity can be instrumental. It matters how you fundraise, how you donate and how you volunteer. A prime example is the Awesome Foundation, a new model of giving pioneered by ten young professionals in Boston. Instead of just writing checks to a charity or a foundation, they started a foundation themselves. They chose to participate in the decision-making process of what projects to fund in their community and inspire their peers to do the same wherever they are. As Christina Xu explains, this alternate form of philanthropy allows them to be more engaged and more innovative than they otherwise would have been.
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CHRISTINAXU
Importance of Being Awesome
The story of how 10 friends created a foundation that now has dozens of chapters worldwide.

Click here.

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Young people demonstrate to us every day the power of creativity in service. They understand that literacy programs are not just about the ABCs. Theyre about spreading the joy of reading. So its not enough to hand out books. Its vital that volunteers make storybooks come alive by acting them out. Look in any high school and youll see that fundraising campaigns take on unique twists. Their creativity often surpasses the typical fundraising appeals you get from most charities. What these Social Creatives understand is that we need to motivate, not just inform. We need engagement, which doesnt happen when we are treated like cash machines. So how can you create innovative service projects? Ask yourself: How can we serve a cause in our own unique way? How can we appeal to peoples need for engagement or even excitement rather than their sense of duty?

Dave Eggers - Once Upon A School

Click here.

Dave Eggers popularizes one-on-one tutoring through a creative after school program. [Click picture to play.]

Tips: Build relationships bet ween people who give and those who receive. Use game thinking to make your project more engaging. Bring out the joy in service.
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Chapter 12

Next

Do what you can with what you have where you are.
- Theodore Roosevelt

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If any of the TED Talks has inspired you to come up with project ideas of your own, then this ebook has done its job. Go forth and do them. Or if you need more step-by-step guidance, then wait for the companion ebook - Endeavor: The Workbook. The workbook will include: Dozens more inspiring stories and videos of social change projects Step-by-step guide on how to design projects that lead to impact Resources and tools to support each project type and how to leverage online platforms Activity guides that help you learn (and teach) core skills of changemaking Tutorials on how to communicate your project your endeavor - to others and much more

Sign up today at www.socialcreatives.org to receive the workbook when its released. To share feedback and comments and to tell us about your project, please send an email to charles@socialcreatives.org I look forward to hearing from each and every one of you and even help out where I can.

Charles Tsai Vancouver, Canada

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About the Author

Charles Tsai is a journalist, writer, speaker and consultant for social entrepreneurs. A former reporter and producer for CNN, Charles ventured into the social sector to help youth design and implement their own solutions for global change. He has educated and mentored hundreds of young changemakers through Ashoka, the world's largest network of social entrepreneurs. In 2009, he helped Ashoka launch its rst four global campaigns to support youth-led social ventures around the world. Charles also started his own foundation, SOCIAL Creatives, to produce educational tools and programs that help individuals master the art of change. He's the creator of the Creative Activist Toolkit, which has been downloaded more than 90,000 times and is featured on the website of the World Bank's Development Marketplace. Charles also writes and reports on

Charles Tsai
charles@socialcreatives.org www.socialcreatives.org

social innovation for Hufngton Post. As a journalist, Charles received numerous awards and an Emmy nomination for his work. He received a B.A. in English Literature and Rhetoric from the University of California at Berkeley and an M.A. in Journalism from Columbia University. 2012 Charles Tsai
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