Foundations (c. 8000 B.C.E.-600 C.E.) i. 14,000 B.C.E. End of Great Ice Age ii. 5000 B.C.E.

Domestication of maize (corn) in Mesoamerica iii. 31000 B.C.E. Rise of Egyptian Civilization iv. 1500 B.C.E. Shang Kingdom in China; writing develops v. 1122 B.C.E. Western Zhou kings in China Characteristics: a. Agriculture/ farming b. Metal tools/ weapons c. Domestication of animals d. City-States e. Growth of civilizations Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) 8,000 B.C.E.-3,000 B.C.E. 1. The population gradually develops also leading to copper, the first metal which bends, breaks and was able to be mixed with tin creating the Bronze Age (3,0001,500 B.C.E.) and the Iron Age. 2. The foraging societies (hunter-gather clans) began to gather food and also possessed animals. It lead to gradual change with agriculture and farming. This also lead to city-states. 3. As the years evolved, these early peoples began to form civilizations most commonly around river valleys. 4. Civilizations also began to take on writing and some forms of written communication. Catal Huyuk: Neolithic village in southern Turkey founded in 7,000 B.C.E. that was about 32 acres. Within in the civilizations, religious images were worshipped, and they even relied on agriculture for consumption. As they began to develop an interest in politics and military force, it began to build up a civilization. They even based their society on social class and wealth within in the civilization. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization (Mesopotamia): It is recorded to be one of the earliest civilizations that by 4,000 B.C.E., farmers who were familiar with bronze and copper used it to even invent the wheel. One of their basis for complex political structures was farming. Sumerians: Sumerians were polytheistic where they even built temples called ziggurats including the cuneiform alphabet. It is now known as the 1st known cause of human writing and stressed an organized city-states where they were ruled by a king often seen as a military leader. All civilizations began to decline but spread widely enough to encourage surviving empires. Key Changes:

1. In sedentary societies, women lose power as people settle down, and their roles became more limited. All womens freedoms would differed depending on their social class and status where cultural and traditional influenced them but most of them maintained their freedom through their household. 2. Through new technologies developed to increasing irrigation as well as agriculture and farming, it lead to the surplus of food emerging a supple of food to populate more civilizations as well as developing even more advanced technologies such as gunpowder. Key Continuities 1. One of the key continuities was that despite social status affecting womens role, it remained patriarchal. 2. Continuity in the invention of metallurgy, innovations, as well as other tools invention, it made an impact on civilizations agriculture as well as farming, improving it so surplus of food can be grown. 3. Reasons for Change: 1. One of the reasons that caused these civilizations to advance through agriculture, trade and conquest and was one of the striving force behind it. 2. Expansion of major belief systems as they followed the trade routes and the military movements. 3. In Babylon, Hammurabi was the king who was first to introduce the most famous early code of law, leading to much more structural civilization. Individuals: Queen Hatshepsut is the first female ruler known in history who ruled for 22 years during the New Kingdom where she greatly expanded Egyptian trade expeditions and extended rights and opportunities with most Egyptian women. King Menes united the entire river valley who built his capital at Memphis where he managed the floodwaters and built drainage and irrigation systems leading his civilization to become wealthy and powerful. Nebuchadnezzar was a Chalden king who rebuilt Babylon to show the architecture and culture s he extended his empire throughout the Fertile Crescent but the new Babylon failed. Direct Comparisons of 2 Societies Sumer, the first major Mesopotamian Civilization were successful in writing cuneiform, and invented the wheel, where it lead to improvements in agriculture as well as other affairs such trade. Because of writing cuneiforms, they were able to write down laws, treaties, and social customs, as well as inventing a math system. In Mesopotamia, Babylon, Kim Hammurabi developed an official code of laws, called the Code of Hammurabi. By doing so, it established the sense of Justine and fairness by applying laws, which they learned from the Sumerians. But the Babylons were being over dominated by the Semitic people, while Sumerian was being completely overthrown. 10 Vocabulary Words:

1. Pastoralism is a lifestyle that consists of domesticating livestock and herding. Pastoralism is significant because it gave people meat, milk, and energy so they can produce agriculture surpluses and also the nutrition to work in fields. 2. Matrilineal is the descent through women. Matrilineal is significant because it gave women social standing. 3. Phoenicians was a seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean. Phoenicians are significant because it established colonies throughout the Mediterranean and they also devised an alphabet of 22 letters, which later became the Greek alphabet. 4. Lydians is an Iron Age civilization located in western Anatolia and lasted from 1200 B.C.E. to 546. The Lydians are significant because they were the first civilization to develop and use coined money around 650 B.C.E. and to develop retail shops, allowing for the development of commercial systems in other civilizations in the future. 5. Patriarchal society was a society in which men ruled. Patriarchal society is significant because when men ruled, women lost standing so it caused women to fight for their rights. 6. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro was a large city supported by the urban civilization along the Indus River in 2500 B.C.E. It was significant because it was one of the only places in that time with running water in their houses and most excavated cities in the Indus River Valley. 7. Indus River was a Bronze Age civilization located on the Western part of the Indus subcontinent and on the floodplain on the Indus River. The Indus River is significant because some cultures were rescued and were the early ideas of Hinduism and Jainism as well because the location of Harappan civilization. 8. Bronze Age started from about 4000 BCE. The Bronze Age was significant because it was when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E. when iron began to replace it. 9. Neolithic Age was the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 BCE. Neolithic Age was significant because the period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; and the domestication of plants and animals accomplished. 10. Catal Huyak is an early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture and was located in modern southern Turkey. Catal Huyak was significant because it was larger in population than Jericho, and had a greater degree of social stratification and it was one of the first civilizations. Drawing: