Aerosols - Scholars

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2008 1
Scholars Aerosols
Aerosols
Aerosols..........................................................................................................................................................................1
***SO2/DIMMING DA.................................................................................................................................................3
1NC SO2/Dimming DA [1/2].........................................................................................................................................4
1NC SO2/Dimming DA [2/2].........................................................................................................................................5
Dimming-Uniqueness-Block Extension/A2: CAA.........................................................................................................6
Dimming-Uniqueness-Fossil Fuel Use High Now [1/2]................................................................................................7
Dimming-Fossil fuels=Aerosols.....................................................................................................................................8
Dimming-Aerosols k2 Dimming....................................................................................................................................9
Dimming-Warming pollutants = Dimming...................................................................................................................10
Dimming ⇓ solvency.....................................................................................................................................................11
Dimming Good-Solves Warming [1/3].........................................................................................................................12
Dimming = Negative Feedback....................................................................................................................................15
Dimming-Reducing aerosols=More warming..............................................................................................................16
Aerosols Solve Warming – IPCC Concurs...................................................................................................................17
Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Rice [1/2]....................................................................................................18
Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Rice [2/2]....................................................................................................19
Dimming Good-Solves Drought-Solves Rice...............................................................................................................20
Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Corn [1/2]....................................................................................................21
Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Corn [2/2]....................................................................................................22
Dimming Good - Soil Moisture....................................................................................................................................23
Soil Moisture Impact - Drought....................................................................................................................................24
Soil Moisture Impact - Biodiversity.............................................................................................................................25
Dimming Good-solves Forest Growth..........................................................................................................................26
Dimming Good- ⇓ Sea Temps......................................................................................................................................27
Dimming Good-Solves Fish-Cold Waters Good..........................................................................................................28
Dimming Good-Solves Coral Bleaching......................................................................................................................29
Dimming Good-Dimming Solves Plankton [1/2].........................................................................................................30
Dimming Good-Dimming Solves Plankton [2/2].........................................................................................................31
Dimming Good-Solves Sea Levels...............................................................................................................................32
Dimming Good-Solves Wheat/Grain-Colder Temps....................................................................................................33
Dimming Good-Solves Wheat-Warming Kills Wheat..................................................................................................34
Dimming Good-Solving warming=More Warming [1/3].............................................................................................35
Dimming Good-Solves Disease....................................................................................................................................38
Warming=Dimming in South & East U.S. [1/2]...........................................................................................................39
Warming=Dry Heat in Western U.S..............................................................................................................................40
Warming=Dimming in South & East Asia....................................................................................................................41
Fast Warming Worse.....................................................................................................................................................42
*** WETLANDS METHANE.....................................................................................................................................43
Methane Wetlands Turn................................................................................................................................................44
Methane Wetlands Turn................................................................................................................................................45
Methane Wetlands - Unique Link.................................................................................................................................46
Methane Wetlands Turn – Must Read...........................................................................................................................47
Methane Wetlands Turn – Must Read...........................................................................................................................48
Wetlands Methane - Aerosols Decrease Methane.........................................................................................................49
Wetlands Methane - Aerosols Decrease Methane.........................................................................................................50
Wetlands Methane - Research Proves...........................................................................................................................51
Wetlands Methane - Time Frame / Studies..................................................................................................................52
Wetlands Methane - Time Frame.................................................................................................................................53
Wetlands Methane - Impact + Neg Studies Indite.......................................................................................................54
Wetlands Methane - Positive Feedback.......................................................................................................................55
Wetlands Methane - AT: We Overestimate..................................................................................................................56
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - AT: Volcanoes..............................................................................................................................57
***ANSWERS TO ANSWERS...................................................................................................................................58
Dimming-AT: “Most Aerosols are natural”..................................................................................................................59
Dimming-AT: Previous studies.....................................................................................................................................60
Dimming-AT: “Dimming doesn’t assume all pollution”..............................................................................................61
Dimming-AT: Asian SO2 Solves..................................................................................................................................62
AT: Air Pollution = Disease..........................................................................................................................................63
AT: Aerosols = Famine.................................................................................................................................................64
AT: Aerosols Not Check Warming / Aerosols Studies..................................................................................................65
AT: Methodology Problems..........................................................................................................................................66
AT: Only Delay Impacts...............................................................................................................................................67
***DIMMING / SO2 BAD..........................................................................................................................................68
SO2/Dimming Low Now [1/2].....................................................................................................................................69
Aerosols/FF’s = Acid Rain............................................................................................................................................72
SO2=Acidic Oceans......................................................................................................................................................73
Acid Rain hurts oceans [1/2].........................................................................................................................................74
Acid Rain hurts oceans [2/2].........................................................................................................................................75
Acid Rain - Ocean destruction=Extinction...................................................................................................................76
Acid Rain-Kills Coral [1/2]..........................................................................................................................................77
Acid Rain-Kills Coral [2/2]..........................................................................................................................................78
Acid Rain-Coral k2 Bio-D............................................................................................................................................79
Acid Rain-Destroys Forest ...........................................................................................................................................80
Dimming Bad-Dimming=Famine.................................................................................................................................82
Aerosols = Famine........................................................................................................................................................83
Aerosols = Famine, Drought.........................................................................................................................................84
Aerosols Bad - SLR, Drought, Famine.........................................................................................................................85
Dimming=Drought [1/2]...............................................................................................................................................86
Dimming=Drought Impact - War[2/2]..........................................................................................................................87
.......................................................................................................................................................................................87
Dimming Bad-SO2 Kills thousands..............................................................................................................................88
***OTHER AFF ANSWERS.......................................................................................................................................89
AT: Dimming Solves Plankton ....................................................................................................................................90
AT: Dimming solves marine ecosystems......................................................................................................................92
AT: Dimming Solves Disease.......................................................................................................................................93
AT: Dimming solves drought........................................................................................................................................94
AT: Dimming-Not a developing problem.....................................................................................................................95
AT: Dimming-Not conclusive.......................................................................................................................................96
AT: Dimming-Aerosols=More warming-Black Carbon...............................................................................................97
AT: Dimming-Aerosols 90% natural............................................................................................................................98
AT: Dimming-Asia SO2 solves [1/2]............................................................................................................................99
AT: Dimming-Asia SO2 Solves [2/2].........................................................................................................................100
AT: “Cool waters mean we solve sea level”...............................................................................................................101
Coal Aerosols Not Offset Warming............................................................................................................................102
Aerosols = Disease......................................................................................................................................................103
Black Soot Counterbalancing.....................................................................................................................................104
Scholars Aerosols
***SO2/DIMMING DA
Scholars Aerosols
1NC SO2/Dimming DA [1/2]

A) Aerosols are holding off global warming now
Warren`8 (Matthew, Enviromental Writer for the Australian, Temperatures tipped to pause for a decade, May 2, 2008
Friday, Lexis)
RISING global temperatures may stall for the next decade, with some scientists now believing the natural
response of ocean currents will temporarily offset the effects of climate change. German climate scientists say
the temperature pause is the result of the slowing of the global currents that transport heat around the planet.
Their research, in the latest edition of the journal Nature, is an attempt to more accurately forecast global temperature changes and variations on a
shorter time scale. Climate modellers from the Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology have stressed
they do not directly contradict the projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which last year estimated temperature
increases of about 0.2C a decade over the next 20 years. The research suggests a cooling diversion for the next 15 to 20
years after which there is likely to be accelerated temperature increases as global warming overrides the
cooling effect. `Ìn the short term, you can see changes in the global mean temperature that you might not expect
given the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,'' Noel Keenlyside from the Leibniz Institute of
Marine Sciences told the BBC. `Ìn the long term, radiative forcing dominates. But it's important for policymakers
to realise the pattern.'' The latest research illustrates the complexity and uncertainty in trying to model the
specific behaviour of the oceans. Research released by the CSIRO in January predicted an acceleration,
rather than a slowing, of the earth's currents caused by increased pollution in the northern hemisphere.
CSIRO's Wenju Cai and Tim Cowan found that these pollutants or aerosols cool the ocean surface in the
northern hemisphere, causing an imbalance that is redressed by an acceleration of these global currents. This
effect is called global dimming. Dr Cai said his theory was not completely at odds with the latest German research,
as both would result in relative cooling across the northern hemisphere. `Àerosols are mitigating the warming --
without them we could have warmed more, and there is a net cooling effect from aerosols and that is going to
intensify the gulf stream,'' he said. Other scientists have questioned the research, saying the slowing of the currents
may be caused by changes in the saltiness of ocean waters.
B) Reducing greenhouse gases cuts SO2 and other cooling aerosols
EDIE`99Environmental Data Interactive Exchange 6/99 http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=1404

"In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide gas emitted by burning coal and oil is converted into sulphate
aerosols that enhance the reflection of solar radiation, thereby tending to cool Earth's surface," said
Michael Schlesinger, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Illinois. "In recent studies, we found that
decreasing the sulphur dioxide emissions led to significant regional warming in North America, Europe
and Asia." The studies were based on provisional greenhouse-gas and sulphur dioxide emissions developed by
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The IPCC is producing a Special Report on Emissions
Scenarios, in part as background for the IPCC Third Assessment Report scheduled to be completed in 2001. In
the special report there are four scenario families for the future emissions of greenhouse gases and sulphur
dioxide. To explore the potential effects, Schlesinger and colleagues first used a simple climate/ocean model to calculate the change in
global-mean surface temperature for the sulphur dioxide emissions of the four Special Report scenarios, as well as for the non-interventionist
IS92a scenario of the IPCC Second Assessment Report. "These global-mean temperatures were then used to scale the geographical
distributions of temperature change simulated by our atmospheric general circulation/mixed-layer-ocean model for a tenfold increase in
present-day sulphur dioxide emissions, both individually and jointly from six geographical regions," Schlesinger said. The increasing sulphur
dioxide emissions of the IS92a scenario result in a cooling contribution that helps to offset some of the greenhouse gas-induced warming,
Schlesinger said, but the decreasing sulphur dioxide emissions of the four SRES scenarios result in the opposite:
a significant warming of portions of North America, Europe and the North Atlantic, and Siberia. "Thus it
appears that mitigation of the acid-rain problem by future reductions in sulphur dioxide emissions
exacerbates the greenhouse-warming problem by enhancing the warming in and near the regions where
the sulphur dioxide emissions are reduced," Schlesinger said.
Scholars Aerosols
1NC SO2/Dimming DA [2/2]

C) Reducing aerosols causes rapid and catastrophic global warming
BBC`6 (Brittish Broadcasting Corporation, Transcript of the documentary “Global Dimming”

http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article15809.htm)
NARRATOR: If so much could happen in such a short time, removing just one form of pollution, then it
suggests that the overall effect of Global Dimming on world temperatures could be huge. DR DAVID TRAVIS:
The nine eleven study showed that if you remove a contributor to Global Dimming, jet contrails, just for a three
day period, we see an immediate response of the surface of temperature. Do the same thing globally we might
see a large scale increase in global warming. NARRATOR: This is the real sting in the tail. Solve the problem of
Global Dimming and the world could get considerably hotter. And this is not just theory, it may
already be happening. In Western Europe the steps we have taken to cut air pollution have started to bear
fruit in a noticeable improvement in air quality and even a slight reduction in Global Dimming over the last
few years. Yet at the same time, after decades in which they held steady, European temperatures have started
rapidly to rise culminating in the savage summer of 2003. Forest fires devastated Portugal. Glaciers melted in the
Alps. And in France people died by the thousand. Could this be the penalty of reducing Global Dimming without
tackling the root cause of global warming? DR BEATE LIEPERT: We thought we live in a global warming world,
um but this is actually er not right. We lived in a global warming plus a Global Dimming world, and now we are
taking out Global Dimming. So we end up with the global warming world, which will be much worse than we
thought it will be, much hotter. NARRATOR: This is the crux of the problem. While the greenhouse effect has
been warming the planet, it now seems Global Dimming has been cooling it down. So the warming caused by
carbon dioxide has been hidden from us by the cooling from air pollution. But that situation is now starting to
change. DR PETER COX (Hadley Centre, Met Office): We're gonna be in a situation unless we act where the
cooling pollutant is dropping off while the warming pollutant is going up, CO2 will be going up and particles
will be dropping off and that means we'll get an accelerated warming. We'll get a double whammy, we'll get,
we'll get reducing cooling and increased heating at the same time and that's, that's a problem for us.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-Uniqueness-Block Extension/A2: CAA

Everyone violates the clean air act-Emissions are up
a) Pfizer
Wall Street Journal`8 (Kathy Swiff, Pfizer Will Pay $975,000 to Settle Claim of Clean Air Act Violation, June 23, 2008,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121424294109297171.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)
Pfizer Inc. will pay $975,000 to settle alleged violations of the Clean Air Act at a former manufacturing plant
in Groton, Conn. The federal government said the civil settlement is the first in federal court under
regulations designed to control the emissions of hazardous air pollutants from pharmaceutical-manufacturing
operations. Pfizer spokesman Chris Loder said the world's largest drug maker agreed to settle even though it
does not believe the penalty was "commensurate with the nature of the alleged violations."
b) Mercedes-Chrysler
Consumer Affairs`6 (Consumer Affairs.com, Consumer information website, Mercedes-Benz Fined for Clean Air Act
Violation December 21, 2006 http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2006/12/epa_mercedes.html)
Mercedes-Benz USA and its parent corporation, DaimlerChrysler AG, have agreed to pay $1.2 million in civil
penalties to resolve allegations that they violated the Clean Air Act. The companies failed to promptly notify
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) about defects in the air pollution controls installed on numerous
1998 to 2006 Mercedes model vehicles, according to the Justice Department and the EPA.[Paragraphs down]
"Mercedes' failure to alert EPA to a number of defects in emission-related components over a multi-year
period is a serious violation because it deprived EPA of the opportunity to promptly determine whether
emission standards would be exceeded and whether to order a recall of any of these vehicles," Wooldridge
added. "These defect reporting requirements are a critical part of EPA's program to ensure that vehicles on
the road comply with the Clean Air Act's emissions standards," said Catherine R. McCabe, Principal Deputy
Assistant Administrator for the EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.
c) CITGO
Environmental News Service`7 (Environment News Service is the original daily newswire of the environment, since
1990. CITGO Guilty of Criminal Clean Air Act ViolationsEnvironment News Service, June, 2007
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmens/is_200706/ai_n19332983)
A federal jury in Corpus Christi has found CITGO Petroleum Corp., and its subsidiary, CITGO Refining and
Chemicals Co., guilty of two felony criminal violations of the Clean Air Act. CITGO was convicted on two
counts of operating two huge open top tanks, 116 and 117, without installing the proper emission controls
required by state and federal regulations at its Corpus Christi East Plant Refinery. Virtually no oil should have
been found in the two tanks that were part of the refinery wastewater treatment system if the tanks were
being operated as designed. CITGO learned after the two tanks were built, that large volumes of oil were
accumulating in the two tanks in violation of state and federal regulations. Modifications to the up-stream
operations were not successful at keeping oil out of the two tanks.
d) DuPont
Environmental Leader`7 (Environmental Leader, July 24, 2007Clean Air Act Violations Cost DuPont $70 Million
http://www.environmentalleader.com/2007/07/24/clean-air-act-violations-cost-dupont-70-million/)
The Department of Justice and EPA have reached a settlement with DuPont that is expected to reduce more than
13,000 tons of emissions annually from four sulfuric acid production plants in Louisiana, Virginia, Ohio and
Kentucky. DuPont will spend at least $66 million on air pollution controls at the plants and pay a civil penalty of
$4.125 million under the Clean Air Act settlement. When fully implemented, the settlement with DuPont will
reduce sulfur dioxide emissions from the four plants by approximately 90 percent. The government’s complaint
(PDF), filed today with the consent decree (PDF), alleges that DuPont made modifications to its plants which
increased emissions of sulfur dioxide without first obtaining pre-construction permits and installing required
pollution control equipment.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-Uniqueness-Fossil Fuel Use High Now [1/2]

Fossil Fuel use high now-It’s a trend
AP`8 (Associated Press, Joseph Herbert, Report sees big jump in energy, fossil fuel use
June 25, 2008, http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gUMV8UJoaN5q_kTW2qE60EkyYQZQD91H660O1)
Despite persistently high oil prices, global energy demand will grow by 50 percent over the next two decades
with continued heavy reliance on environmentally troublesome fossil fuels, especially coal and oil, the
government predicted Wednesday. The report forecast the steepest increases in China and other emerging economies where energy demand is
expected to be 85 percent greater in 2030 than it is today. "What jumps out is the very strong growth in the emerging economies," said Guy
Caruso, head of the federal Energy Information Administration, which conducted the long-term energy outlook. The projections said that without
mandatory actions to address global warming, the amount of heat-trapping carbon dioxide flowing into the atmosphere each year from energy use
will be 51 percent greater in 2030 than it was three years ago. "Fossil fuels ... are expected to continue supplying much of the
energy used worldwide," the report predicts, in spite of the growth of renewable energy sources, especial wind and biofuels. "Global
energy demand grows despite the sustained high world oil prices that are projected to persist over the long term," said the report. Oil could cost as
little as $113 a barrel or as much as $186 a barrel in 2030, the analysis assumed in making the demand forecast. Adjusted for inflation, the $113
price would be about $70 in 2006 dollars, the report said. "We're not going back to the historically low prices we saw in the '80s and '90s," said
Caruso. He said the EIA price estimates are not firm predictions, but assumptions of what costs are likely to be in the long term. The report
provided both high and low price scenarios because of the uncertainties of projecting future long-term energy prices. Given current oil prices, the
report says world oil prices appear on a path that more closely resembles the higher price scenario of $183 a barrel oil in 22 years. Caruso said the
analysis shows the importance of oil prices over the long term. He said while oil consumption will increase, the forecast
projects demand to be about 10 million barrels a day less at the higher price assumption. Still, the report
predicted continued growth of petroleum use in transportation and heavy coal use to produce electricity. The report
assumes in its analysis no additional measures to curtail carbon dioxide emissions to address climate change.
The expected growth in energy demand is especially dramatic in developing countries, led by China, that are
expected to have continued strong economic growth over the next two decades. For example, the use of coal
worldwide is expected to increase at a rate of 2 percent a year. China alone will account for nearly three-fourths
of that increase, the report said. Despite coal burning's significant impact on climate change "it's the fuel of choice
for electricity production in the emerging economies, especially China," Caruso said at a meeting held by the Center
for Strategic and International Studies. The world's demand for liquid fuels — mostly oil — will continue to
grow to 113 million barrels a day by 2030, nearly a third more than is consumed today. Unconventional oil
such as oil shale and biofuels such as ethanol should grow to nearly 10 percent of total liquid fuels. Still, with
continued demand for conventional crude oil, the OPEC cartel is expected to increase production at a pace that
will keep its 40 percent market share, the report predicts.
Fossil Fuel emissions will grow by 50%
IPS`8 (International Press Service, Abid Aslam, ENERGY: U.S. Sees World Use Soaring Despite Rising Costs, June 25,
2008, http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42968)
World energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions will grow by about 50 percent over the next two decades
despite soaring oil prices as developing countries outpace rich ones in consumption, the U.S. government predicts.
"World marketed energy consumption is projected to increase by 57 percent from 2004 to 2030," the Energy
Information Administration (EIA) says in its International Energy Outlook 2008 report, released Wednesday.
Referring to the wealthy nations' Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), it adds that
during the same period, "total energy demand in the non-OECD countries increases by 95 percent, compared
with an increase of 24 percent in the OECD countries." The report sees non-OECD countries' share of world
energy consumption rising from 47.9 percent in 2005 to 58.8 percent in 2030. Oil and coal -- both regarded as
major culprits in global warming because of the carbon dioxide they spew into the atmosphere when burned
-- will continue to dominate global energy supply, says the U.S. Energy Department's statistical wing. As a consequence, and
assuming no new measures are enacted to curb climate change, the annual amount of heat-trapping carbon dioxide flowing from energy use will
have ballooned by 51 percent between 2005 and 2030. "Global energy demand grows despite the sustained high world oil
prices that are projected to persist over the long term," says the report. It sees the price of oil standing at somewhere between
113 dollars a barrel and 186 dollars a barrel. While long-term prices are difficult to predict, it adds, current trends favour the higher projection of
183 dollars a barrel. Today's price hovers around 137 dollars. Regardless of the rising cost involved, the EIA says, growth in petroleum use will
be driven by the transportation sector and electricity producers will rely heavily on coal.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-Fossil fuels=Aerosols
Burning fossil fuels increases aerosol concentration, and produces cooling
Science Daily`4 (Science Daily, syndicated science magazine, Burning Fossil Fuels Has A Measurable Cooling Effect On
The Climate, Jan. 19, 2004, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040119082910.htm)
Atmospheric researchers have provided observational evidence that burning fossil fuels has a direct impact
on the solar radiation reflectivity of clouds, thereby contributing to global climate change. Joyce Penner, professor
in the University of Michigan Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, U-M graduate student Yang
Chen, and assistant professor Xiquan Dong from the University of North Dakota Department of Atmospheric
Science, reported their findings in the Jan. 15 issue of the journal Nature. Most evidence that increased levels of
fossil fuel particles (aerosols) affects the reflectivity of clouds, thereby producing a cooling effect on the
climate, has been indirect. "This made it difficult to determine the impact this phenomena, known as the
indirect aerosol effect, has on the global climate," Penner said. "Our data makes the direct connection and
opens new areas of study." Solar radiation, which adds to global warming, is reflected back into space by
clouds. Cloud droplets are increased with higher levels of aerosols, allowing for less radiation, or heat, to
reach the lower atmosphere. The end result is a measurable cooling effect on the climate.
Using atmospheric data gathered from a site in Oklahoma, a typical continental site with a high concentration of
aerosols, and a typical Arctic site in Barrow Alaska with low aerosol concentration, the researchers were able to
show that the difference in cloud reflectivity at the two sites was caused by the difference in aerosol levels. The
researchers also provided important evidence that the computer simulation model used in the study was capable of
estimating cloud optical properties determined over a broad range of aerosol concentrations.
"This study is important for two reasons," Penner said. "First, it provides evidence that there is some cooling of
the climate due to anthropogenic aerosols. Second, the simulation model we used has been shown to be a valuable
tool in determining more directly the impact of aerosols on the climate."
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-Aerosols k2 Dimming
Aerosols key to global dimming
Appell`4(David, Ph.D. Plant Pathology, The Darkening Earth Less sun at the Earth's surface complicates climate models, The
Scientific American, August, 2004 http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-darkening-earth)
Sometimes called global dimming, the reduction in solar radiation varies from region to region, and no
measurements have yet been made over the world's oceans. It has also been deduced from evaporation rates around
the world-the amount of water that evaporates from specially calibrated pans has been dropping for at least five
decades in the Northern Hemisphere. At the May American Geophysical Union meeting in Montreal, Michael
Roderick and Graham Farquhar of the Australian National University presented results that extend the finding across
the Southern Hemisphere as well. A key culprit appears to be aerosols-micron-size particles (or smaller)
consisting of sulfates, black and organic carbon, dust, and even sea salt. Aerosols have already been
implicated in cooling tendencies, such as the slight decrease in global temperatures seen from about 1945 to
1975. Besides keeping temperatures from rising even higher than they already have, the aerosols complicate
the modeling of global warming. The particulates act as the nuclei points for cloud condensation. They can
lead to more cloudiness--a phenomenon called the indirect aerosol effect--which reflects sunlight away.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-Warming pollutants = Dimming

The fuels that cause global warming cause global dimming
Schueneman`7(Thomas D., Global Dimming , Turning Down The Sun, May 7 2007, http://climate-
change.suite101.com/article.cfm/global_dimming)
Global dimming is the ironic counterpoint to global warming, both caused from burning fossil fuels, and both a
serious potential threat to our future climate. The sun shines down on the Earth, providing two of the essential
elements of life: light and heat. But we live in a world of “quanta”; of measurable matter and energy. Thus, the
sunlight radiating upon the earth is a matter of specific measurement. These specific measurements of the quantity
of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface did not begin in any scientifically viable way until the 1950’s. Since then,
the ongoing measurement shows a steady decline of solar irradiance. A "Global Dimming" of the sun of an
average of 4% between 1960 and 1990. Global dimming was first discovered by English Scientist Gerry Stanhill.
Working in Israel, Stanhill compared records from the 1950’s with recent measurements and found, to his
astonishment, a 22% decrease in sunlight . This led to further investigations and just about everywhere he looked he
found the same phenomenon: a 10% decrease over the United States, nearly 30% over the former Soviet Union,
16% over portions of the British Isles. Despite the wide regional variation of decreased sunlight, the decline has
been averaged to 1-2% per decade from the 1950’s to the 1990’s. The cause of the dimming is believed to be
from the increased presence in the atmosphere of particulate matter and aerosols from burning fossil fuels and
other human activity. This particulate matter absorbs and reflects sunlight. The effect of solar “dimming” by
virtue of dirty air is somewhat expected. More unexpected and surprising to scientists is how these particles alter
the reflective properties of clouds. The reflectivity of a cloud depends on the surface area of the droplets
within it. The aerosols and other particles in polluted clouds create smaller water droplets than in unpolluted
clouds; up to six times as many droplets. The actual amount of water vapor does not change, but the increased
number of droplets makes the clouds more reflective, thus radiating more sunlight back into space before
reaching the Earth’s surface.
Fossil fuel use =Global Dimming

Sington`5(David, BBC Horizon Producer, Why the Sun seems to be 'dimming', 13 January
2005http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4171591.stm)
Comparing Israeli sunlight records from the 1950s with current ones, Dr Stanhill was astonished to find a large
fall in solar radiation. "There was a staggering 22% drop in the sunlight, and that really amazed me."
Intrigued, he searched records from all around the world, and found the same story almost everywhere he
looked.
Sunlight was falling by 10% over the USA, nearly 30% in parts of the former Soviet Union, and even by 16% in
parts of the British Isles. Although the effect varied greatly from place to place, overall the decline amounted to
one to two per cent globally every decade between the 1950s and the 1990s. Dr Stanhill called it "global
dimming", but his research, published in 2001, met a sceptical response from other scientists. It was only recently,
when his conclusions were confirmed by Australian scientists using a completely different method to estimate solar
radiation, that climate scientists at last woke up to the reality of global dimming. Dimming appears to be caused
by air pollution. Burning coal, oil and wood, whether in cars, power stations or cooking fires, produces not
only invisible carbon dioxide - the principal greenhouse gas responsible for global warming - but also tiny
airborne particles of soot, ash, sulphur compounds and other pollutants. This visible air pollution reflects
sunlight back into space, preventing it reaching the surface. But the pollution also changes the optical
properties of clouds.
Because the particles seed the formation of water droplets, polluted clouds contain a larger number of
droplets than unpolluted clouds. Recent research shows that this makes them more reflective than they would
otherwise be, again reflecting the Sun's rays back into space.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming ⇓ solvency
Ignoring the dimming of aerosols guts solvency by making climate models unpredictable
Tay`7 (Sheralyn, Writer for Wild Singapore environmentalist website, Shedding some light on global dimming, April 6, 2007,
http://www.wildsingapore.com/news/20070304/070406-2.htm)
GLOBAL warming is only half the story, there's another phenomenon we're in the dark about — literally. Too
many pollutants in the air causes a reduction of sunlight getting through the atmosphere, an effect known as global
dimming. And Singaporeans are already feeling its effect — when the haze comes blowing. "When Indonesia burns,
the haze causes the effect of global dimming and blocks out the sunlight," said Dr John Yong, Assistant Professor of
Natural Sciences and Science Education at the Nanyang Technological University's National Institute of Education.
This dimming effect reduces the amount of sunlight that reaches the earth, making it seem cooler, but also
masking the full effect of global warming. One area where the impact of global dimming on climate change
can easily be seen: Air travel. According to Dr Yong, the "911 effect" was discovered in the days just after the
terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in the United States on Sept 11, 2001. "All air travel stopped, and
what happened? The temperature went up!" Dr Yong said. Climate scientists, who had previously theorised that
aircraft vapour trails were related to global dimming, noted that the absence of these trails correlated to an increase
of about 1°C in the daily temperature in parts of the United States. "So, in a way, we have pollutants to thank for
protecting us from global warming," said Dr Yong with a laugh. Between the '50s and the '90s, British scientist
Gerry Stanhill found that the amount of sunlight reaching the earth fell by between 10 and 30 per cent in different
parts of the world. The rate of dimming varied but scientists believe it to drop by an average of around 2 to 3 per
cent each decade. While there are no estimates for Singapore, statistics from around Asia put the dimming effect to
be about 10 to 37 per cent, with Hong Kong facing the worst effects. Global dimming also has serious repercussions
on agriculture. "With less sunlight, there will be less photosynthesis (the manner in which plants make food) and this
will affect the food chain," said Dr Yong.In addition, the particulate matters (PM), those nano-sized particles that
cause the dimming effect, have a significant impact on health. PM10 and PM2.5 — particulate matter that is smaller
than 10 or 2.5 microns, respectively — are associated with respiratory illness and even cancer. All this creates a
dilemma for scientists trying to deal with global dimming. "If we clean up the air, you'll have a big heat
problem," Dr Yong said, citing heat waves in Europe that may be linked to the continent's efforts to cut down
on emissions of particulate matters. "There must be a concerted effort to clean the air and be carbon-neutral.
If not, when you just clear the nano-particulates it will be very hot, but if you reduce carbon emissions only,
crops will still fail, so both of these must be done in tandem. There's the headache," he said.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Solves Warming [1/3]

Dimming key to solve runaway warming
Pelow`4 (Mark, Macmillan Magazines Energy Bulletin, Look forward to a darker world, 'Global dimming' may stop the Earth
overheating. May 18 2004 http://energybulletin.net/node/339)
Michael Roderick and Graham Farquhar from the Australian National University in Canberra found that evaporation
rates across Australia, measured using continually replenished pans of water, have fallen significantly over the last
30 years, a sure sign that less direct sunlight is reaching the surface. The decline matches the effect seen in the
northern hemisphere. "This proves that it is a global phenomenon," says Roderick. But he is not dismayed by the
result. He has recently advised the Australian government that global dimming may not necessarily be a bad
thing. "The standard dogma is that Australia will dry out [with global warming], but that's just not right. The world
is actually getting less arid," he insists. In fact, Roderick sees global dimming as part of a possible negative
feedback loop working against global warming. Burning fossil fuels not only increases carbon dioxide levels in
the atmosphere; it also pumps tiny particles into the air. Meanwhile higher temperatures increase the amount
of cloud cover. The clouds and particles help to block the Sun's rays, and the scattered light they allow
through actually boosts plants' absorption of carbon dioxide, the principle greenhouse gas. This would help to
keep carbon dioxide levels stable, argues Roderick, protecting the planet from runaway global warming
Dimming is the last barrier to climate collapse

The Age`8( The Age, European Based World news network, Flannery proposes 'global dimming' to save planet, May 19
2008, http://www.theage.com.au/news/global-warming/radical-plan-to-save-planet/2008/05/19/1211182701986.html)
Scientist Tim Flannery has proposed a radical solution to climate change which may change the colour of the sky.
But he says it may be necessary, as the "last barrier to climate collapse." Professor Flannery says climate change
is happening so quickly that mankind may need to pump sulphur into the atmosphere to survive. Australia's
best-known expert on global warming has updated his climate forecast for the world - and it's much worse than he
thought just three years ago. He has called for a radical suite of emergency measures to be put in place.
The gas sulphur could be inserted into the earth's stratosphere to keep out the sun's rays and slow global
warming, a process called global dimming. "It would change the colour of the sky," Professor Flannery told AAP.
"It's the last resort that we have, it's the last barrier to a climate collapse." "We need to be ready to start
doing it in perhaps five years time if we fail to achieve what we're trying to achieve."
Professor Flannery, the 2007 Australian of the Year, said the sulphur could be dispersed above the earth's surface by
adding it to jet fuel.
Dimming solves warming-Proves predictions wrong

BBC`5(British Broadcasting Station, Global Dimming,
21/03/2005http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2005/s1325819.htm)
Essentially, the phenomenon called "global dimming" may mean that even the direst predictions about the rate
of global warming have been seriously underestimated.
Until recently many scientists had never heard of global dimming. Among those who had, a lot remained sceptical.
Now, thanks in part to the work of Australian researchers, the debate is set to edge into public consciousness.
This special report from the BBC’s Horizon program reveals how global dimming was gradually unmasked by
isolated groups of scientists across the world ... in Israel, Germany, the US and Australia.
Global dimming is a product of the fossil fuels that cause global warming. It is the result of tiny airborne
pieces of soot, ash and sulphur compounds reflecting back the heat of the sun. By allowing less sunlight to
reach the Earth, global dimming is cushioning us from the full impact of global warming, climatologists say.
They fear that as we burn coal and oil more cleanly, and dimming is reduced, the full effects of global warming will
be unleashed. The worst-case scenario has temperatures rising by up to 10 degrees by the end of the century – twice
more than previously thought.
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Dimming solves warming-Without it all their warming analysis is wrong
Macintosh`7 (Craig, Writer for Celcias-Climate awareness organization, Veiling Our True Predicament: Part I - Global
Dimming, May 2007 http://www.celsias.com/article/veiling-our-true-predicament-part-i-global-dimming/)
That is exactly what makes this discovery so alarming.... Global dimming has slowed the impact of global
warming. Global warming and global dimming, like two deadly arch-villains from a fantasy comic, have been
fighting each other for supremacy over the earth - each bringing its own kind of destruction to us, but with the
promise of a far more focused effort against humanity when that supremacy has been made final. At least, that was
the case until the late 1980s. After this point, global efforts to minimise aerosols, as well as other factors (like,
potentially, the major economic crash in the former USSR and its captive eastern-bloc states) have slowed aerosol
releases - pulling back the veil on the sun's rays, and allowing global warming to gain the upper hand, and
momentum. The result of global dimming discoveries is a gradual awakening to a few sobering realities: Global
dimming may well have softened the full impact of global warming - i.e. the currently observable impacts of
Global Warming could be a lot greater if it wasn't for our smoggy skylines. As we clean up our skies through
improved filtering systems and cleaner technologies, we are removing a 'check' on more rapid temperature
increases - potentially unleashing a far fuller/faster fury of global warming. Many scientific temperature
models for global warming have failed to take global dimming into the equation. Thus, even the inadequate
reduction targets set by certain nations are now being seen as even more inadequate.
Dimming is shielding us from the worst impacts of warming now

AC`7 (Associated Content.com, Stephanie Dray, Global Dimming: Why Pollution is Good, Up is Down and China is Our Best
Friend, September 13, 2007,
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/371363/global_dimming_why_pollution_is_good.html?cat=9)
The idea of global dimming is simple-human beings are throwing so much filth into the air that we're blocking out
the sunlight that would otherwise reach us and accelerate the already run-away process of global warming. Because
we're trashing our planet and blotting out the sun, scientists calculate that we may actually be preventing about two
degrees of planetary heat. Those two degrees may be the difference between our glib dismissal of an unprecedented
number of category five storms as part of "the natural climate cycle" and our having to suffer the cataclysmic effects
of global warming that a certain former Vice President has been warning about. In the first week of September,
NOVA aired an investigative program entitled "The Dimming of the Sun." In it, scientists discussed their findings
that only a few days of suspended air travel in the aftermath of September 11th resulted in a marked temperature
change in the atmosphere, indicating that the effects of American atmospheric pollution have been vastly
underestimated to date.
Scholars Aerosols
Surface cooling aerosols cut the impact of global warming in half
Ramanathan`7(V, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego 5/07)

The global build up of greenhouse gases (GHGs), is the most vexing global environmental issue facing the
planet. GHGs warm the surface and the atmosphere with significant implications for, rainfall, retreat of glaciers
and sea ice, sea level, among other factors. What is less recognized, however, is a comparably major global
problem dealing with air pollution. Until about ten years ago, air pollution was thought to be just an urban
or a local problem. But new data have revealed that, due to fast long range transport, air pollution is
transported across continents and ocean basins, resulting in trans-oceanic and trans-continental plumes of
atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) containing sub micron size particles, i.e, aerosols. ABCs intercept
sunlight by absorbing as well as reflecting it, both of which, lead to a large surface dimming. The dimming
effect is enhanced further because aerosols nucleate more cloud drops which makes the clouds reflect
more solar radiation. The surface cooling from this dimming effect has masked the warming due to
GHGs. ABCs are concentrated in regional and mega-city hot spots. Long range transport from these hot spots
gives rise to wide spread plumes over the adjacent oceans. Such a pattern of regionally concentrated surface
dimming and atmospheric solar heating, accompanied by wide spread dimming over the oceans, gives rise to
large regional effects. Only during the last decade, we have begun to comprehend the surprisingly large
regional impacts. The large north-south gradient in the ABC dimming has altered the north-south
gradients in sea surface temperatures, which in turn has been shown by models to decrease rainfall over the
continents. In addition to their climate effects, ABCs lead to acidification of rain and also result in over
few million fatalities worldwide. The surface cooling effect of ABCs may have masked as much 50% of the
global warming. This presents a dilemma since efforts to curb air pollution may unmask the ABC cooling
effect and enhance the surface warming. Thus efforts to curb GHGs and air pollution should be done under
one framework.. The uncertainties in our understanding of the ABC effects are large, but we are discovering new
ways in which human activities are changing the climate and the environment.
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Dimming = Negative Feedback

Warming burns itself out-It produces dimming
Western Daily Press`3 (Western Daily Press, Is Plunging The World Into Darkness December 19, 2003, Lexis)
The dimmer switch has been flicked on Earth as global warming blocks sunlight, experts warned yesterday. In
recent years, the level of rays breaking through to the surface of the planet has fallen by one fifth, and the
effect is growing year on year. Scientists at Nasa claim pollution is not only heating up the atmosphere, it is
making the Earth darker. Global warming is said to produce more and longer-lasting cloud cover, creating a
barrier to brightness. Climate experts believe it could impact on the growth of trees and plants and the
effectiveness of solar power. Dr Jim Hansen, from Nasa's Goddard Institute for Space Science in New York, said:
"Over the past couple of years it has become clear that the solar irradiance at the Earth's surface has
decreased." Light intensity has been recorded all over the world with reports showing a marked loss of
illumination. One study indicated the level of natural light in Japan - land of the rising sun - was falling. Another
reported that Ireland had experienced a decline in sunshine. The effect was strongest in the former USSR where
solar radiation has fallen 20 per cent in 27 years. Light deterioration has been partly blamed on black carbon,
microscopic particles of soot or chemical compounds produced from pollution. Trapped in the atmosphere,
they act to reflect sunlight. "Data from a hundred stations around the world show that the amount of black carbon
in the atmosphere is twice as big as we assumed," said Dr Hansen. Black carbon is released from inefficient diesel
engines, unfiltered power plants or burning forest. People may be oblivious to so-called global dimming, which
tends to occur during cloudy periods. Shabtai Cohen, who works at the Vocani Centre in Israel, said: "The cloudy
times are getting darker. If it's cloudy then it's darker, but when it's sunny things have not changed much." Experts
say the impact of reduced solar radiance may be greater in overcast areas of the northern hemisphere, such as Britain
and Europe. Dr Cohen said: "In greenhouses in Holland, the rule of thumb is that a one per cent decrease in solar
radiation equals a one per cent drop in productivity. "Because they are light limited they're always very busy
cleaning the tops of their greenhouses."
Warming can cause dimming
The Guardian`3 (The Guardian.com, David Adam, Goodbye sunshine, December 18, 2003,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2003/dec/18/science.research1)
It's also possible that global dimming is not entirely down to air pollution. "I don't think that aerosols by
themselves would be able to produce this amount of global dimming," says Farquhar. Global warming itself
might also be playing a role, he suggests, by perhaps forcing more water to be evaporated from the oceans and
then blown onshore (although the evidence on land suggests otherwise). "If the greenhouse effect causes global
dimming then that really changes the perspective," he says. In other words, while it keeps getting warmer it
might keep getting darker. "I'm not saying it definitely is that, I'm just raising the question."
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-Reducing aerosols=More warming

Reducing current aerosols=More warming
Real Climate`5 (Real Climate.com, 18 January 2005 Global Dimming?, http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=105)
Aerosols are however much more clearly responsible for serious respiratory problems in big cities
(London prior to 1950s, Beijing today), and their health impacts are well known. This was one of the big
pushes behind initiatives like the Clean Air acts in many countries which reduced aerosol emissions from
power stations. While in the developed world (US, Europe, the ex-USSR) emissions have been falling, the
global burden is increasing because of development in India and China. Since, on average, aerosols have a
cooling effect (although some absorbing aerosols like black carbon (soot) are actually adding to global
warming), reducing current aerosol levels (particularly sulphates) is equivalent to an extra warming
effect.
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Aerosols Solve Warming – IPCC Concurs

Fossil fuel consumption produces aerosols that counteract greenhouse gases, even the IPCC
concedes that aerosols provide cooling to counteract warming
Miller and Koch 2006

(Ron Miller and Dorothy Koch, NASA GISS Atmospheric Study Group, “An Aerosol Tour de Forcing”, February 8,
2006, http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2006/02/an-aerosol-tour-de-forcing/)
Aerosols are solid particles or liquid droplets that are temporarily suspended within the atmosphere.
Naturally occurring examples are sea spray or sulfate droplets, along with soil particles (dust) eroded by the wind.
During the twentieth century, natural sources of sulfate aerosols were overwhelmed by the contribution from
pollution, in particular from the burning of fossil fuels. The number of soot particles in the atmosphere was
increased by industry and the burning of forests to clear land for agriculture. Sulfate aerosols are reflective and act
to cool the planet. Soot particles are also reflective, but can absorb sunlight and cause warming. Soot production is
greater if combustion occurs at low temperatures, as with cooking fires or inefficient power generation. Aerosols
also scatter longwave radiation, although this is significant only for larger aerosols like soil dust, and is neglected
by all three of the studies discussed here.
In addition to their ability to scatter radiation and change the net energy gain at the top of the atmosphere
(the 'direct' effect), aerosols modify the reflectance and lifetime of clouds (the 'indirect' radiative effects).
Aerosols act as nuclei for the condensation of water vapor, resulting in the distribution of water over a larger
number of cloud droplets compared to condensation in clean air. This increases the cloud's ability to reflect
sunlight, while increasing the number of droplet collisions required to form a raindrop large enough to fall
out of the cloud, effectively increasing the cloud lifetime. Observations and models provide a weaker constraint
upon the size of the indirect effects, so the studies discussed here confine themselves to calculating only the direct
radiative effect of anthropogenic aerosols.
According to the latest (2001) IPCC report, direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols cools the
planet, but the forcing magnitude is highly uncertain, with a global, annual average between -0.35 and -1.35 W/m2
at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). The uncertainty of the total indirect effect is even larger. Aerosols
eventually fall out of the atmosphere or are washed out by rainfall. The smaller particles having the largest
radiative effect typically reside in the atmosphere for only a few days to a few weeks. This time is too short for
them to be mixed uniformly throughout the globe (unlike CO2), so there are large regional variations in aerosol
radiative forcing, with the largest effects predictably downwind of industrial centers like the east coast of North
America, Europe, and East Asia. Consequently, aerosol effects upon climate are larger in particular regions, where
they are key to understanding twentieth century climate change.
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Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Rice [1/2]

Warming kills rice production
Economic Times`7 (Prabha Jagannathan, Global warming cooks rice’s prospects, 13 Feb, 2007,
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Markets/Commodities/Global_warming_cooks_rices_prospects/RssArticleShow/arti
cleshow/1601432.cms)
There’s a silent killer stalking your bowl of rice: heat. Global warming is not just changing the climate
drastically the world over, it is actively threatening to lower the production of India’s — and Asia’s — key
staple by at least 7% (over pre-determined levels) by 2020 and to a maximum of 60% by the end of the
century. In fact, the scientific world views the threat of increasingly high temperatures to rice — now the
principal crop for the country’s food security with 44.6 million ha area and 89 million tonnes in production —
as a mammoth problem. Temperature is a major determinant of crop development and growth. Studies show
that rice yields would dip 10% for every 1º C increase in minimum temperature during the growing season.
Climatologists expect global mean air temperatures to go up 1.4-5.8º C by the end of the century depending
on changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. In the worst case scenario, that could mean at least 60%
reduction in yield per ha by the end of the century. At the current rate of population growth, the country’s rice
production has to be enhanced to 122 million tonnes by 2020 to meet the increasing demand. Almost 90% of the
world’s rice is produced and consumed in tropical Asia, and this factor alone is likely to force agri-research into rice
varieties that are highly temperature tolerant, through cultivar screening and identifying higher tolerance. Extensive
scientific studies presented at the International Rice Research Conference in October 2006 have contended
that the results of climate change impact assessment show general rice yields being seriously adversely
affected not just in north-west India, the food bowl, but countrywide. Results of a study on the simulated impact of
climate change on rice production — conducted by Anima Biswal, PK Aggarwal and others of the Indian
Agricultural Research Institute — indicated conclusively that while in the short term rice production may not be
affected significantly, in the long term, climate change will have significant adverse impact on the country’s rice
production. Another study, Recent trends in climate and impact of climate change on rice yields in north-west India,
by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) scientists and researchers pegged the range of yield reduction from
the technological determined level from 7% in 2020 to a significant 25% in 2080. The study used models with future
climatic anomalies as inputs into the crop sensitivity model for five stations, based on district-level historical rice
yield and monthly rainfall as well as the maximum temperatures (Tmax) and minimum temperatures (Tmin) for the
past 30 years. It maintains, “Both Tmax and Tmin showed increasing trends at annual, kharif (summer) and rabi
(winter) time scales with different rates. The rate of increase is significantly higher during kharif (the key rice
production season in the country)than during rabi for Tmax and vice versa for Tmin.”
Warming kills rice

CBS`4 (Global Warming Hurts Rice Yield Studies Show Increasing Temperatures Reduced Crop Yield For Rice
WASHINGTON, June 28, 2004 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/28/tech/main626471.shtml)
Global warming could mean bad news for one of the world's most important crops, rice. Increased nighttime
temperatures were associated with significant declines in crop yield at the International Rice Research Institute
Farm in the Philippines, according to a report in Monday's issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. Indeed, an average daily temperature increase of 1 degree Celsius resulted in a 10 percent reduction
in the rice crop, according to the researchers. One degree Celsius equals about 1.8 degree Fahrenheit. Increasing
temperatures, thought to be a result of heat trapped by industrial and other chemicals in the atmosphere,
have caused mounting concern in recent years. Scientists have argued over the potential effects of climate change
on crops, largely basing their contentions on laboratory tests and computer models of climate and crop yield. This
new study was a direct measurement of yields under field conditions using practices that good farmers would
employ, said lead researcher Kenneth G. Cassman of the University of Nebraska. Cassman and colleagues studied
12 years of rice yields at the farm, along with weather data, to reach their conclusions. The results are generally
similar to findings reported last year following a 17-year study of U.S. crop yields. That study indicated that
increases in temperature resulted in reductions in corn and soybean yields. Cassman said researchers are working
to determine the cause of the reduction, but they speculate that it is because the hotter nights make the plants
work harder just to maintain themselves, diverting energy from growth. "If you think about it, world
records for
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Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Rice [2/2]

the marathon occur at cooler temperatures because it takes much more energy to maintain yourself when
running at high temperatures. A similar phenomenon occurs with plants," he said. Tim L. Setter, a professor
of soil, crop and atmospheric science at Cornell University, commented that higher nighttime temperatures
"could consume carbohydrates in a nonproductive way, and by reducing the reserves of carbohydrates,
particularly at time of flowering and early grain filling, would decrease the number of kernels that would be
set." Setter, who was not a part of the rice research team, said a recent study in corn had shown that the number of
kernels was decreased when researchers experimentally increased the night temperatures. Cassman commented that
rice production has stagnated in recent years in some key producing regions of Asia. "That's something that hasn't
been on the radar screen and needs to get more attention," he said. The new study was funded by the International
Rice Research Institute and the Agricultural Research Division of the University of Nebraska.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Solves Drought-Solves Rice
Drought kills rice production
New York Times`8 (The New York Times, nationally syndicated magazine, Drought Connects Australian Crop Failure to
Food Riots in Haiti A Drought in Australia, a Global Shortage of Rice, April 17, 2008
http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=6890&Method=Full)
Lindsay Renwick, the mayor of this dusty southern Australian town, remembers the constant whir of the rice mill.
"It was our little heartbeat out there, tickety-tick-tickety," he said, imitating the giant fans that dried the rice, "and
now it has stopped." The Deniliquin mill, the largest rice mill in the Southern Hemisphere, once processed
enough grain to meet the needs of 20 million people around the world. But six long years of drought have taken
a toll, reducing Australia's rice crop by 98 percent and leading to the mothballing of the mill last December.
Ten thousand miles separate the mill's hushed rows of oversized silos and sheds -- beige, gray and now empty --
from the riotous streets of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, but a widening global crisis unites them. The collapse of Australia's
rice production is one of several factors contributing to a doubling of rice prices in the last three months µ increases
that have led the worlds largest exporters to restrict exports severely, spurred panicked hoarding in Hong Kong and
the Philippines, and set off violent protests in countries including Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Haiti, Indonesia, Italy,
Ivory Coast, Mauritania, the Philippines, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Yemen. Drought affects every agricultural
industry based here, not just rice µ from sheepherding, the other mainstay in this dusty land, to the cultivation of
wine grapes, the fastest-growing crop here, with that expansion often coming at the expense of rice. The droughts
effect on rice has produced the greatest impact on the rest of the world, so far. It is one factor contributing to
skyrocketing prices, and many scientists believe it is among the earliest signs that a warming planet is starting
to affect food production. It is difficult to definitely link short-term changes in weather to long-term climate
change, but the unusually severe drought is consistent with what climatologists predict will be a problem of
increasing frequency. Indeed, the chief executive of the National Farmers Federation in Australia, Ben Fargher, says,
Climate change is potentially the biggest risk to Australian agriculture. Drought has already spurred significant
changes in Australias agricultural heartland. Some farmers are abandoning rice, which requires large
amounts of water, to plant less water-intensive crops like wheat or, especially here in southeastern Australia, wine
grapes. Other rice farmers have sold fields or water rights, usually to grape growers.
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Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Corn [1/2]
Rising temperatures hurt corn yields
Storm wire`8 (Stom wire, news agency dedicated to climates impact on business Monday, June 16, 2008 Global Warming
Could Impact U.S. Crop Production, http://stormwire.stormexchange.com/2008/06/global-warming-could-impact-us-crop.html)
The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that global warming will have both a positive and negative effect on
crop yields across the country. Warmer temperatures in the coming decades would reportedly have an
adverse impact on corn yields, but increase yields for crops like soybeans. As we’ve seen this spring, corn
yield fluctuates from year-to-year, but has likely fared better in the last eight years because of new seeds
and fertilizers aimed at maximizing growth. Warmer temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas
emissions may cause drought-like conditions and weaken plants like corn. U.S.D.A. scientists report that
the output of corn crops grown today could fall as much as 5 percent in coming decades. The report
synthesized peer-reviewed studies on how climate change would affect agriculture, most of which assumed
U.S. temperatures would rise about 1.2 degrees Celsius (2.2 degrees Fahrenheit) over the next 30 to 50
years, as indicated by the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report last year, according to
Reuters. "We're running into a situation in which we have the greater likelihood of occurrences of extreme
temperature events during critical growth stages of that crop," Jerry Hatfield, the lead author of the agriculture
section of the report, said about corn in a teleconference. Corn is the top U.S. crop and is the main feedstock for
the country's ethanol industry. Soybeans rank second, with soyoil used to make biodiesel. Hatfield said many
crops like corn are already grown near the highest temperatures they can stand, which makes them
vulnerable to warmer weather. Other crops, like soybeans, can withstand higher temperatures, which means
higher temperatures may increase their yield, he said. The report did not project how yields would change should
growers switch to corn varieties that could be more drought or temperature resistant.
Hot dry weather hurts US corn crops
Planet ark`5 (Planet Ark, website dedicated to saving environment, Hot, Dry Weather Wilts US Corn Crop – US
Department of Agriculture, July 13, 2005 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/31631/story.htm)
Hot, dry weather in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio will cut the US corn harvest by at least 1 billion bushels -- a
massive 8.6 percent -- from last year's record, the government said Tuesday. However, the nation's wheat and
cotton crops were flourishing for the most part, the Agriculture Department said in an update of US and global
farm production. Soybeans were under pressure but not suffering as much as corn. The USDA projected a US
corn crop of 10.785 billion bushels, down 200 million bushels, or 1.8 percent, from last month despite the
largest plantings since 1985. That would be far below the record 11.807 billion bushels of 2004. Wheat
growers were forecast to reap a larger-than-expected 2.208 billion bushels this year, up 89 million bushels from
the USDA's June estimate. The government projected a US cotton crop of 19.80 million bales, up 300,000 bales
from June. Soybeans were down slightly at 2.89 billion bushels. Half of the corn in Illinois, usually the nation's
No. 2 corn state, was in poor or very poor condition as of Sunday. In Indiana, 27 percent of corn was in those
two categories and in Ohio, 16 percent was poor or very poor. "The crop is crying for rain," said private
consultant John Schnittker. Some rainfall was expected this week, blown into the eastern Corn Belt by
Hurricane Dennis. Corn is the most widely grown US crop, planted on 81.6 million acres (33 million
hectares). It is a base ingredient in livestock rations and increasingly used in making motor fuel, aside
from food and other industrial uses. Deputy Agriculture Secretary Chuck Conner said soybeans in the eastern
Corn Belt during a recent trip were "much smaller than usual." But he added, "I didn't see anything that good
rain from Dennis wouldn't benefit." The storms may also carry spores of yield-cutting soybean rust fungus
already found in Florida, Georgia and Alabama. That threat was "something to keep your eyes on the next couple
of days," Conner told reporters. CORN FUTURES CHOPPY ON WEATHER UNCERTAINTY At the trend-
setting Chicago Board of Trade, futures prices for corn were up slightly at the end of the day, supported by
concerns that remnants of Hurricane Dennis would bring less rain than initially thought to the parched eastern
Midwest. Corn for July delivery was up 1/4 cent, to $2.27 a bushel. December corn was also up 1/4 cent at
$2.47. November soybeans were up 11 cents, to $7.12-1/2 a bushel on prospects of smaller South American
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Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Corn [2/2]

crops and a drop from last year's record US crop. July wheat was down 3-1/4 cents, to $3.23-3/4 a bushel. In
assessing the corn crop, USDA said yields would average 145 bushels an acre this year, compared with 160.4
bushels an acre for the 2004 crop, which enjoyed nearly ideal weather. Across the Mississippi River, corn was
in dramatically better shape. Three-fourths of the crop in Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska was rated as good or
excellent. Globally, the USDA cut its monthly estimate of corn stocks for 2005/06 by nearly 7 million
tonnes to reflect smaller crops in the United States and elsewhere. The worldwide stockpile of corn at the
end of 2005/06 is now seen at 114 million tonnes, down from nearly 126 million tonnes in 2004/05.
Soybean fields west of the Mississippi River were in better condition than those to the east, USDA ratings
showed. Overall, soybeans are in better shape than corn, now in a critical reproductive stage. Soybeans mature in
August and tolerate drought better. The USDA raised its US wheat forecast because of record-high winter
wheat yields in South Dakota and Montana and "much better than previously expected" yields for soft red winter
wheat. It also said durum and spring wheat crops would be 4 percent larger than last year. However, lower
yields are now forecast for part of the Great Plains because dry spring conditions had more of an impact than
previously thought, it said. Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas were down by a total 46.5 million bushels , it
said.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good - Soil Moisture
Solar dimming key to soil moisture
Robock & Li`6 (A. Robock and H. Li Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey, USA, Effects of solar dimming on soil moisture trends, 2006,
http://209.85.141.104/search?q=cache:LX2dQUtKgOoJ:www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU06/08331/EGU06-J-08331.pdf)
Soil moisture variations depend principally on variations of the two main surface forcings, precipitation and
solar radiation. While much attention in the past has been paid to precipitation variations, only recently have solar
radiation data sets allowed analysis of their effects. Using the longest soil moisture data set in the world, 47 yr
of April-October in situ observations for the Ukraine, 1958-2004, we previously noted that an upward trend
in summer soil moisture for the first half of the period cannot be explained simply by precipitation trends for
the region. Recent observations of solar insolation in the region have discovered a phenomenon labeled “solar
dimming,” a downward trend in incoming solar radiation due to the effects of tropospheric aerosol pollution
on direct solar radiation and indirectly on cloud properties. The observed time series of solar radiation is a
mirror image of the soil moisture curve, and also matches an observed downward trend in pan evaporation.
To investigate how strong this effect may be on soil moisture, we conducted off-line simulations with the Noah land
surface model over the domain, 22-40E, 46-52N. A control run using a standard forcing data set, which did not
explicitly include solar dimming effects due to aerosols, did not produce the observed trends. We then
modified the standard forcing by imposing downward trends on the incoming solar radiation for the first half
of the period to simulate solar dimming. The results produce an improved simulation of the observed soil
moisture trends and serve to quantify the effects of solar radiation trends on land surface hydrology.
Scholars Aerosols
Soil Moisture Impact - Drought

Dimming solves drought-Increasing soil moisture
World Climate Report`6 (World Climate Report, Dimming Fights Drought?, November 27, 2006,
http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/2006/11/27/dimming-fights-drought/)
A recent article in Geophysical Research Letters by Rutgers’ scientists Alan Robock and Haibin Li addresses the
issue of global warming and reduced soil moisture levels in important agricultural areas. Every popular
global warming presentation lays out the case that higher temperatures in the future will cause higher levels
of evaporation that will overwhelm any changes in precipitation and force soil moisture levels to drop. Of
course, crops will fail, we will have more frequent and severe droughts of longer duration, and it will have all
been caused by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. You’ve heard the story a 1,000 times by now. Robock and
Li note “Potential soil moisture changes from global warming, especially desiccation in growing seasons, are a
grave threat to food security on which human society relies. Numerical models have been utilized to explore how
water storage will change with global warming. Many models predict a decline of soil moisture over the
midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.” But it was the first sentence of their abstract that grabbed our attention at
World Climate Report as they drop the bomb “Summer soil moisture increased significantly from 1958 to the
mid 1990s in Ukraine and Russia. This trend cannot be explained by changes in precipitation and
temperature alone.” Oh no, just where the soil moisture should be drying up due to global warming, we find
that soil moisture levels are going up. They write “The reported upward summer soil moisture trends for many
Former Soviet Union stations are consistent with the decrease of pan evaporation around the same period for the
same region, as pan evaporation can be thought as a direct measurement of the atmospheric evaporative demand.”
(This work is a follow-on to an earlier examination of soil moisture trends in the Ukraine conducted by Robock and
colleagues a few year ago, see here for our take on that one). So what is causing soil moisture to increase? How
about solar dimming and upward CO2 concentrations? Robock and Li note “Both ground-based observations and
satellite measurements reveal a widespread reduction of solar irradiance from 1950s to 1990s and a gradual
recovery afterwards, known as the ‘global dimming’ phenomenon. Increasing atmospheric aerosol loading
from rapid industrialization is believed to be the culprit.” The argument is that global dimming has reduced
solar radiation and “In the context of the hydrological cycle, the reported decline of shortwave radiation over
such a long period may potentially increase water storage over land by damping evaporative demand from
the atmosphere.” There’s even more, and it just gets better and better! Robock and Li recall that “Many plant
species tend to reduce stomatal openings with increasing atmospheric CO2. The concurrent higher canopy
resistance reduces water loss through plant transpiration and thus may have profound impacts on the
hydrological cycle” and that “A recent study suggests such CO2 effects are to a large extent responsible for
continental runoff increases for the 20th century.” To investigate the role of dimming and CO2 fertilization on soil
moisture trends, Robock and Li “conducted experiments with a sophisticated land surface model.” The figure
below shows the simulated and observed soil moisture in summer. The team wrote “The observed soil moisture for
Ukraine exhibits an increase from 1958 to the early 1980s and then starts to level off afterwards. So does the
soil moisture in the control but with much smaller magnitude. Imposed dimming brings additional soil
moisture increase compared to the control. The stronger the dimming, the higher the increase in soil
moisture” (Figure 1). And in terms of the effect of CO2, they found “The elevated CO2 caused very small soil
moisture increases in contrast with the constant CO2 scenario. This is no surprise since in the elevated CO2
cases, evapotranspiration decreased by only about 0.1%.”
Scholars Aerosols
Soil Moisture Impact - Biodiversity

Soil Moisture key to sustainability of ecosystems and plants
IPCC`1(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, The IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)., Precipitation, Soil Moisture,
and River Flow: Elements of the Hydrological Cycle, http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/512.htm)
Changes in precipitation could have significant impacts on society. Precipitation is an essential element in
determining the availability of drinking water and the level of soil moisture. Improved treatment of precipitation
(see Chapter 7, Section 7.2.3) is an essential step. Soil moisture is a key component in the land surface schemes
in climate models, since it is closely related to evapotranspiration and thus to the apportioning of sensible and
latent heat fluxes. It is primary in the formation of runoff and hence river-flow. Further, soil moisture is an
important determinant of ecosystem structure and therein a primary means by which climate regulates (and
is partially regulated by) ecosystem distribution. Soil moisture is an important regulator of plant productivity
and sustainability of natural ecosystems. In turn terrestrial ecosystems recycle water vapour at the land-
surface/atmosphere boundary, exchange numerous important trace gases with the atmosphere, and transfer
water and biogeochemical compounds to river systems (see also the discussion in Chapter 7, Section 7.4.3 and
Capter 8, Section 8.5.4). New efforts are needed in the development of models, which successfully represent the
space-time dynamics interaction between soil, climate and vegetation. If water is a central controlling aspect, then
the interaction necessarily passes all the way through the space-time dynamics of soil moisture. Finally, adequate
soil moisture is an essential resource for human activity. Consequently, accurate prediction of soil moisture is
crucial for simulation of the hydrological cycle, of soil and vegetation biochemistry, including the cycling of
carbon and nutrients, and of ecosystem structure and distribution as well as climate. River systems are
linked to regional and continental-scale hydrology through interactions among precipitation,
evapotranspiration, soil water, and runoff in terrestrial ecosystems. River systems, and more generally the
entire global water cycle, control the movement of constituents over vast distances, from the continental land-
masses to the world’s oceans and to the atmosphere. Rivers are also central features of human settlement and
development.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-solves Forest Growth
Dimming increases forest growth-The short decrease in total solar radiation increases
diffuse radiation
Lewis, Mahli, & Phillips`4 (Simon L. Lewis, Yadvinder Malhi, Oliver L. Phillips, Fingerprinting the Impacts of Global
Change on Tropical Forest, The Royal Society, March 29, 2004, Jstor)
If satellite data showing an increase in incoming solar radiation are correct, then increases in forest growth are
predicted, as shown in experiments (Graham et al. 2003). However, theory predicts two opposite outcomes for
tropical forests in response to global dimming, if it is occurring (Stanhill & Cohen 2001). Firstly, a long-term
reduction in solar radiation would decrease photosynthesis, and hence growth and stand biomass, if trees are
light limited. Alternatively, the reduction in total solar radiation is likely to be accompanied by an increase in
diffuse solar radiation (Stanhill & Cohen 2001). Theoretically, this is expected to increase total canopy
photosynthesis, as diffuse light can penetrate deeper into a canopy by reducing the self-shading of leaves in
the canopy (Roderick et al. 2001). This effect that plant canopies can use diffuse radiation more efficiently
than direct radiation-has been demonstrated in a North American hardwood forest using measurements
before and after the 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic eruption, which in 1992 decreased global direct solar
irradiance by ca. 3% but increased diffuse irradiance by ca. 9% (Gu et al. 2003). Midday photosynthesis of the
forest rose by 23% under cloudy conditions in 1992 compared with a control year. Thus, increasing the
diffuse fraction of incoming solar radiation may cause large increases in forest growth.
Aerosols cause scatter radiation
Ramanathan et al 2005 (V. Ramanathan, C. Chung, D. Kim, T. Bettge, L. Buja, J. T. Kiehl, W. M. Washington, Q. Fu,
D. R. Sikka, M. Wild, Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Impacts on South Asian Climate and Hydrological Cycle, National Academy
of Sciences, Apr. 12, 2005, Jstor)
Atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) are basically layers of air pollution consisting of aerosols such as black
carbon (BC), organic carbon, and dust that absorb and scatter solar radiation (1). ABCs also contain other
anthropogenic aerosols such as sulfates, nitrates, and fly ash, which primarily scatter solar radiation. The
absorption of solar radiation by ABCs contributes to atmospheric solar heating. The absorption together with the
scattering leads to a large reduction of UV and visible wave- length solar radiation at the surface (2),
alternately referred to as dimming (3). In addition, aerosols nucleate more cloud drops that enhance scattering
of solar radiation and contribute to additional dimming (4). The nucleation of clouds by aerosols also reduces
the precipitation efficiency of clouds (5). The ABC radiative forcing can reduce rainfall through several mechanisms
as described below.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good- ⇓ Sea Temps

Aerosols decrease surface sea temperatures, and solve climatic stability
South Asian emissions of fossil fuel S02 and black carbon increased -6-fold since 1930, resulting in large
atmospheric concentrations of black carbon and other aerosols. This period also witnessed strong negative
trends of surface solar radiation, surface evaporation, and summer monsoon rainfall. These changes over
India were accompanied by an increase in atmospheric stability and a decrease in sea surface temperature
gradients in the Northern Indian Ocean. We conducted an ensemble of coupled ocean- atmosphere simulations
from 1930 to 2000 to understand the role of atmospheric brown clouds in the observed trends. The simulations
adopt the aerosol radiative forcing from the Indian Ocean experiment observations and also account for
global increases in greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols. The simulated decreases in surface solar radiation,
changes in surface and atmospheric temperatures over land and sea, and decreases in monsoon rainfall are
similar to the observed trends. We also show that greenhouse gases and sulfates, by themselves, do not account for
the magnitude or even the sign in many instances, of the observed trends. Thus, our simulations suggest that
absorbing aerosols in atmospheric brown clouds may have played a major role in the observed regional
climate and hydrological cycle changes and have masked as much as 50% of the surface warming due to the
global increase in greenhouse gases. The simulations also raise the possibility that, if current trends in emissions
continue, the subcontinent may experience a doubling of the drought frequency in the coming decades.
Global dimming cools oceans
Ramanthan`7 ( V., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA, Nucleation and
Atmospheric Aerosols, SpringerLink DateThursday, November 15, 2007,
http://www.springerlink.com/content/r12q211506213824/)
The global build up of greenhouse gases (GHGs), is the most vexing global environmental issue facing the planet.
GHGs warm the surface and the atmosphere with significant implications for, rainfall, retreat of glaciers and sea ice,
sea level, among other factors. What is less recognized, however, is a comparably major global problem dealing with
air pollution. Until about 10 years ago, air pollution was thought to be just an urban or a local problem. But new data
have revealed that, due to fast long-range transport, air pollution is transported across continents and ocean basins,
resulting in transoceanic and transcontinental plumes of atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) containing submicron-
size particles, i.e., aerosols. ABCs intercept sunlight by absorbing as well as reflecting it, both of which lead to a
large surface dimming. The dimming effect is enhanced further because aerosols nucleate more cloud drops which
makes the clouds reflect more solar radiation. The surface cooling from this dimming effect has masked the
warming due to GHGs. ABCs are concentrated in regional and megacity hot spots. Long-range transport from these
hot spots gives rise to widespread plumes over the adjacent oceans. Such a pattern of regionally concentrated surface
dimming and atmospheric solar heating, accompanied by widespread dimming over the oceans, gives rise to large
regional effects. Only during the last decade, we have begun to comprehend the surprisingly large regional impacts.
The large north–south gradient in the ABC dimming has altered the north–south gradients in sea surface
temperatures, which in turn has been shown by models to decrease rainfall over the continents. In addition to their
climate effects, ABCs lead to acidification of rain and also result in over few million fatalities worldwide. The
surface cooling effect of ABCs may have masked as much 50% of the global warming. This presents a dilemma
since efforts to curb air pollution may unmask the ABC cooling effect and enhance the surface warming. Thus
efforts to curb GHGs and air pollution should be done under one framework. The uncertainties in our understanding
of the ABC effects are large, but we are discovering new ways in which human activities are changing the climate
and the environment.
Keywords Global dimming, global warming
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Solves Fish-Cold Waters Good

Cooler waters are more conducive for fish-Migrations prove
Sample`5 (Ian, The Guardian-Scientific specialist, North Sea fish on the move to cooler waters Shift due to climate change,
say researchers, Friday May 13, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2005/may/13/environment)
Global warming has forced fish stocks in the North Sea scores of miles north to cooler waters, according to a
study by climate change scientists. Major fish species, including cod and haddock, have sought out cooler waters
in response to a 1C rise in the temperature of the North Sea over the past 25 years. In the same period, more
exotic southern species have encroached on North Sea waters and established themselves. The shift in fish
populations has profound implications for fisheries which have already driven stocks to record lows, the
researchers say. Scientists at the University of East Anglia and researchers at the Centre for Environment Fisheries
and Aquaculture Science in Lowestoft pored over fisheries data from 1977 to 2001 and looked at the relative
abundance of catches. They also examined records of sea temperatures, general climatic patterns and the
effects of the Gulf Stream. The researchers found that 21 species had shifted their distributions in line with
the rise in sea temperature, and 18 species had moved much further north. According to the study, published
today in the journal Science, the North Sea cod population has moved 73 miles towards the Arctic while
haddock have moved 65 miles north. The study raises concerns that some already overexploited fish stocks are
under further threat from climate change. Allison Perry, who co-authored the study, said: "We know these
ecosystems are already under heavy pressure and this is an added stress. If we want to rebuild stocks we need to be
more cautious because the conditions now aren't as suitable as they were 25 years ago." Professor John Reynolds,
who led the study, said: "The fact that species such as haddock and cod have moved over 100km [63 miles]
northward suggests that management programmes will need to be particularly precautionary if southerly populations
are to recover from overfishing." Many of the species studied also moved to deeper waters as they shifted north,
which may also have been driven by a search for cooler seas. Populations of six species, including plaice and
cuckoo rays, moved to deeper waters without changing latitude. The findings demonstrate how sensitive fish
stocks are to climate change. In 2003, scientists at the University of Texas reported that 99 species of birds,
butterflies and alpine herbs had shifted 600 metres north each year because of global warming. In the latest study,
fish populations headed north nearly four times as quickly, at an average of nearly 1.4 miles a year. The shifting
populations of fish have implications beyond fisheries management. The study found that smaller fish with shorter
lifecycles were more likely to move north in response to climate change, with larger, slower-growing fish lagging
behind. Scientists now fear that differing abili ties to respond to warming waters will fragment ecosystems by
separating predators from their usual prey. Ms Perry said scientists were not sure whether those species that are not
moving north are simply more resilient to climate change. "It might be that they aren't able to move further north
because they have certain habitat requirements we're unaware of that are limited further to the north," she said.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Solves Coral Bleaching

Cooling key to save coral
AGU`8 (AGU, Science and Society, Peter Weiss, Natural ocean thermostat may protect some coral reefs, 7 February 2008
http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/prrl/2008-05.html)
Coral reefs face a multitude of threats, including overfishing, coastal development, pollution, and changes to
ocean chemistry caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But global warming presents a
particularly grave threat because unusually warm ocean temperatures can lead to episodes of coral bleaching,
in which corals turn white after expelling the colorful microscopic algae that provide them with nutrition.
Unless cooler temperatures return in a few days or weeks, allowing algae to grow again, bleached corals often
collapse and die. Bleaching can occur naturally, but it has become increasingly widespread in recent decades.
This is largely because sea-surface temperatures in tropical waters where corals live have increased about 0.5-
0.7 degrees Fahrenheit (0.3-0.4 degrees Celsius) over the last two to three decades, with temperatures occasionally
spiking higher. However, between 1980 and 2005, only four episodes of bleaching have been reported for reefs in
the Western Pacific Warm Pool. This is a lower rate than any other reef region, even though the western Pacific reefs
appear to be especially sensitive to temperature changes. Sea-surface temperatures in the warm pool naturally
average about 85 degrees Fahrenheit (29 degrees Celsius), which is close to the proposed thermostat limit. They
have warmed up by about half as much as in cooler areas of the oceans.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Dimming Solves Plankton [1/2]

SO2 increases plankton growth
ScienceDaily`5 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050213130304.htm, 02/05

surprising link may exist between ocean fertility and air pollution over land, according to Georgia Institute of
Technology research reported in the Feb. 16 issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research — Atmospheres. The
work provides new insight into the role that ocean fertility plays in the complex cycle involving carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases in global warming. When dust storms pass over industrialized areas, they can pick up
sulfur dioxide, an acidic trace gas emitted from industrial facilities and power plants. As the dust storms move out
over the ocean, the sulfur dioxide they carry lowers the pH (a measure of acidity and alkalinity) level of dust
and transforms iron into a soluble form, said Nicholas Meskhidze, a postdoctoral fellow in Professor
Athanasios Nenes' group at Georgia Tech's School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and lead author of the
paper "Dust and Pollution: A Recipe for Enhanced Ocean Fertilization." This conversion is important
because dissolved iron is a necessary micronutrient for phytoplankton — tiny aquatic plants that serve as
food for fish and other marine organisms, and also reduce carbon dioxide levels in Earth's atmosphere via
photosynthesis. Phytoplankton carry out almost half of Earth's photosynthesis even though they represent
less than 1 percent of the planet's biomass. In research funded by the National Science Foundation, Meskhidze
began studying dust storms three years ago under the guidance of William Chameides, Regents' Professor and
Smithgall Chair at Georgia Tech's School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and co-author of the paper. "I knew
that large storms from the Gobi deserts in northern China and Mongolia could carry iron from the soil to remote
regions of the northern Pacific Ocean, facilitating photosynthesis and carbon-dioxide uptake," Meskhidze said. "But
I was puzzled because the iron in desert dust is primarily hematite, a mineral that is insoluble in high-pH solutions
such as seawater. So it's not readily available to the plankton." Using data obtained in a flight over the study area,
Meskhidze analyzed the chemistry of a dust storm that originated in the Gobi desert and passed over Shanghai
before moving onto the northern Pacific Ocean. His discovery: When a high-concentration of sulfur dioxide
mixed with the desert dust, it acidified the dust to a pH below 2 — the level needed for mineral iron to
convert into a dissolved form that would be available to phytoplankton. Expanding on this discovery,
Meskhidze studied how variations in air pollution and mineral dust affect iron mobilization. Obtaining in-flight data
from two different Gobi-desert storms — one occurring on March 12, 2001, and the other on April 6, 2001 --
Meskhidze analyzed the pollution content and then modeled the storms' trajectory and chemical transformation over
the North Pacific Ocean. Using satellite measurements, he determined whether there had been increased
growth of phytoplankton in the ocean area where the storms passed. The results were surprising, he said.
Although the April storm was a large one, with three sources of dust colliding and traveling as far as the continental
United States, there was no increased phytoplankton activity. Yet the March storm, albeit smaller, significantly
boosted the production of phytoplankton. The differing results can be attributed to the concentration of sulfur
dioxide existing in dust storms, Meskhidze said. Large storms are highly alkaline because they contain a higher
proportion of calcium carbonate. Thus, the amount of sulfur dioxide picked up from pollution is not enough to bring
down the pH below 2. "Although large storms can export vast amounts of mineral dust to the open ocean, the
amount of sulfur dioxide required to acidify these large plumes and generate bioavailable iron is about five to 10
times higher than the average springtime concentrations of this pollutant found in industrialized areas of China,"
Meskhidze explained. "Yet the percentage of soluble iron in small dust storms can be many orders of
magnitude higher than large dust storms." So even though small storms are limited in the amount of dust
they transport to the ocean and may not cause large plankton blooms, small storms still produce enough
soluble iron to consistently feed phytoplankton and fertilize the ocean. This may be especially important for
high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll waters, where phytoplankton production is limited because of a lack of iron.
Natural sources of sulfur dioxide, such as volcanic emissions and ocean production, may also cause iron
mobilization and stimulate phytoplankton growth. Yet emissions from human-made sources normally represent a
larger portion of the trace gas. Also, human-made emission sites may be closer to the storm's course and have
a stronger influence on it than natural sulfur dioxide, Meskhidze said. This research deepens scientists'
understanding of the carbon cycle and climate change, he added. "It appears that the recipe of adding pollution
to mineral dust from East Asia may actually enhance ocean productivity and, in so doing, draw down
atmospheric carbon dioxide and reduce global warming," Chameides said. "Thus, China's current plans to
reduce sulfur dioxide emissions, which will have far-reaching benefits for the environment and health of the
people of China, may have the unintended consequence of exacerbating global warming," he added. "This is perhaps
one more reason why we all need to get serious about reducing our emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases."
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Dimming Solves Plankton [2/2]

Cool water is better for plankton-They produce a sulfur compound themselves that cause
dimming and water cooling
Monastersky`87 (Richard, The Plankton-Climate Connection, Society for Science and the public, Dec. 5, 1987, Jstor)
The chemical link between plankton and clouds is a sulfur compound called dimethylsulfide (DMS). Inside the
plankton cells, DMS protects against the high salt concentrations of the outside seawater. The cells excrete
DMS as a normal metabolic product, but the compound also enters seawater when plankton are eaten or die.
DMS then diffuses from the seawater into the atmosphere. For decades, says Gaia author Love lock, this was the
extent of the scientific knowledge about DMS. Nobody really questioned the subsequent fate of the compound.
"They thought it was just a biochemical curiosity," he says. But in the 1970s, research into the Gaia hypothesis
prompted Lovelock to examine the world's sulfur budget in detail, which meant keeping close track of all the
important forms of sulfur. And this continued interest in DMS helped reveal its climatic role. While Lovelock
was musing on the fate of DMS, Robert Charlson of the University of Washington in Seattle was working
independently at the other end of the problem. As an atmospheric scientist, Charlson had been wondering how
marine clouds grow. Clouds are actually composed of particles of water. But before they can develop, there
must be some sort of nuclei onto which water can condense. Says Lovelock, "It was a speculation by Bob Charlson:
Where did the cloudcondensation nuclei come from? We talked about DMS, and it seemed natural that it
could be the source." Earlier this year, in the April 16 NATURE, Lovelock, Charlson and their colleagues proposed
that once DMS reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to form sulfate particles, which then serve as condensation
nuclei for developing cloud particles. Scientists widely believed- though they had not proved it at the time of the
paper - that the number of cloud particles determines the reflective properties of clouds. An increase in the
number of condensation nuclei was thought to make marine stratus clouds reflect more sunlight. These types
of clouds cover 30 percent of the world at any time, says Charlson, so an increase in their reflectivity would
cut off much of the radiation that reaches the ocean surface, thereby lowering the water's surface
temperature. According to the theory, if plankton produced more DMS, the surface of the earth would get
cooler. Within the last several months, new evidence has confirmed the major links in this plankton- climate
chain. Charlson, with Timothy S. Bates and Richard H. Gammon of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
in Seattle, reported in the Sept. 24 NATURE that they found a direct correlation between DMS levels and the
numbers of cloud nuclei in portions of the Pacific. These researchers found that the number of nuclei in the area
they studied varies with both season and latitude, and that a markedly similar relationship ap- plies to the
DMS concentrations in the seawater. This supports the theoretical prediction that DMS is providing the
particles that serve as the condensation nuclei for marine stratus clouds. The next step in the plankton-
climate theory linked the number of condensation nuclei to the reflectivity of clouds. Scientists have
understood this theoretical relationship for years. If a cloud has a certain amount of water and the number of
available nuclei increases, explains Bates, "it means that the given water vapor is spread out more, and you
have more surface area to reflect incoming solar radiation." But that relationship had gone un- tested until this
year, when James A. Coakley and his colleagues noticed that the exhaust from ships left long, highly reflective trails
in marine clouds - an |CLOUDS TEMR CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI ? DMS| PLANKTON| |
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Solves Sea Levels

Empirically dimming holds down sea levels
Property Investing`6 (Property Investing.net, Global warming - analysis, insights and property 11-25-
2006http://www.propertyinvesting.net/cgi-script/csNews/csNews.cgi?database=specialreports.db104&command=viewonex#)
What Happened 1981 to 2006: The collapse of the Soviet Empire culminating in the Berlin Wall falling and
the end of the Cold War – this lead to a massive reduction in dirty brown coal usage in Russia and the old
Eastern European states. Brown coal power stations were closed and steel works and heavy industry died. This
resulted in a sudden and massive drop in dimming. More overall global energy usage led to increases in
carbon dioxide which compounded with the cleaner air to cause a sudden increase in global temperatures
from 1981 onwards. The increased use of airlines helped reduce this effect by putting more ice trails into the sky,
but this was not enough to stop warming. As smog levels and particulate pollution reduced, this exacerbated the
problem and lead to a rapidly rising temperatures on most parts of the world. This was particularly noticeable
in Siberia, eastern Europe (less particulate pollution) and South America and Africa (deforestation). Increase usage
of fossil fuels in India and China from 1990 onwards was not enough to counteract the cleaner air (less
particulate pollution) in the global environment. The effects of the Mount Saint Helens eruption of 1980 wore
off by 1982 and the sky’s became less dim. This accelerated by 1986 as the Berlin Wall came down and heavy
industry was close. By the late 1990s, India also started to clean a lot of its power stations and environmental
legislation in the USA and Europe in the 1990s lead to further cleaning and less dimming – exacerbating and
increasing the global warming problem. Sea levels started to rise. Increasing airline usage (ice trails) was not
nearly enough to dim the atmosphere are prevent further warming. 2001 Event: In the two days after 9/11 2001
when all US airplanes were grounded, the average temperature in the USA rose an unprecedented 0.5 degrees
centigrade. The cause of this was lack of ice trails from the airline industry. This demonstrated beyond
reasonable doubt that dimming caused by man-made mist in the earths atmosphere contributes to cooling
and conversely, the lack of this causes warming.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Solves Wheat/Grain-Colder Temps
Colder temperatures increase wheat production
Singh`8 (Bajinder Pal, The Live mint.com associate fo the Wallstreet Journal, Lower temperatures help crop germination,
besides extending the time the crop takes to mature, May 25, 2008, http://www.livemint.com/2008/05/25232333/Colder-and-
longer-winter-boost.html?d=1)
In India, longer and colder winters usually mean nothing more than lazy mornings and respite from the
impending heat. But there was more to it this time for wheat farmers in the country’s north-western region, with
the production of wheat—the crop is normally harvested in April—showing a good rise compared with previous
years. The bulk of this higher yield, which came from Punjab’s Malwa region, is due to a drop in temperatures
in mid-December 2007 to mid-February and extended mild weather, experts say. Officials at the meteorological
unit at the Punjab Agricultural University have confirmed this fall in temperature and continuation of mild weather
till early April. First official estimates suggest the yield per hectare of wheat in the state this season was
4,450kg, almost 200kg more than what it was a year earlier. According to scientists at the wheat section of the
Ludhiana-based Punjab Agricultural University, lower temperatures help crop germination, besides extending
the time the crop takes to mature. Unlike in western Europe, where wheat takes around eight-nine months to
ripen, in north-western India, it is ready for harvest in four-five months. Punjab’s deputy director of agriculture
Gurdial Singh also confirmed that the colder and longer winter played a role in better wheat yields. Prolonged
winter meant that the grain development was better and the grains were larger.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Solves Wheat-Warming Kills Wheat
Hotter and drier temperatures are devastating wheat crops
Time Magazine`7(Bryan Walsh, Global Warming's Next Victim: Wheat, Aug. 27, 2007, Time Magazine
http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1656570,00.html)
"The net result is that you'd have plants that develop faster and aren't able to accumulate mass," says David Lobell
of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Lobell says global warming has already begun to take food off the
world's table. According to a recent study he and his colleagues conducted, the temperature increase that
occurred between 1981 and 2002 reduced major cereal crop yields by an annual average of 40 million metric
tons — losses worth $5 billion a year. Those losses are sobering, but nothing compared to what might be in store:
A recent study sponsored by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research forecast a 51% decline
in India's wheat-growing land, potentially leaving hundreds of millions hungry. And, last week, China's top
meteorological official warned that global warming could cut the nation's grain harvest by 5 to 10% by 2030.
And all this will be happening while both countries add more mouths to feed. Even more important than
temperature will the the impact of global warming on rainfall, both too much and too little. It's hard to predict
how climate will change rainfall patterns, but the rule of thumb is that dry areas will get drier, wet areas will get
wetter, and droughts and flooding will both become more common. The effects of prolonged drought can already be
seen in Australia, where consistently dry weather ravaged last year's wheat crop, and threatens to do the same this
year. Flooding can destroy entire fields in a single day, and over time can lead to soil erosion and loss, permanently
crippling once fertile land. "Water shortages are going to be a major issue for food companies," says Bob
Goldin, executive vice-president at the food-industry research firm Technomic. "It will have an impact on
agriculture in terms of higher coasts and lower yield." The silver lining is that warming will make once-frigid
northern latitudes more suitable for agriculture. But the new farmland won't make up for the loss of the old, because
soils further north in territories such as Siberia or Labrador are thin in nutrients compared to the rich loam of tropical
India. The best hope may instead lie in breeding drought and heat-resistant crop strains — which groups such as
CIMMYT are already working on — and in tweaking agronomy techniques to conserve water and soil. But while
that might be enough to preserve farming in a rich country like the U.S., very little is being done to prepare
developing nations for the agricultural challenges of climate change. "It's the poor counties that will suffer the
most," says Reynolds. That much, at least, won't change
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Good-Solving warming=More Warming [1/3]
Solving global warming results in a net increase earth’s temperature

Phil for humanity` No date (Phil B., posted on his website “Phil for humanity.org, Solving Global Warming Will
Temporarily Cause Higher Temperatures, No date
http://www.philforhumanity.com/Global_Dimming_Effects_on_Global_Warming.html)
Global warming is believed to be cause by other pollutions (mostly carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) being
released into the atmosphere. Therefore, all the pollution being released into the atmosphere is both increasing
and decreasing the world’s average temperatures. Unfortunately, the effects of global warming and global
dimming are NOT completely counteracting each other. The net effect is a continuous increase of the world’s
average temperatures, thus global warming is increasing much faster than global dimming is cooling. This problem
is even more complicated than it first appears. Since global warming is now starting to be seriously addressed,
alternative sources of energy (that do not create pollution that causes global warming or global dimming) are being
introduced throughout the world. When these pollutants start decreasing in the atmosphere, the pollutants that
cause global dimming will decrease at a much faster rate than the pollutants that cause global warming,
because global dimming pollutants are larger molecules that will most likely settle first and be more easily
absorbed by plants and animals. In summary, when air pollution starts to decrease, the effects of global
dimming will disappear more quickly. Thus, global cooling from global dimming will decrease first. Therefore,
global warming will have less counter-acting global cooling from global dimming, so the planet’s temperatures
will increase even more in the short term. How short, no one knows.
Reducing particles will increase global temperature within days

BBC`6 (Brittish Broadcasting Corporation, Transcript of the documentary “Global Dimming”
http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article15809.htm)
NARRATOR: If so much could happen in such a short time, removing just one form of pollution, then it
suggests that the overall effect of Global Dimming on world temperatures could be huge. DR DAVID TRAVIS:
The nine eleven study showed that if you remove a contributor to Global Dimming, jet contrails, just for
a three day period, we see an immediate response of the surface of temperature. Do the same thing globally
we might see a large scale increase in global warming. NARRATOR: This is the real sting in the tail. Solve the
problem of Global Dimming and the world could get considerably hotter. And this is not just theory, it may
already be happening. In Western Europe the steps we have taken to cut air pollution have started to bear
fruit in a noticeable improvement in air quality and even a slight reduction in Global Dimming over the last
few years. Yet at the same time, after decades in which they held steady, European temperatures have started
rapidly to rise culminating in the savage summer of 2003. Forest fires devastated Portugal. Glaciers melted in the
Alps. And in France people died by the thousand. Could this be the penalty of reducing Global Dimming without
tackling the root cause of global warming? DR BEATE LIEPERT: We thought we live in a global warming world,
um but this is actually er not right. We lived in a global warming plus a Global Dimming world, and now we are
taking out Global Dimming. So we end up with the global warming world, which will be much worse than we
thought it will be, much hotter. NARRATOR: This is the crux of the problem. While the greenhouse effect has
been warming the planet, it now seems Global Dimming has been cooling it down. So the warming caused by
carbon dioxide has been hidden from us by the cooling from air pollution. But that situation is now starting to
change. DR PETER COX (Hadley Centre, Met Office): We're gonna be in a situation unless we act where the
cooling pollutant is dropping off while the warming pollutant is going up, CO2 will be going up and particles
will be dropping off and that means we'll get an accelerated warming. We'll get a double whammy, we'll get,
we'll get reducing cooling and increased heating at the same time and that's, that's a problem for us.
Scholars Aerosols
Cutting the burning of fossil fuels speeds up global warming and makes it worst
ABC News`5 (America’s Broadcasting Corporation, Fossil fuel cuts may warm up Earth, January 13, 2005.
http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200501/s1281460.htm)
Cutting down on fossil fuel pollution could accelerate global warming and help turn parts of Europe into desert
by 2100, according to research to be aired on British television. A BBC Horizon documentary, Global Dimming, will
describe research suggesting fossil fuel by-products like sulphur dioxide particles reflect the sun's rays,
"dimming" temperatures and almost cancelling out the greenhouse effect. The researchers say cutting down
on the burning of coal and oil, one of the main goals of international environmental agreements, will
drastically heat rather than cool the climate. "When the cooling affect goes away - and it must do because
particles like sulphur dioxide are damaging to humans - global warming will be much stronger," climate
change scientist Dr Peter Cox said.
The researchers say that temperatures could increase in the worst case by up to 10 degrees by the end of the
century - much more than current estimates. Scientists differ as to whether global warming is caused by man-
made emissions of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse" gases, by natural climate cycles or if it exists at all.
Dr Cox says take away fossil fuel by-products like sulphur dioxide without tackling greenhouse gas emissions,
and the extra heat will speed warming. That will irreversibly melt ice sheets and rendering rainforests
unsustainable within decades. "The climate will warm more in the future but the ability of the land to store
carbon dioxide will be compromised," Dr Cox said. He says warmer soil is less able to hold the greenhouse gas.
An end in fossil fuel use substantially increases global temperature-It should be enough to
set off their impacts
Earth & Sky` No date (Earth & Sky, environmental radio station, transcript of “What if we stopped burning fossil
fuels today, http://www.earthsky.org/radioshows/45075/what-if-we-stopped-burning-fossil-fuels-today)
DB: This is Earth and Sky. When we burn fossil fuels, we release greenhouse gases. Most climate scientists agree
that these gases are helping make our planet warmer. JB: Now imagine we could stop burning fossil fuels, today.
What would happen to Earth’s climate? Tom Wigley is a senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric
Research in Boulder. He uses a computer model that factors in many of the byproducts of fossil fuel burning –
including sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, aerosols, ozone and methane. DB: If we stopped
burning fossil fuels today, he said global warming would speed up, at first. That’s because sulfur dioxide cools
Earth. Wigley’s model shows a temporary warming of as much as one degree Fahrenheit – or half a degree
Celsius. But sulfur dioxide breaks down quickly. After it disappeared, about 20 years from now, Earth would
gradually start cooling back down. It would return to current temperatures in about 200 years, by about the year
2200. Here’s Tom Wigley.
Less pollution risk exacerbating global warming
Pincock`7 (Stephen, The Finnancial Times of London, Fluffy thinking The role of clouds in global warming is not fully
understood. Sometimes they can trap heat; at other times they have a cooling effect is reflecting radiation back into space,
February 3, 2007 Saturday, Lexis)
The difficulty with clouds is that they can interact with the sun's rays in different ways, depending on their
composition. In some situations, clouds can act like a blanket to trap heat from the Earth; in others, they can have a
cooling effect by reflecting radiation from the sun back into space. Researchers have been investigating the
way clouds are involved in the greenhouse effect for a couple of decades or so, developing ever more
sophisticated explanations for how they are formed and how they behave. They have gone far beyond cirrus,
cumulus and nimbus, but it would be fair to say that there are still difficult questions to answer. In models of climate
change, for example, the behaviour of clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere are responsible for much
uncertainty. In June last year, climate researcher Daniel Rosenfeld from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Scholars Aerosols
pointed out one of those question marks in an article in Science magazine. Rosenfeld explained that some
pollution aerosols can act as "cloud condensation nuclei", acting as seeds around which clouds form. Those
clouds tend to contain a greater number of small water drops, which are slower to merge and fall as rain. The
result is that those clouds are thicker, bigger and hang around longer, thus reflecting more sunlight back into
space and partially mitigating global warming. "These aerosol effects are poorly quantified and represent the
greatest uncertainty in our understanding of the climate system," Rosenfeld wrote. One risk is that the effect of
these aerosols might have had a temporary damping effect on global warming that will evaporate as we
pollute less.
Cleaning up pollution causes more warming
Harvey`7 (Fiona, London Finnancial Times, The world on the edge Scientists are certain that our climate is changing.
The challenge now is to tell us what could tip us into catastrophe - and when, April 28, 2007, Lexis)
Global dimming
Although we are on course to double the amount of carbon dioxide that was present in the atmosphere in pre-
industrial times, another form of pollution may be saving us from the worst effects. Particles in the atmosphere
come from natural sources such as volcanoes, desert dust and forest fires, but also from fossil fuel combustion.
Burning coal, for instance, produces sulphur as well as carbon particles. These particles may be reflecting
some of the sun's radiance back into space. The effect of this is to counteract global warming, earning the
phenomenon the name "global dimming". It is difficult to tell how much this effect, caused by industrialisation
and changing land use, which creates dust, is diminishing the heating effect of greenhouse gases. Estimates suggest
it could account for as much as a 4 per cent reduction in the sun's heat reaching the earth since the 1950s,
although moves to clear up pollution in the past two decades could have lessened this. Paradoxically, then,
cleaning up air pollution could leave us open to more global warming. This has led some experts to suggest we
spray particles, such as sulphur, into the air as a way of cooling the earth.
Policies designed to reduce warming reduce aerosols increasing temperatures
Cox`6 (Tayler, Deputy editor of the Stanford Review, Global Dimming: A New Perspective on Climate Change May 12, 2006
http://www.stanfordreview.org/Archive/Volume_XXXVI/Issue_8/Opinions/opinions1.shtml)
While global temperatures show an upward trend since 1860, dimming and cooling started to outweigh the
effects of global warming in the late 1940’s. Then starting in 1970 with the Clean Air Act in the United States
and similar policies in Europe, atmospheric sulfate aerosols declined significantly. The EPA reports that in the
U.S. alone from 1970 to 2005, total emissions of the six principal air pollutants, including PM’s, dropped by
53 percent. In 1975, the masked effects of trapped greenhouse gases finally started to emerge and have
dominated ever since. While a few dissenters hold on to alternate theories of natural variance or solar influence on
climate change, the official report by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Control (IPCC) in 2001 attributed
global warming to human greenhouse gas emission, and predicted rises up to 5.8° C in temperature by 2100.
Similarly, according to data collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Paleoclimatology Program from Antarctic ice cores in 2004, global temperature over the last 740,000 years correlate
significantly with greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. The continued success of global aerosol clean-up
since the 90’s may have contributed to a rise in sunlight reaching the earth over the last decade, and hint that
global warming may now increase faster and at even greater magnitudes than we previously thought. Some
scientists recently revised their predictions of climate change to an increase in 10° C by the year 2100. This could
transform large tracts of continents to inhospitable deserts.
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Dimming Good-Solves Disease

Mosquitoes need a warm and wet climate to breed and transmit disease
CDC`4 (Center for Disease Control, Federal Disease headquarters, Malaria, April 30, 2004,
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/distribution_epi/epidemiology.htm)
Climate can influence all three components of the life cycle. It is thus a key determinant in the geographic
distribution and the seasonality of malaria. Rainfall can create collections of water ("breeding sites") where
Anopheles eggs are deposited, and larvae and pupae develop into adulthood, a process that takes approximately
9-12 days in tropical areas. Such breeding sites may dry up prematurely in the absence of further rainfall, or
conversely they can be flushed and destroyed by excessive rains. Once adult mosquitoes have emerged, the
ambient temperature, humidity, and rains will determine their chances of survival. To transmit malaria
successfully, female Anopheles must survive long enough after they have become infected (through a blood meal on
an infected human) to allow the parasites they now harbor to complete their growth cycle ("extrinsic" cycle). That
cycle takes 9-21 days at 25°C or 77°F. Warmer ambient temperatures shorten the duration of the extrinsic
cycle, thus increasing the chances of transmission. Conversely, below a minimum ambient temperature (15°C
or 59°F for Plasmodium vivax, 20°C or 68°F for P. falciparum), the extrinsic cycle cannot be completed and
malaria cannot be transmitted. This explains in part why malaria transmission is greater in warmer areas of
the globe (tropical and semitropical areas and lower altitudes), particularly for P. falciparum. It has been
speculated that current trends of global warming may increase the geographic range of malaria and may be
responsible for malaria epidemics. Climate also determines human behaviors that may increase contact with
Anopheles mosquitoes between dusk and dawn, when the Anopheles are most active. Hot weather may
encourage people to sleep outdoors or discourage them from using bed nets. During harvest seasons,
agricultural workers might sleep in the fields or nearby locales, without protection against mosquito bites.
B) Dimming makes it drier and cooler-We solve
Helmenstine`7 (Anne, Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D., is an author and consultant with a broad scientific and medical
background. Global Dimming & Global Brightening Friday December 28, 2007http://chemistry.about.com/b/2007/12/28/global-
dimming-global-brightening.htm)
I mentioned the earth's atmosphere plays a major role in how much light reaches the earth's
surface. Aerosols filter out sunlight, particularly soot particles (from volcanoes or from
human activities). Water droplets form around these particles, changing the reflectivity of
clouds. If you have more aerosol particles, you have many tiny water droplets in clouds as
compared with fewer, larger droplets. Multiple tiny droplets have more surface area, or
reflective surfaces, than fewer larger droplets, thereby increasing the amount of light
bounced back from clouds. Light from the sun is less likely to reach the earth; radiation from a
warm earth is better insulated by the same clouds. The Slate article states that the average amount of light
reaching the earth's surface decreased about 10% between 1958 and 1988, however since then, there has been
a brightening trend. Was the dimming bad? Is the brightening good? What does it mean? Those are big
questions with hotly debated answers. Diminished light can result in less evaporation of water from
the earth's surface which in turn leads to less rain. It also results in cooler temperatures.
Scholars Aerosols
Warming=Dimming in South & East U.S. [1/2]

Warming increases smog-causing pollutants in the metropolitan areas of the Southern and
Eastern U.S.
NRDC`7 (National Resources Defense council, New Study: Smog Poses Greater Health Risk Because of Global
Warming, More Bad Air Days for Southern, Eastern U.S. Cities, September 13,
2007http://www.nrdc.org/media/2007/070913.asp)
People living in ten mid-sized metropolitan areas are expected to experience significantly more 'red alert' air
pollution days in coming years due to increasing lung-damaging smog caused by higher temperatures from
global warming. The analysis[1] was prepared by researchers at Yale, Johns Hopkins and Columbia universities, in
collaboration with researchers at State University of New York at Albany, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison
and released today by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). The study uses data from the 2007 journal
Climatic Change, which looks at climate change, ambient ozone, and public health in U.S. cities. It was released
today by NRDC and some of the nation's top medical experts. "The air in many of our nation's cities is already
unhealthy. Hotter weather means more bad air days for millions of Americans," said NRDC Climate Center’s
Science Director Dan Lashof. "People with asthma are especially at risk, but everyone is adversely harmed by
breathing unhealthy air. This research provides another compelling reason to establish enforceable limits on
pollution." The study, "Heat Advisory: How Global Warming Causes More Bad Air Days," projects that
higher temperatures mean more smog for a given level of precursor emissions. Smog is formed when
pollutants from cars, factories, and other sources mix with sunlight and heat. On 'red alert' days -- everyone --
particularly children and people with asthma and other respiratory illnesses -- is advised to limit prolonged outdoor
exertion. For people with asthma, smog pollution can increase sensitivity to allergens. The Environmental Protection
Agency's blue ribbon panel of science advisers has concluded that the current ozone standard of 84 parts per billion
(ppb) needs to be substantially reduced to between 60 and 70 ppb in order to protect public health. "EPA should
reduce the ozone standard to within the range recommended by its science advisers. A standard at the lower end of
that range will save more lives. During warmer months high ozone levels already create breathing problems for
children, elderly, and those with respiratory diseases," said Physicians for Social Responsibility's Environment and
Health Programs Dr. Director Kristen Welker-Hood. "We know that global warming will lead to higher
temperatures, especially in urban areas, and as this study shows, we can expect more and more suffering
related to unhealthy air the longer we wait to address global warming." In Washington, D.C., for instance,
residents would see a 24 percent drop in clean air days per summer. The report looks at the following cities
located in the eastern and southern half of the U.S.:
Asheville, NC
Cleveland, OH
Columbus, OH
Greenville, SC
Memphis, TN
Philadelphia, PA
Raleigh, NC
Virginia Beach, VA
Washington, DC
Wilmington, NC
These cities are highlighted because of their size, population and geographical differences. Federal policy
makers representing these areas will be faced with critical decisions about reducing global warming emissions and it
is important that they be made aware of the health implications of hotter temperatures.
Scholars Aerosols
Warming=Dry Heat in Western U.S.

Warming will cause the western U.S. to get hotter and drier and the east coast will see more
smog
Daley`7 ( Beth, Boston Globe Staff Writer, A CLIMATE CHANGE WARNING Panel says humans are probably
causing shifts around world, The Boston Globe, April 7, 2007, Lexis)
The report's release in Brussels was delayed for several hours in part because officials of several governments,
including the United States, Saudi Arabia, and China, debated wording with scientists, including how the report
characterized scientists' certainty that global warming is already influencing physical and biological systems.
According to IPCC rules, all governments had to sign off on the document; its release was preceded by four days of
intense negotiations with officials from more than 100 countries. The wording was ultimately changed to reflect less
certainty, over the objections of the panel's scientists. The final report says it is "likely" that manmade warming
has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. "That was a really hard discussion,"
said Patricia Romero Lankao, a lead author of the report who was part of the Brussels negotiations and who works at
the National Center for Atmospheric Research. In a press briefing yesterday morning, a White House official said
that any alterations the US pushed for were made to reflect what is really known about the impact of climate change.
"We took our role very seriously in getting a summary document that accurately reflects the underlying science,"
said Sharon Hays, the leader of the US delegation at the Brussels meeting and the associate director for science for
the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Still, the report's message to government officials around
the world was that if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to increase at the current rate, the world will
experience a changing environment that plants and animals may not be able to adapt to. If emissions are not
curbed, North Americans can expect more heat waves in cities, which tend to be hotter than less populated
areas, putting at risk many vulnerable people, including the elderly. Forests will have more wildfires and tree pests,
the report predicts, and there could be increased flooding and fiercer storms. The Southwest will get drier. Regions
such as the Western United States that get drinking water from melting mountain snow will suffer shortages.
The warming temperatures are projected to increase smog in the Eastern United States, with as much as a 68
percent increase in the number of days with poor air quality by 2050. Not all of the news was bad: Crop yields
could increase by as much as 20 percent in North America, largely because of longer growing seasons. Cold-related
deaths could decrease. While yesterday's report did not address changes specific to New England, scientists
have said the region is experiencing pronounced warming that is consistent with global warming. Winter
temperatures have risen on average 4.4 degrees in the last 30 years, reducing ice and snow and extending the
growing season. More specific regional assessments by the IPCC will be released during the next two weeks. The
new 23-page report is a summary of a much longer scientific treatise and is the second of four being produced by the
IPCC this year to educate policy makers about the science and predictions of global climate change. The IPCC
assessments, issued about every five years since 1990, have shown that scientists are becoming progressively more
certain that humans are causing much of the warming. The report two months ago said scientists are more than 90
percent certain that warming temperatures in the last 50 years are mostly due to human activities. The growing
weight of scientific evidence was a factor in Monday's US Supreme Court ruling that greenhouse gases are
pollutants, a decision that some climate change analysts say may push the Bush administration to regulate carbon
dioxide emissions from cars and power plants. IPCC scientists said yesterday they are highly confident they are
seeing impacts today of climate change. As part of the report they reviewed 75 studies that showed significant
changes in everything from ice on lakes to species' migration. Of those changes, more than 89 percent are consistent
with a warming world. Natural variability in temperatures, alone, is unlikely to account for so many changes, the
scientists said. "People are beginning to experience global warming in a way they have not before. We are all
sensing the changes in the Northeast, the warmer winters, the hotter summers," said Peter Frumhoff, director of
science and policy for the Union of Concerned Scientists, a national advocacy group based in Cambridge. Scientists
acknowledged in the report that they had too little data to link some recent dramatic climate events to global
warming, such as European heat waves.
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Warming=Dimming in South & East Asia

Warming produces smog and dimming in south and East Asia while making it hotter and drier in
western Asia
Mallet`2 (VICTOR, Finnancial Times of London, UN report warns of dangers from Asian brown cloud August 12,
2002, Lexis)
Although smog clouds are often seen in south and east Asia, the Unep report, based primarily on the observations
of more than 200 international scientists taking part in a study called the Indian Ocean experiment, is the first
detailed assessment of its effects. "It's now absolutely clear that we have a very, very dangerous increase of
particulates, especially in the Asian region," Klaus Toepfer, Unep executive director, said at the launch of the
report in Paris. The release of the report coincides with preparations for the World Summit on Sustainable
Development in Johannesburg later this month. "Our scientists are warning us that this is not only a topic for
Asia, but the database in Asia is now the best," Mr Toepfer said. "There are global implications because a
pollution parcel like this can travel half way around the globe in the week." The report contains photographs
showing the brown haze blanketing the Himalayas below Mt Everest, and says that over the Indian Ocean -
up to 1,000km downwind of the Indian cities producing the pollution - the smog is "comparable to suburban
air pollution in North America and Europe". Among the more alarming findings in the report is that the haze can
reduce sunlight reaching the ground by 10 per cent, reducing the productivity of the Asian region's vital rice crop
by about the same amount. At the same time, the particles in the haze absorb heat, which can double the heating
effect of the sun in the lower atmosphere. The combination of surface cooling and lower atmosphere heating
seems to be sharply reducing rainfall in drought-stricken parts of western Asia such as Pakistan and
Afghanistan and increasing it further east, where there have been frequent floods. Unep emphasised that its
conclusions were preliminary and that further research was urgently needed, particularly into the issue of how the
haze interacts with the broader problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gases. Paradoxically, the
haze can sometimes counteract global warming, raising the disturbing possibility that moves to reduce smog
in the interests of public health could "significantly amplify" global warming over Asia. The report, noting that
Asia will have a population of 5bn within three decades, recommends further research and international co-operation
to stop the growth of the pollution that causes the brown cloud. The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Other
Environmental Impacts. Unep/Centre for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate. http://www.rrcap .unep.org
Scholars Aerosols
Fast Warming Worse

Aerosols guarantee slow warming, but rapid warming will be disastrous, destroying human
society and natural ecosystems, positive feedbacks mean that rapid warming is far more
destructive than slow warming
Freedman 2005
(Andrew, “Keep warming below threshold to avert 'runaway climate change,' report says”, Greenwire, January 25,
2005)
Industrialized nations must join developing countries to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius -- or 3.6 degrees
Farenheit -- above pre-industrial levels, according to a report released yesterday by the International Climate Change
Task Force.
Temperature increases beyond that level would increase the risk for disruption of human societies and natural
systems, and potentially bring about abrupt or "runaway climate change," the report says.
The task force, led by former British cabinet Secretary Stephen Byers and Sen. Olympia Snowe (R-Maine), was
established under the auspices of the Institute for Public Policy Research in Britain, the Center for American
Progress in the United States, and the Australia Institute.
Calling itself a "unique international cross-party, cross-sector collaboration," the task force says its goal is to
propose ways to bring the United States and Australia, which both rejected the Kyoto Protocol to limit greenhouse
gas emissions, back into multilateral negotiations on climate change. It is also meant to inform the next meeting of
the group of eight nations, which will be led by Blair and feature climate change as a key topic.
The report "provides ambitious but achievable policy solutions that reach across partisan lines and national
boundaries to build momentum for a new global energy agenda that can make important progress on this critical
problem," said Center for American Progress President and Chief Executive Officer John Podesta in a statement.
The 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, which led to the Kyoto agreement, committed
signatories to averting "dangerous" human interference with the climate system but left open the question of what
would constitute such interference.
"Scientific evidence suggests that there is a threshold of temperature increase above which the extent and magnitude
of the impacts of climate change increase sharply," the report states. The 2 degrees Celsius threshold has been
increasingly discussed in scientific and policy circles during the past few years and has been adopted as official
policy by the European Union, which represents the largest bloc of countries participating in the Kyoto Protocol
aimed at reducing greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, the United States has steered clear of any such predictions of a
threshold level that would constitute dangerous human interference under the UNFCCC.
"No one can say with certainty what that threshold is, but it is important that we make an educated judgment at this
time based on the best available science," the task force report states. It found that a net warming of about 2 degrees
Celsius likely would be associated with carbon dioxide concentrations above 400 parts per million, a level that is
likely to be surpassed on a business as usual emissions scenario as early as the next few decades. The emissions
picture is a complicated one, in part because some of the warming effects of the CO2 are blunted by atmospheric
particles such as sulfate aerosols, which exert a cooling influence on the climate.
Scholars Aerosols
*** WETLANDS METHANE

Scholars Aerosols
Methane Wetlands Turn

Acid rain deposition of sulfates is currently offsetting warming by decreasing methane
emissions from wetlands and rice paddies, but methane-producing microorganisms will
recover if sulfur emissions decrease
Gauci et al 2005
(Vincent, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, “Long-term suppression of wetland methane flux
following a pulse of simulated acid rain”, Geophysical Research Letters, June 2005,
http://cepsar.open.ac.uk/pers/v.gauci/pics/d43291.pdf)
[2] Wetland CH4 emissions are thought to have been the driving factor behind the greenhouse climate
of one of Earth’s warmest periods – the early Eocene [Beerling and Valdes, 2002, 2003] and today,
together with anthropogenic wetlands (rice paddies), these systems contribute _50% of the global CH4
source [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001]. Aside from occasional large CH4
emission events from CH4 hydrates [Nisbet, 2002], natural wetlands have been the largest contributors of
atmospheric CH4 throughout much of geologic time.
[3] Recent field experiments have shown that deposition of acid rain sulfate (SO42_) can reduce CH4
emissions from natural wetlands by as much as 40% [Dise and Verry, 2001; Granberg et al., 2001;
Gauci et al., 2002; Gauci et al., 2004b]. Inputs of SO4 2 _ to wetlands stimulate sulfate reducing
microbial populations [Vile et al., 2003] that then out-compete CH4-producing micro-organisms, thus
circumventing
the degradation pathway of carbon to CH4 and resulting in a reduction in CH4 emission [Gauci et
al.,
2002]. Sulfate deposition from acid rain significantly reduced global wetland CH4 emission since the
middle of the 20th century, off-setting any CH4 increase due to climate warming [Gauci et al., 2004a].
[4] This effect is likely to continue during the first half of the 21st century [Gauci et al., 2004a].
Uncertainty remains, however, over the recovery time for methane emissions following a relief in acid
rain. This is relevant to two situations. First, large-scale atmospheric release of SO2 through industrialisation
which began some 150 years ago has raised sulfate deposition levels in many areas of central Europe and,
more recently (ca 100 years ago) in North America, to levels from 5 to 50 times higher than natural
background deposition [Rodhe, 1999]. Since the early 1980s, this pollution has dramatically declined, but
its impact on methane emissions may have barely diminished if S-recycling is prolonged.
Scholars Aerosols
Methane Wetlands Turn

Air pollution is key to preventing methane and carbon releases from wetlands and peat
bogs, solving the acid rain problem would only create a rapidly escalating global warming
Gauci 2005
(Vincent, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, “Acid interactions”, Planet Earth, Autumn 2005,
Pollution is a ‘bad thing’ right? If only things were that simple! New research suggests acid rain falling on
wetlands could be helping to keep greenhouse gases in check. Earth’s wetlands store vast amounts of carbon.
Water-loving plants like sphagnum mosses photosynthesise, turning carbon dioxide into plant material that builds up
soggy, carbon-rich soils over thousands of years. In peatlands—just one form of wetland —there’s as much
carbon locked away in the soil as is contained in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide isn’t the only gas that moves
between wetlands and the atmosphere. These ecosystems emit vast quantities of methane, a greenhouse gas that,
molecule for molecule, is about 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.
Microbes called methanogens, which thrive in waterlogged and oxygen-free conditions, produce methane.
Wetlands are the largest global source of the gas.
There are wetlands in Europe and the United States, but most are found in remote areas of the world such as Siberia
and northern Canada, and in the tropics, for example Indonesia and the Pantanal in South America. At the Open
University, we realised that although most wetlands are far from big industrial centres, some of
these important ecosystems could still be susceptible to atmospheric pollution.
Could pollution affect the amount of methane wetlands emit?
We decided to investigate the sulphur pollution that is found in acid rain. Many countries, particularly in Western
Europe and North America, have taken great strides to reduce this problem since the 1980s. But globally, the
problem continues to grow, roughly keeping pace with the economic growth of Asia. Volcanoes are also important
sources of sulphur, and over the Earth’s history they have been the main ‘polluters’.
For example, the Icelandic Laki eruption of 1783-84 emitted as much sulphur as Western Europe’s industry would
over ten years. In Moidach More, a peat bog in north-east Scotland, my colleagues (Nancy Dise, now at Manchester
Metropolitan University, and David Fowler of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh) and I simulated the
sulphate deposition that acid rain still brings to polluted parts of the world. The experiment also simulated the
amount and timing of acid rain that would have come from the Laki eruption. Our monitoring showed that the
pollution actually reduced methane emissions by 30-40%. The reason for this is that the sulphate component
of acid rain pollution sparks a battle between different microbial populations that live in the peat. Most
peatland organisms get their nutrients from elements dissolved in rain and snow – and normally there’s very little
sulphate. Under these conditions, methane production is the last step as plant matter decomposes. But even
the very small amounts of sulphate in acid rain can shift the balance of microbial power. A different set of
microbes, called sulphate-reducing bacteria, now succeeds in the battle for limited food sources within the
peat. They out-compete the methanogens, leaving them without much food, so less methane is produced.
It’s one thing to find out that simulated acid rain can reduce emissions from a single peat bog experiment, but quite
another to find out whether or not the interaction is important globally. So with colleagues at the NASA Goddard
Institute for Space Studies (GISS), we drew together the results of similar experiments in Sweden and North
America. With the help of a global wetland methane emission model, and estimates of sulphur deposition from our
colleagues’ model of the world’s atmosphere, we were able to make an estimate at the global scale.
The results surprised us. Without the effect of sulphur from industrial sources, wetlands would become an
increasingly large source of methane as climate warms. This is because more methane is produced as
temperatures rise. But when we included acid rain in our model, we found that sulphate pollution offsets the
effect of warmer temperatures, bringing global methane emissions from wetlands down to preindustrial
levels.
Intriguing questions arose from this work: What would happen if you solved the acid rain problem in Asia? Would
methanogens in wetlands, suddenly relieved of sulphate input from acid rain, immediately fight back against
the competitive sulphate-reducing bacteria?
Scholars Aerosols
Methane Wetlands - Unique Link

Sulfate deposition is currently suppressing methane emissions from wetlands and will
continue to do so in the status quo as Asian demand for energy increases
Gauci 2004
(Vincent Gauci, Department of Earth Sciences, Open University, “Sulfur pollution suppression of the wetland
methane source in the 20th and 21st centuries”, Environmental Sciences,
The distinct pattern that arises on combining both the sulfate reduction data with the acid rain
manipulation experiments (Fig. 1) leads us to conclude that not only does the potential exist for
suppression of methane emission by sulfate deposition, but this suppression is currently occurring and
has occurred in the past.
Given that sulfur pollution varies both spatially and temporally across the planet, and that projections of
population growth and energy consumption in Asia suggest that the problem of sulfur pollution will
continue to increase in the first half of this century (27), it is important to examine how this mechanism
may have an impact on the wetland CH4 source in the future. To date, no study has quantitatively
examined the extent to which areas experiencing enhanced sulfur deposition (SDEP) spatially coincide with
CH4-producing wetlands. Here, we estimate the potential for this mechanism to affect both the northern
wetland methane source and global wetlands as a whole and estimate the changing importance of
atmospheric SO4 2 pollution on CH4 emission during both the 20th and 21st centuries.
Scholars Aerosols
Methane Wetlands Turn – Must Read

Natural wetlands and rice paddies are a potentially huge source of methane, a potent
greenhouse gas. Sulfate aerosols prevent methane production by keeping the wetlands cool
and encouraging sulfur-reducing bacteria, preventing a massive spike in global warming
Gauci 2004
Natural wetlands form the largest source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Emission of this
powerful greenhouse gas from wetlands is known to depend on climate, with increasing temperature
and rainfall both expected to increase methane emissions. This study, combining our field and controlled
environment manipulation studies in Europe and North America, reveals an additional control: an
emergent pattern of increasing suppression of methane (CH4) emission from peatlands with increasing
sulfate (SO4 2 -S) deposition, within the range of global acid deposition. We apply a model of this
relationship to demonstrate the potential effect of changes in global sulfate deposition from 1960 to 2080 on
both northern peatland and global wetland CH4 emissions. We estimate that sulfur pollution may currently
counteract climate-induced growth in the wetland source, reducing CH4 emissions by 15 Tg or 8%
smaller than it would be in the absence of global acid deposition. Our findings suggest that by 2030 sulfur pollution may
be sufficient to reduce CH4 emissions by 26 Tg or 15% of the total wetland source, a proportion as large as other
components of the CH4 budget that have until now received far greater attention. We conclude that documented increases
in atmospheric CH4 concentration since the late 19th century are likely due to factors other than the global warming of
wetlands.
Atmospheric methane (CH4) is a powerful greenhouse gas (GHG) that is responsible for an estimated
22% of the present anthropogenically enhanced greenhouse effect (1). Natural (nonrice agriculture)
wetlands are the world’s largest single CH4 source and are estimated to currently contribute between 110
and 260 Tg (Tg 1012 g) to the global methane budget (2), of which one-third is derived from temperate and
boreal northernwetlands (3). CH4 emissions from wetlands are climate sensitive, responding positively to
increases in temperature and rainfall as microbial activity and anaerobic conditions increase and
negatively to cool temperatures and drought (4, 5). Like many other ecosystems, wetlands are also subject
to the effects of aerial pollution and increasing CO2 levels. The stimulatory effects of increased
atmospheric CO2 concentrations on CH4 emission (by enhancement of net primary productivity) is well
reported (6–8), although a similar stimulatory effect of nitrogen pollution on wetland CH4 emission has not
always been identified (8–10) because of differing effects nitrogen has on the ecosystem, e.g., plant species
composition is an important factor in determining the effect of experimental N additions on CH4 fluxes (10).
CH4 is produced by two different groups of methanogenic archaea (MA); one group obtains energy by
the fermentation of simple organic compounds, such as acetate to CO2 and CH4, and the other obtains
energy by oxidizing molecular hydrogen to H2O by using CO2, which is reduced to CH4. Acetate-
fermenting MA tend to dominate in more nutrient-rich peatlands and in summer, when the supply of labile
organic carbon is relatively high. However, it has been recently demonstrated that climate, depth of the
acrotelm, and acetate concentrations add a fair degree of plasticity over controls on acetate-fermenting MA
(11). Both groups of microorganisms are strictly anaerobic, and both are suppressed by another group of
anaerobic microorganisms, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) (12). SRB have a higher affinity for both
hydrogen and acetate than MA, which, under ideal conditions, enables them to maintain the pool of these
substrates at concentrations too low for MA to use (13, 14). In wetlands, however, the balance between
sulfate reduction and methanogenesis is affected by factors such as the temperature [warmer
temperatures favor methanogenesis (15)], the rate of SO4 2 and acetate supply [lower concentrations of
sulfate or higher concentrations of acetate reduce the intensity of competition (13)], and the availability of
noncompetitive substrates [some low molecular weight hydrocarbons may be preferentially used over acetate
by SRB (16, 17) and some substrates such as methanol, methanethiol, and dimethyl sulfide may be used by
MA but are poorly used by SRB (18, 19)]. As a consequence, sulfate reduction in wetlands partially, rather
than completely, inhibits methane production (19). Stimulation of sulfate reduction has been exploited
as a mechanism to reduce GHG emissions from rice paddies; in field trials, CH4 emissions have been
reduced by as much as 72% with doses of gypsum (CaSO4) ranging from several hundred to thousands of
kilograms of SO4 2 per hectare (ha) (20, 21).
Scholars Aerosols
Methane Wetlands Turn – Must Read

Air pollution is key to preventing methane and carbon releases from wetlands and peat
bogs, solving the acid rain problem would only create a rapidly escalating global warming
Gauci 2005
(Vincent, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, “Acid interactions”, Planet Earth, Autumn 2005,
Pollution is a ‘bad thing’ right? If only things were that simple! New research suggests acid rain falling on
wetlands could be helping to keep greenhouse gases in check. Earth’s wetlands store vast amounts of carbon.
Water-loving plants like sphagnum mosses photosynthesise, turning carbon dioxide into plant material that builds up
soggy, carbon-rich soils over thousands of years. In peatlands—just one form of wetland —there’s as much
carbon locked away in the soil as is contained in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide isn’t the only gas that moves
between wetlands and the atmosphere. These ecosystems emit vast quantities of methane, a greenhouse gas that,
molecule for molecule, is about 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.
Microbes called methanogens, which thrive in waterlogged and oxygen-free conditions, produce methane.
Wetlands are the largest global source of the gas.
There are wetlands in Europe and the United States, but most are found in remote areas of the world such as Siberia
and northern Canada, and in the tropics, for example Indonesia and the Pantanal in South America. At the Open
University, we realised that although most wetlands are far from big industrial centres, some of
these important ecosystems could still be susceptible to atmospheric pollution.
Could pollution affect the amount of methane wetlands emit?
We decided to investigate the sulphur pollution that is found in acid rain. Many countries, particularly in Western
Europe and North America, have taken great strides to reduce this problem since the 1980s. But globally, the
problem continues to grow, roughly keeping pace with the economic growth of Asia. Volcanoes are also important
sources of sulphur, and over the Earth’s history they have been the main ‘polluters’.
For example, the Icelandic Laki eruption of 1783-84 emitted as much sulphur as Western Europe’s industry would
over ten years. In Moidach More, a peat bog in north-east Scotland, my colleagues (Nancy Dise, now at Manchester
Metropolitan University, and David Fowler of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh) and I simulated the
sulphate deposition that acid rain still brings to polluted parts of the world. The experiment also simulated the
amount and timing of acid rain that would have come from the Laki eruption. Our monitoring showed that the
pollution actually reduced methane emissions by 30-40%. The reason for this is that the sulphate component
of acid rain pollution sparks a battle between different microbial populations that live in the peat. Most
peatland organisms get their nutrients from elements dissolved in rain and snow – and normally there’s very little
sulphate. Under these conditions, methane production is the last step as plant matter decomposes. But even
the very small amounts of sulphate in acid rain can shift the balance of microbial power. A different set of
microbes, called sulphate-reducing bacteria, now succeeds in the battle for limited food sources within the
peat. They out-compete the methanogens, leaving them without much food, so less methane is produced.
It’s one thing to find out that simulated acid rain can reduce emissions from a single peat bog experiment, but quite
another to find out whether or not the interaction is important globally. So with colleagues at the NASA Goddard
Institute for Space Studies (GISS), we drew together the results of similar experiments in Sweden and North
America. With the help of a global wetland methane emission model, and estimates of sulphur deposition from our
colleagues’ model of the world’s atmosphere, we were able to make an estimate at the global scale.
The results surprised us. Without the effect of sulphur from industrial sources, wetlands would become an
increasingly large source of methane as climate warms. This is because more methane is produced as
temperatures rise. But when we included acid rain in our model, we found that sulphate pollution offsets the
effect of warmer temperatures, bringing global methane emissions from wetlands down to preindustrial
levels.
Intriguing questions arose from this work: What would happen if you solved the acid rain problem in Asia? Would
methanogens in wetlands, suddenly relieved of sulphate input from acid rain, immediately fight back against
the competitive sulphate-reducing bacteria?
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - Aerosols Decrease Methane
Air pollution suppresses methane emissions from wetlands, offsetting global warming
Gauci and Chapman 2006

(Vincent Gauci, Department of Earth Sciences at the Open University, and Stephen Chapman, The Macaulay
Institute, “Simultaneous inhibition of CH4 efflux and stimulation of sulphate reduction in peat subject to simulated
acid rain”, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, July 5, 2006, http://cepsar.open.ac.uk/pers/v.gauci/pics/d62057.pdf)
Sulphur pollution in the form of acid rain is a known suppressant of CH4 emitted from natural
wetlands (e.g. Gauci et al., 2002, 2004b). This important biogeochemical interaction is thought to offset
global warming induced increases in wetland CH4 emissions (Gauci et al., 2004b) and extend the
duration of any atmospheric impact of volcanic eruptions (Gauci et al., 2005). The mechanism
responsible has always been assumed to be exclusion of methanogens from electron donors by
stimulation of a competitively superior population of SO4 reducing bacteria (SRB). Although rates of
dissimilatory sulphate reduction have been found to increase along a global transect of increasing sulphur
pollution (Vile et al., 2003b), to our knowledge no study has reported evidence of atmospheric deposition-
enhanced sulphate reducing activity that also coincides with suppression in CH4 emission in the field.
Isolation of SRB in low pH environments such as peat bogs remains elusive (Chapman, 2001) and so
peatland populations of SRB have proved difficult to quantify. Despite this limitation, workers have used
the radioactive 35 SO4 tracer method to estimate rates of dissimilatory sulphate reduction, which has
improved our understanding of the importance of SRB populations in determining carbon flow in peat soils
(Wieder et al., 1990; Nedwell and Watson, 1995; Watson and Nedwell, 1998; Vile et al., 2003a). In this study,
we estimated sulphate reduction over seasonal intervals for peat samples from a site that had
experienced historically low rates of ambient SO4 2 deposition (control) as well as from plots that were
experimentally manipulated with enhanced SO4 2 deposition rates (50 kg SO4 2 -S ha 1 yr 1) over a
period of 18 months.
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - Aerosols Decrease Methane
Acid rain suppresses methane emissions from wetlands by increasing microbial diversity
and competition, reducing the greenhouse effect
Gauci et al 2005
[1] Wetlands are a potent source of the radiatively important gas methane (CH4). Recent findings have
demonstrated that sulfate (SO4 2 _) deposition via acid rain suppresses CH4 emissions by stimulating
competitive exclusion of methanogens by sulfate-reducing microbial populations. Here we report data
from a field experiment showing that a finite pulse of simulated acid rain SO4 2 _ deposition, as would be
expected from a large Icelandic volcanic eruption, continues to suppress CH4 emissions from wetlands
long after the pollution event has ceased. Our analysis of the stoichiometries suggests that 5 years is a
minimum CH4 emission recovery period, with 10 years being a reasonable upper limit. Our findings
highlight the long-term impact of acid rain on biospheric output of CH4 which, for discrete polluting
events such as volcanic eruptions, outlives the relatively short-term SO4 2_ aerosol radiative cooling effect.
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - Research Proves
Research data proves that acid rain increases Sulfur Reducing Bacteria in wetlands,
decreasing methane emissions
Gauci and Chapman 2006

(Vincent Gauci, Department of Earth Sciences at the Open University, and Stephen Chapman, The Macaulay
Institute, “Simultaneous inhibition of CH4 efflux and stimulation of sulphate reduction in peat subject to simulated
acid rain”, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, July 5, 2006, http://cepsar.open.ac.uk/pers/v.gauci/pics/d62057.pdf)
To conclude, results from this experiment show that after 18 months of small regular additions of SO4 2
, at inputs equivalent to that experienced in regions affected by acid rain (50 kg-S ha 1 yr 1), the
estimated sulphate reduction rate is up to 10 times larger than in control plots where ambient S
deposition rate is one-tenth that of treatment plots. This tenfold increase in SO4 2 reduction indicates the
presence of a more active population of SRB in plots where CH4 emissions were concomitantly
reduced by over 30%.
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - Time Frame / Studies
Experimental data shows that methane reduction from sulfate deposition occurs for about
five years
Gauci et al 2005
[15] Comparing the total number of moles of CH4 suppressed from 1997–2000 (with 1999 methane
emissions estimated as a mean of CH4 emissions in 1998 and 2000) with the total molar amount of SO4 2_
that had been deposited during the experimental manipulation period gives an average of 7, 3, and 2
moles CH4 suppressed for each mole of SO42_ applied in the 25, 50 and 100 kg SO42_ - S ha_1 yr_1 treatments,
respectively (Table 1). If the CH4: SO4 2 _ ratio of 7 for the 25 kg SO4 2 _ - S ha_1 yr_1 treatment is a maximum,
and CH4 emissions return to control levels two years after the end of the treatment, this would indicate
that CH4 flux suppression from the 50 and 100 kg SO42_ -S ha_1yr_1 treatments would continue beyond this 2-
year post-pollution event period. Indeed, assuming that control CH4 emissions in subsequent years
continue at an average of 1998 and 2000 rates, it would indicate that the 50 and 100 kg SO4 2 _ - S ha_1yr_1
treatments would recover between 5 and 6.5 years, respectively, after the end of the experimental
pollution episode. The directly measured CH4 emissions in 2003 (Figure 1) are consistent with these
results.
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - Time Frame
Methane emissions from wetlands will resume several years after sulfur deposition
reductions
Gauci et al 2005
[18] For industrial deposition and deposition resulting from longer-term volcanic activity (i.e. associated
withLarge Igneous Provinces [Thordarson and Self, 1996; Self et al., 2003]) which has been
persistently elevated for decades, this recovery period could well be longer. The rate of recovery under both
short and long-term deposition scenarios is critically dependent on the fate of the ‘old’ sulfur deposited in
the preceding years or decades. If most of the old sulfur is stored in relatively inert organic compounds
[Chapman, 2001], then sulfate reducers may depend upon recently-deposited SO4 2_. In this case,
recovery of CH4 emission could occur within several years of a significant reduction in acid deposition.
Methane reductions from sulfate aerosols last for approximately five years
Gauci et al 2005
[13] Fluxes measured in 2003 (5 years after the end of the simulated pollution event) were exceptionally
small in all treatments and controls due to a particularly dry summer. There were no significant differences
(at the P = 0.05 level) between treatments and controls (Figure 1c), nor between individual treatments. There
are two possible interpretations of the 2003 results. One is that the CH4 fluxes from SO4 2 _ treated plots
had completely recovered and were therefore indistinguishable from control emissions (Figure 1c).
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - Impact + Neg Studies Indite

Sulfates suppress wetlands emission of methane. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas,
equivalent to half of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but their models leave it out of their
calculations.
Gauci 2004
(Vincent Gauci, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, “Sulfate deposition and temperature controls
on methane emission and sulfur forms in peat”, Biogeochemistry 71, 2004,
Atmospheric methane (CH4) is a powerful greenhouse gas that has contributed 50%
as much enhanced greenhouse forcing as anthropogenically enhanced levels of CO2
since 1850 (Hansen et al. 2000). Wetlands form the largest source of methane to the
atmosphere and feedbacks affecting output from this natural source are of considerable
interest. One such feedback, the suppressive effect of sulfate (SO2 4 )
deposition through acid rain, has only recently been considered (Watson and
Nedwell 1998; Dise and Verry 2001; Granberg et al. 2001; Gauci et al. 2002).
As a result, few studies have simultaneously investigated both the effect of low but
repeated doses of SO2 4 on CH4 emissions and the effects of increased sulfur (S)
deposition on S fluxes and pools in peatlands, a critical store of S in terrestrial
ecosystems (Wieder and Lang 1988; Wieder et al. 1990). Some evidence suggests,
furthermore, that the extent of suppression may be controlled by temperature
(Bodegom and Stams 1999; Granberg et al. 2001; Gauci et al. 2002). With the
prospect of changes in atmospheric SO2 4 deposition as well as current and future
climate change it is important to begin to quantify these complex interactions. In
particular, atmospheric chemical and climate models may need to take into account
suppression of CH4 emission by SO2 4 in future climate-change scenarios.
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - Positive Feedback
Sulfate suppression of wetlands methane decreases with temperature increases, creating a

positive feedback
Gauci 2004
Taken together, our experiments reveal an emergent pattern of suppression of methane emission by
sulfate (Fig. 1, filled circles). With respect to control sites where no sulfate was added, suppression of CH4
increases from 12% to 30% as the experimental sulfate additions increase from 10 to 20 kg SO4 2-S ha1 yr1.
Above this level of experimental sulfate deposition, CH4 suppression increases to 30–45%. All our
studies also show that the level of suppression is significantly reduced (CH4 emission began to recover,
in some cases approaching control levels) during times when the peatlands are warmer. This reduction in
the sulfur effect may be due to enhanced decomposition rates at higher temperatures, allowing more
dissolved carbon to become available to the whole microbial community, or to temperature sensitivity in the
competition between acetoclastic methanogens and SRB (15).
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - AT: We Overestimate
If anything, the studies underestimate the impact of sulfates on methane emissions

reductions from wetlands
Gauci 2004
Model Assumptions. A number of simplifications and uncertainties are related to our approach. Our major
assumption is that the only source of sulfate to these freshwater wetlands is from the atmosphere (the
SDEP model includes all sources of sulfate, including natural sources from volcanoes and biogenic sulfur
production). Although we eliminate saltwater marshes and mangrove swamps (both in high-sulfate marine
environments) from our database, it is certain that some wetlands have significant local sulfate sources
from bedrock, sediments, or groundwater throughflow. We have no way of estimating the magnitude
of this existing sulfate effect, although globally, sulfide-rich rocks are much rarer than silicate or
carbonate rocks. Although this would suggest that our findings should be considered as maximum
effects, the trajectory of recovery in CH4 fluxes when SDEP is relieved and the factors governing
recovery remain poorly understood. The estimates reported here assume an immediate return to normal, pre-
SO4 2 rates of CH4 emission.
However, peatlands are net sinks of sulfur, which undergoes reduction and oxidation over short and long
timescales (hours and years), moving between pools of varying biological availability, resulting in a likely
extension to the duration of its impact on CH4 emission (24, 36, 37). In this respect, any extrapolation
is likely to be underestimating the size and duration of the effect of sulfur on wetland methane fluxes.
Scholars Aerosols
Wetlands Methane - AT: Volcanoes

Acid rain allows methane reduction at sustainable levels, but methane producing bacteria
recover in a matter of weeks. Large single applications of sulfur, such as from volcanoes,
have a very short duration of methane suppression
Gauci 2004
(Vincent Gauci, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, “Sulfate deposition and temperature controls
on methane emission and sulfur forms in peat”, Biogeochemistry 71, 2004,
Most early work investigating a link between S deposition and suppression of CH4
emissions involved the application of large single applications of SO2 4 (e.g. Fowler
et al. 1995; MacDonald 1997). Through manipulation of S inputs to intact peat
monoliths with large individual SO2 4 doses amounting to 40 kg SO2 4 -S ha 1 year 1,
Fowler et al. (1995) found that emissions decreased over time in treated plots reaching
a maximum 40% suppression relative to controls after around 3 weeks. This was
followed by a period of recovery, where treated monoliths reach pre-treatment levels
after about 4 additional weeks. It has been suggested, however, that the high, but ‘onetime-
only’ applications of SO2 4 in single dose studies may be less efficient at sustained
lowering of CH4 fluxes than continuous low-level deposition of SO2 4 (Fowler et al.
1995; Arah and Stephen 1998). The hypothesis is that such large single pulses of SO2 4
may stimulate a ‘boom – bust’ cycle amongst SO2 4 -reducing bacteria (SRB) populations,
prompting rapid recovery of methane fluxes several weeks after the treatment
application as the labile SO2 4 pool decreases (Arah and Stephen 1998).
More recent work has sought to more closely approximate the chronic deposition of
SO2 4 in acid rain by the application of numerous small doses of SO2 4 (Dise and Verry
2001; Granberg et al. 2001; Gauci et al. 2002). Dise and Verry (2001) enhanced SO2 4
input to a bog over a 12 week period by applying individual doses of SO2 4 amounting
to 2.7 kg of SO2 4 -S per week (giving an annualized deposition rate of 145 kg
Sha 1 year 1 – at the extreme high end of deposition experienced in acid rain impacted
areas) and found that subsequent CH4 emissions were suppressed by around
30%. More recently, Gauci et al. (2002) applied far smaller pulses of S, amounting to
annual deposition rates as low as 25 kg S ha 1 year 1 over 2 years and reflecting S
deposition rates in moderately impacted areas of Europe. They found that CH4 fluxes
were suppressed by around 40% annually and calculated that SO2 4 would have to have
been recycled 5 times to sustain the suppression that was observed. Through the
application of regular small pulses of SO2 4 it is likely that the continuous supply of low
levels of SO2 4 may maintain SRB at elevated, competitive levels (Dise and Verry
2001; Gauci et al. 2002). Clearly it is important to examine how S is cycled within
peatlands as S added as SO2 4 may be ‘lost’ either through gaseous emission from the
peat as volatile reduced S compounds or through conversion to biologically recalcitrant
forms. The two modes of SO2 4 deposition (a single large application and small regular
pulses) have not, thus far been directly compared.
Scholars Aerosols
***ANSWERS TO ANSWERS
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-AT: “Most Aerosols are natural”

Only 25% of all aerosols are natural, they shift with the seasons, and they contribute to
global warming
Griffith`5 (VICTORIA, The financial times of London, Natural pollutants take their toll SCIENCE BRIEFING, April
1, 2005 Friday, Lexis)
Fur fibres, dandruff, skin fragments and other biological particles contribute much more to air pollution than
previously thought, say scientists, a finding that may complicate efforts to curb global warming. Aerosols -
suspended particles in the atmosphere - have long been cited as an important trigger of ozone depletion and
global warming. Until a study, published today in Science, however, natural contributors were considered an
insignificant component of such pollution, as environmentalists focused on man-made pollutants. German
researchers found that up to 25 per cent of aerosol particles - depending on location and time of year - consisted
of biological compounds. Because such compounds are beyond the reach of most environmental controls,
cleaning them up poses a challenge to governments trying to reduce the greenhouse effect. The impact of
natural aerosols shifts with the seasons. Levels of pollen, which encourage the formation of clouds, rise in the
spring. Decaying vegetation and marine plankton, which trigger rain and snow, prevail in winter months. The
composition of atmospheric aerosols also depends on geographic location. Over Ireland, for instance, marine cells
were a source of aerosol pollution.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-AT: Previous studies

All previous brown cloud studies are flawed-They don’t assume seasonal changes
The earlier modeling studies (9, 10) of the South Asian brown clouds provided interesting results about the
connections between aerosols and rainfall but made several limiting assumptions. The earlier studies were
conducted with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and thus did not account for the response of the
SSTs to aerosol forcing. They also did not account for the seasonal variation of the forcing, and both of these
were major factors in the simulated climate changes. More importantly, the earlier studies were equilibrium
simulations with ABC forcing held fixed at current values and, thus, could not examine the impact of the haze
on the 20th-century climate trends. It was the comparison of the simulated with the observed trends that
provided crucial new insights into the role of ABCs. Thus, the present study revisits the issue with a more
comprehensive approach.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-AT: “Dimming doesn’t assume all pollution”
Recent studies take into account all forms of pollution, and different levels of absorption
Liepert`6Beate (Doherty Research Scientist at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.)

http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2006/04/global-dimming-and-climate-models/
Global dimming is the phenomena of an observed reduction (about 1-2% per decade since ~1960) of sunlight
reaching the surface of the Earth caused by air pollution (aerosols – small particles) and cloud changes.
Some of this solar energy is reflected back out to space and this cooling effect is believed to have
counteracted part of the greenhouse gas warming. The original version of the film focused mainly on the
observational recognition of global dimming, but one aspect did not receive much attention in the film - namely
the oft-claimed lack of global dimming in climate models. This led some to assume that climate modelers were
ignoring air pollution other than greenhouse gases emissions from fossil fuel burning. Another implication was
that climate models are not capable of adequately simulating the transfer of sunlight through the atmosphere and
the role of clouds, sunlight extinction of aerosols and aerosol effects on clouds etc, and therefore model
projections should not be trusted. The NOVA version will address this issue more prominently by adding an
interview with Jim Hansen from NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Along this line, I’d like to elaborate
on aerosols in climate models in more detail. It is indeed true that the first climate change simulations were
predominantly concerned with greenhouse gas forced climate change. Albeit very early papers argue that
man-made aerosol changes might cause a cooling (Rasool and Schneider, Science 1971 and Bryson, Science
1974). And already in 1990, J. Hansen and A. Lacis (Science 1990) published a paper where they explicitly
discuss the importance of anthropogenic aerosol forcing: “Sun and Dust versus Greenhouse Gas Forcing”. The
authors list direct effects of increasing concentrations of light scattering sulfate aerosols, light absorbing
carbonaceous aerosols like soot and even aerosol effects on cloud properties (indirect aerosol effects). Finally
they conclude that “… solar variability will not counteract greenhouse warming and that future observations will
need to be made to quantify the role of tropospheric aerosols … ”. The surface dimming effect was not yet
considered an important climate factor. Back then, state-of-the-art climate models changed the reflectivity at
the top of the atmosphere to account for the climate effect of increases in man-made aerosol emissions.
Using cloud properties from independent climate simulations and weather forecast models to provide
monthly mean water vapor and temperature fields, Kiehl and Briegleb (Science 1993) estimated a top of the
atmosphere global mean human-related sulfate aerosol forcing of -0.3 W/m2 in contrast to the a +2.1 W/m2
greenhouse gas forcing. A year later, Jones, Roberts and Slingo (Nature 1994) added the indirect aerosol
effect - the impact of increasing sulfate aerosol concentrations on cloud droplet sizes - which make look
cloud darker. They used empirical relations to link the number of aerosol particles and number of cloud
droplets to cloud droplet radii for their estimates. Other groups as well, started testing new prognostic
cloud schemes for general circulation models that were able to capture the microphysical processes of cloud
formation (e.g. MPI in Hamburg - Lohmann and Roeckner, Climate Dynamics 1996). These climate-modeling
developments were compared (Wild et al., JC 1995) with the then available observational data of the surface
solar radiation (incidentally the same data sets were used by Russak (Tellus 1990), Stanhill and Moreshet
(Climatic Change 1992) and myself (Liepert et al., Contr. Atm. Physics 1994) to reconstruct the history of global
dimming). One conclusion was that then-current models did not include enough aerosol absorbtion in the
atmosphere (and Wild and I (GRL, 1998) wrote a paper on the “Excessive Transmission of Solar Radiation
Through the Cloud-free Atmosphere in GCMs”). Note that at the end of 1990s these more complex climate
models with a more physically based prognostic cloud scheme were run as equilibrium experiments hence
transient 20th Century changes could not be used directly for comparison. But is has always been clear
that anthropogenic aerosols are so temporally and spatially variable that long-term means are not
adequate in assessing the actual aerosol forcing. Several publications on model validations and improvements
based on surface solar radiation records followed and I was involved in two of these studies. We analyzed the
simulated multi-decadal changes in the direct tropospheric aerosol forcing in the NASA GISS GCM and utilized
global dimming time series of the United States and Germany to assess the temporal change prognosed in the
model (Liepert and Tegen, JGR 2002). Ina Tegen’s aerosol model was one of the first that added time
variations in carbonaceous aerosol components (including black carbon – an absorbing aerosol). We
concluded that increasing absorption might actually play a stronger role than expected.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming-AT: Asian SO2 Solves

China’s cleaning up now-Olympics
Reuters 6/19/08 http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSPEK134123
China's capital has spent 140 billion yuan ($20.34 billion) to combat chronic pollution and create a clean,
green Beijing ahead of the Aug. 8-24 Olympics. Here are some of the measures the city, home to 15 million
people and 3 million cars, is taking to green up: SWITCHING TO GAS FROM COAL: -- Already the top
consumer of natural gas among Chinese cities, Beijing's usage grew to an estimated 4.7 billion cubic
metres in 2007 as it tried to cut back on the 26 million tonnes of polluting coal it consumes a year. -- By
the end of 2006, 15,200 coal-fired boilers, out of 16,300 in the city, had been converted to natural gas or
other clean fuels. CLOSING OR RELOCATING HEAVY POLLUTERS: -- Steel-maker Capital Steel, long
Beijing's worst polluter, has relocated most operations out of the city to coastal Hebei province, with the rest to
follow by 2010. -- In July 2006, production ceased at another major polluter, the Beijing Coking and
Chemical Factory, which had been responsible for 7,300 tonnes of dust and 7,500 tonnes of sulphur
dioxide in annual emissions. GREENING THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM: -- To cut pollution from private cars,
which pump out 80 percent of the carbon monoxide in Beijing skies, new emission standards implemented in
2005 were tightened in January 2008. -- A new north-south subway line opened in October 2007. Ticket prices
were set at two yuan (about 29 cents) to woo commuters off the roads. Spectators with Olympics tickets will
travel free on public transport during the Games. -- Beijing retired or refitted 47,000 old taxis, and about 7,000
old diesel buses, out of a fleet of 60,000 taxis and 19,000 buses. A new fleet of 3,795 buses powered by natural
gas are already on the road.
China actively cutting back now

P-R inside`8 (people’s republic inside)6/08http://www.pr-inside.com/china-desulphurization-industry-report-r649414.htm
In the recent years, China has been on the top of the world in terms of sulfur dioxide emission, which has
surpassed 20 million tons annually for a few years consecutively. Of which, nearly half of the emissions
were from coal-fired power plants. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period (2001-2005), China not only failed
to hit its target to cut the emissions by 20%, but also actually increased the emissions by 27%, making the
environment protection target the only national economic assessment indicator that China missed. In 2007, the
total capacity of contracted projects of desulphurization companies was 374 million kw, of which 208 million kw
was put into operation. Limestone-gypsum wet desulphurization was the most widely used method by
desulphurization companies. In addition, flue gas desulphurization-based circulating fluidized bed was also used
to a certain extent. As the market has experienced full competition, so the competition pattern has basically
formed. In addition, localization rate of desulphurization equipment are constantly increasing. Therefore, we
believe that although gross profit margin will fall in tandem with the drop in project quotes in the future, the fall
won't be big. We predict that the gross profit margin of the industry will hover at the level ranging 15% to 20%.
At the end of March of 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of
Environment Protection jointly issued the 11th Five-Year Plan for SO2 Pollution Control of Existing Coal-
fired Power Plants. According to the plan, existing coal-fired power plants will cut their SO2 emission by
61.4% on 2005 basis. In the light with the plan, China's existing coal-fired power plants are required to
install flue gas desulphurization units with a total capacity of 137 million kw, covering 221 projects, which
will reduce 4.9 million tons of SO2 emission. Along with other measures, such as elimination of outdated
production facilities, use of low sulfur content coal, energy-saving and emission reduction, it is forecast
that SO2 emission of existing coal-fired power plants will reduce to 5.02 million tons in 2010 from 13
million tons posted in 2005, representing a fall of 61.4 percent. According to Several Opinions Regarding
Acceleration of Shutting Down Small Thermal Power Generating Units, newly-built coal-fired generating units
must be simultaneously accompanied with the construction of high-efficiency desulphurization and dust removal
facilities. Except small thermal power plants to be shut down, power plants with a capacity of 135,000 kw per
unit in service should complete the renovation of their desulphurization facilities as soon as possible. Coal-fired
generating units, which have installed desulphurization units but have failed to meet emission standards,
will not enjoy the favorable tariff for desulphurized generating units. Thermal power industry is the
major sources of SO2 emission. The enforcement of the plan will play a decisive role in achieving the binding
targets to cut SO2 emission by 10% and improving the quality of atmospheric environment in China.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Air Pollution = Disease
Air Pollution doesn’t cause disease mortality, there is no connection between the two
CO2 Science Magazine 2001

(“SO2, CO, Smoke or Low Temperature: Which Kills More? Review of Keatinge, W.R. and Donaldson, G.C. 2001.
Mortality related to cold and air pollution in London after allowance for effects of associated weather patterns.
Environmental Research 86”, http://www.co2science.org/scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/articles/V4/N34/C2.jsp
The authors studied the effects of temperature, wind, rain, humidity and sunshine during high pollution days in the
greater London area over the period 1976-1995 to determine what weather and/or pollution factors have the biggest
influence on human mortality.
What was learned
Simple plots of mortality rate versus daily air temperature revealed a linear increase as temperatures fell
from 15°C to near 0°C. Mortality rates at temperatures above 15°C were, in the words of the authors, "grossly
alinear," showing no trend. Days with high SO2, CO or PM10 concentrations were colder than average, but a
multiple regression analysis revealed that none of these pollutants was associated with a significant increase in
mortality among those 50+ years of age. Indeed, only low temperatures were shown to have a significant effect
on both immediate (1 day after the temperature perturbation) and long-term (up to 24 days after the temperature
perturbation) mortality rates. The net increase in mortality over a 24-day period following a 1-day fall in
temperature was 2.77 daily deaths per million people per degree Celsius.
Why are cold temperatures so deadly? The authors say it is because "cold causes mortality mainly from arterial
thrombosis and respiratory disease, attributable in turn to cold-induced hemoconcentration and hypertension and
respiratory infections."
What it means
Given the large amount of data examined and the types of analyses conducted, the authors conclude they have
"confirmed that the large, delayed increase in mortality after low temperature is specifically associated with
cold and is not due to associated patterns of wind, rain, humidity, sunshine, SO2, CO, or smoke."
Yes, cold kills. Perhaps we should all pray for a little global warming as an antidote.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Aerosols = Famine
CO2 completely offsets the negative impacts of SO2 on plants, especially food crops
CO2 Science Magazine 2001

(“Elevated CO2 Completely Ameliorates SO2 Damage in Soybean: Review of Deepak, S.S. and Agrawal, M. 2001.
Influence of elevated CO2 on the sensitivity of two soybean cultivars to sulphur dioxide. Environmental and
Experimental Botany 46”, 2001, http://www.co2science.org/scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/articles/V4/N31/B1.jsp)
What was learned

Exposure to elevated SO2 significantly reduced every growth parameter studied in the two soybean cultivars.
Total plant biomass and grain yield, for example, were both reduced by SO2 by approximately 18%, regardless of
cultivar. In contrast, elevated CO2 significantly increased every growth parameter in both soybean cultivars.
Elevated CO2, for example, increased total plant biomass and grain yield in both cultivars by averages of 30 and
34%, respectively. Moreover, when the plants were exposed simultaneously to elevated CO2 and SO2, the
negative effects of SO2 on these growth parameters were completely ameliorated. In fact, their observed
values were not significantly different from those obtained under CO2-enriched conditions alone.
What it means
As the air's CO2 concentration increases, it will likely allow soybean plants to experience less stress and
growth reductions from SO2 pollution. In this particular study, for example, SO2-induced growth and yield
reductions were completely offset by atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Thus, agricultural fields near industrial
areas that have historically produced low soybean yields due to SO2 pollution will likely exhibit increases in
yield in response to the ever-increasing CO2 content of the air.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Aerosols Not Check Warming / Aerosols Studies
The cooling effect of aerosols is balancing 90% of the warming expected from greenhouse
gas emissions, the best data and studies support our aerosols argument
World Climate Report 2001

(“Smoking Out UN-Science”, World Climate Report, Feb 19, 2001,
http://www.worldclimatereport.com/archive/previous_issues/vol6/v6n11/feature1.htm)
The upshot of the addition of Jacobson's findings is that the amount of warming we should currently be
observing increases. Using the estimates of NASA climatologist James Hansen, if there were no indirect
sulfate cooling, and if the oceans weren't holding back warming, the total rise in temperature of the lower
atmosphere (the troposphere) should be around 2.3 to 3.3°C by now, with the majority in recent decades. Yet
according to surface, satellite and weather balloon records, the observed warming averaged over the
troposphere since the three histories became concurrently available (since January 1979), is only around 0.07°C—
or about one-tenth of what should have happened.
Something has got to give here. The ocean isn't holding back that much—Hansen says he believes about 60
percent of the ultimate warming for today's atmospheric changes should already have been realized. The only way a
person can explain the profound difference between observations and projections is to assume that the sulfate
cooling effect is massive.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Methodology Problems

The latest climate models and large scientific studies conclude that aerosols from fossil fuel
consumption are balancing the warming effects of greenhouse gases
Dybas 1995
(Cheryl, National Science Foundation, “NSF Scientists to Study Airborne Particles that May Be Cooling Earth”,
October 1995, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pfsf/is_199510/ai_1404523332/print)
Scientists now suspect that increasing numbers of small particles of sulfur compounds and other pollutants
floating in the atmosphere may affect so-called greenhouse warming in heavily industrialized regions. By reflecting
sunlight back to space, these tiny airborne particles, called aerosols, can cool the earth beneath. To learn more about
"background" aerosols -- the naturally occurring counterparts to these pollutants - researchers from eight universities and
the National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder,
Colorado are flying to the remote skies of Tasmania, with stops in Alaska, Hawaii, and other sites along the way. Flight
operations for detailed studies of "clean" ocean air in the Southern Hemisphere will be based at Hobart, Tasmania, and
take place from November 15 to December 14, 1995.
More than 100 scientists from 57 institutions representing Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are participating in this major
study of airborne particles.
"Existing theories suggest that it should be very hard to create new particles in the lower atmosphere, yet they keep
showing up," says researcher Barry Huebert of the University of Hawaii at Honolulu. "We're deploying stateof- the-art
instruments to the remote marine atmosphere for the first time to seek the source of these new particles. This is the largest
and most comprehensive experiment on natural background aerosols that we have ever done." Among the high- tech
instrumentation will be NCAR's dualwavelength airborne lidar, which will map the vertical extent of aerosol layers in the
atmosphere. Experiments will be conducted from a fully equipped C-130 research airplane owned by NSF and operated
by NCAR.
Researchers aboard the C-130 will spend as many flight hours taking measurements during the two-week trip from the
north Alaska coast to south of New Zealand as they will during the operations in Tasmania. In Alaska, they will begin
their research measurements with a flight toward the North Pole and back. While in Hawaii November 5 and 6, the C-130
will fly through the Kilauea volcano plume to study how its particles form and how much sunlight they reflect. After
arrival at Hobart, a flight toward the South Pole will complete the study's nearly pole-to-pole measurements.
Called ACE-1, the study is the first of the Aerosol Characterization Experiments, a series of international field programs
to help scientists understand the chemical, physical, and optical properties of aerosols; how they form and grow; and their
effect on radiation and climate.
Like carbon dioxide, sulfate aerosols are produced by human activity, mainly the burning of fossil fuels. They also
exist naturally as sulfur emissions from living organisms and volcanoes. By scattering incoming solar energy back to
space, both the natural and pollutant aerosols directly affect the amount of radiation entering the earth's
atmosphere. They also serve as tiny sites on which water vapor can condense, allowing more small droplets to
form within a cloud. This change in the droplets' size distribution makes the cloud more reflective, bouncing more
solar radiation back to space and cooling the earth below. In ACE-1, scientists will study the natural marine system
-distant from Northern Hemisphere sulfate aerosols produced by human activity. ACE-2, scheduled for 1997, will focus
on the marine atmosphere near European industrialized areas. As scientists learn more about aerosols naturally occurring
in the undisturbed atmosphere, they can better assess the growing influence of humanproduced sulfate aerosols on
climate.
"Until recently all climate models have supposed that the only human activity driving climate change was the
production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases," explains scientist Tom Wigley of NCAR. "We now
believe that other factors, particularly sulfate aerosols, may be as important as greenhouse gases."
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Only Delay Impacts

We only need to delay warming, synthetic aerosols can be used to produce long term
dimming
The Age`8( The Age, European Based World news network, Flannery proposes 'global dimming' to save planet, May 19
2008, http://www.theage.com.au/news/global-warming/radical-plan-to-save-planet/2008/05/19/1211182701986.html)
Scientist Tim Flannery has proposed a radical solution to climate change which may change the colour of the sky.
But he says it may be necessary, as the "last barrier to climate collapse." Professor Flannery says climate change
is happening so quickly that mankind may need to pump sulphur into the atmosphere to survive. Australia's
best-known expert on global warming has updated his climate forecast for the world - and it's much worse than he
thought just three years ago. He has called for a radical suite of emergency measures to be put in place.
The gas sulphur could be inserted into the earth's stratosphere to keep out the sun's rays and slow global
warming, a process called global dimming. "It would change the colour of the sky," Professor Flannery told AAP.
"It's the last resort that we have, it's the last barrier to a climate collapse." "We need to be ready to start
doing it in perhaps five years time if we fail to achieve what we're trying to achieve."
Professor Flannery, the 2007 Australian of the Year, said the sulphur could be dispersed above the earth's surface by
adding it to jet fuel.
Climate engineering projects will solve warming in the long run, and prove the validity of
aerosols as a counterbalance to greenhouse gases, we just need to delay warming to survive
Connor 2006
(Steve, Science Editor of The Independent (London), “Scientist publishes escape route from global warming”,
Belfast Telegraph, July 31, 2006)
His plan is modelled partly on the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991, when thousands of tons of sulphur
were ejected into the atmosphere causing global temperatures to fall.
Pinatubo generated sulphate aerosols in the atmosphere which cooled the Earth by 0.5C on average in the following
year. The sulphate particles did this by acting like tiny mirrors, preventing a portion of incoming sunlight from
reaching the ground.
Professor Crutzen calculated that a relatively small amount of sulphur could cause similar cooling if it was released
at high enough altitudes into the stratosphere, rather than at the lower altitude of the troposphere. Weather balloons
or even artillery shells could be used to carry the sulphur.
Although climate cooling by sulphate aerosols also occurs in the troposphere, the great advantage of placing
reflective particles in the stratosphere is their long residence time of about one to two years, compared to a week in
the troposphere, Professor Crutzen said.
It may be possible to manufacture a special gas that is only processed photochemically in the stratosphere to yield
sulphate, he said. Such a compound should be non-toxic, insoluble in water, non-reactive, and have a relatively short
half-life of about 10 years.
It would cost between $25bn and $50bn or about $25 or $50 per head in the developed world to launch sufficient
sulphate to last for up to two years.
But this high cost should be measured against the much bigger costs of environmental disasters, such as coastal
flooding, caused by global warming, he said.
Side-effects could be an increase in the destruction of the ozone layer and whitening of the sky, although the
particles would make sunsets and sunrises more spectacular, he said. Other geo-engineering ideas
Reflecting mirrors: Earth s natural reflectance or albedo reflects about 30 per cent of sunlight back into space.
Increasing the albedo could be done by building giant unfolding mirrors in space, laying reflecting film in the
deserts, or floating white plastic islands in the ocean to mimic reflective effect of sea ice.
Swallowing up CO2: Marine plankton absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which the microbes need for
photosynthesis. The growth of plankton is limited by the relatively small amounts of iron in the sea. Scientists have
conducted experiments on boosting plankton by throwing iron filings into the sea.
Scholars Aerosols
***DIMMING / SO2 BAD

Scholars Aerosols
SO2/Dimming Low Now [1/2]
Dimming low now-Clean air policies
Carbon Footprint`8 (Carbon foot print.com, “Global Dimming” June 27, 2008,
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/dimming.html)
Does Global Dimming counteract Global warming? Global Dimming can, and actually has, slowed the effects
of Global Warming. However, the Earth's population is now doing something about the amount of carbon
particulates being released in to the atmosphere, by fitting catalytic converters to cars and reducing emissions
from power stations etc. Many scientists now believe that the rate of global warming has been significantly
underestimated because of global dimming, and global warming will accelerate giving us even less time than
originally thought to take action.
The age of dimming is over
NASA`7 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists,
03.15.07, http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/aerosol_dimming.html)
A new NASA study has found that an important counter-balance to the warming of our planet by greenhouse
gases – sunlight blocked by dust, pollution and other aerosol particles – appears to have lost ground. Image
above: The average amount of dust, pollution and other aerosol particles in the atmosphere has dropped since
the 1990s. Global averages were relatively low in the period 2002 to 2005, shown here (highest aerosol levels in
light blue, lowest in purple). Credit: NASA Global Aerosol Climatology Project The thinning of Earth’s
“sunscreen” of aerosols since the early 1990s could have given an extra push to the rise in global surface
temperatures. The finding, published in the March 16 issue of Science, may lead to an improved understanding of
recent climate change. In a related study published last week, scientists found that the opposing forces of global
warming and the cooling from aerosol-induced "global dimming" can occur at the same time. "When more sunlight
can get through the atmosphere and warm Earth's surface, you're going to have an effect on climate and
temperature," said lead author Michael Mishchenko of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New
York. "Knowing what aerosols are doing globally gives us an important missing piece of the big picture of the forces
at work on climate." The study uses the longest uninterrupted satellite record of aerosols in the lower
atmosphere, a unique set of global estimates funded by NASA. Scientists at GISS created the Global Aerosol
Climatology Project by extracting a clear aerosol signal from satellite measurements originally designed to observe
clouds and weather systems that date back to 1978. The resulting data show large, short-lived spikes in global
aerosols caused by major volcanic eruptions in 1982 and 1991, but a gradual decline since about 1990. By
2005, global aerosols had dropped as much as 20 percent from the relatively stable level between 1986 and 1991.
Image above: Sun-blocking aerosols around the world steadily declined (red line) since the 1991 eruption of Mount
Pinatubo, according to satellite estimates. The decline appears to have brought an end to the "global dimming"
earlier in the century. Credit: Michael Mishchenko, NASA
The NASA study also sheds light on the puzzling observations by other scientists that the amount of sunlight
reaching Earth's surface, which had been steadily declining in recent decades, suddenly started to rebound around
1990. This switch from a "global dimming" trend to a "brightening" trend happened just as global aerosol
levels started to decline, Mishchenko said. While the Science paper does not prove that aerosols are behind the
recent dimming and brightening trends -- changes in cloud cover have not been ruled out -- another new research
result supports that conclusion In a paper published March 8 in the American Geophysical Union's Geophysical
Research Letters, a research team led by Anastasia Romanou of Columbia University's Department of Applied
Physics and Mathematics, New York, also showed that the apparently opposing forces of global warming and global
dimming can occur at the same time.
Scholars Aerosols

Dimming hasn’t been relevant since the 80’s
Wild et al. 2007 (Wild, M., A. Ohmura, and K. Makowski (2007), Impact of global dimming and brightening on
global warming, Geophys. Res. Let http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL028031.shtml)
Speculations on the impact of variations in surface solar radiation on global warming range from concerns that solar
dimming has largely masked the full magnitude of greenhouse warming, to claims that the recent reversal from solar
dimming to brightening rather than the greenhouse effect was responsible for the observed warming. To disentangle
surface solar and greenhouse influences on global warming, trends in diurnal temperature range are
analyzed. They suggest that solar dimming was effective in masking greenhouse warming, but only up to the
1980s, when dimming gradually transformed into brightening. Since then, the uncovered greenhouse effect
has revealed its full dimension, as manifested in a rapid temperature rise (+0.38°C/decade over land since mid-
1980s). Recent solar brightening cannot supersede the greenhouse effect as main cause of global warming, since
land temperatures increased by 0.8°C from 1960 to 2000, even though solar brightening did not fully outweigh solar
dimming within this period.
US SO2 emissions dropping
Ludwig`4Lindsay C. Ludwig, 10/04 http://org.elon.edu/ipe/Ludwig_Edited.pdf
In our world of rapid industrialization and scarce natural resources it is imperative that the United States and
other countries find a cost-effective way to reduce pollution. For years the most prevalent means of pollution
control were command-and-control reduction methods. Command-and-control methods rely on government
bureaucrats to set pollution standards and then enforce them through the use of monetary fines. Beginning in the
late 1960’s the thought of using economic incentives to control pollution levels started to emerge and by 1975
the first permit trading programs had begun (Tietenberg, 1). Permit trading programs work by allowing pollution
sources that decrease discharges more than the set standard to amass pollution permits. Other firms that cannot
meet standards can then buy up these permits. In theory incentive based programs are said to be better than
traditional command-and-control programs because they are more cost-effective in the short-run, increase
incentives to seek out new technology in the long-run, reduce the costly burden of information gathering for
regulatory bureaucrats, and are more flexible. On the other hand, there have been some criticisms of these new
programs, one of which is that permit trading will lead to condensed areas of pollution known as “hot-spots”
(Goodstein 2002, 300) As part of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 the United States enacted The
Acid Rain Program to achieve a decrease in sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are the
leading causes of acid rain. This study will focus on the program’s regulation of SO2 emissions. The area of this
program dealing with SO2 is compromised of two phases; Phase I began in 1995 and focused on decreasing the
emissions from the 110 most polluting sources, Phase II began in 2000 and further limited emissions from all
large sources as well as any new sources. The program works by distributing pollution permits among the
firms based on historical pollution levels. Unused permits may be sold, traded, or banked for future use.
Sources that pollute in excess of the permits they hold are penalized. So far the Acid Rain Program has
been very successful and is well on the way to meeting its goal emission level of 8.95 million tons by 2010—
a 50% reduction from 1980 levels (EPA b 2002, 1-3) (see Figure 1, notice the drop in emissions at the start of
the Acid Rain Program in 1995). Although this program has been successful, the problem of pollution hot-spots
has not been adequately addressed and still may be a very real threat.
Scholars Aerosols

We’re now in an age of global brightening-Cleaner standards and USSR collapse reduced
pollutants
Leake`6 (Jonathan, Science editor for the London Times, Brighter sun adds to fears of climate change, March 26, 2006,
Lexis.)
THE amount of sunshine reaching earth is increasing, accelerating the pace of climate change, scientists have
found.
A series of independent studies around the world show a significant rise in the amount of sunshine
penetrating the atmosphere to be absorbed by the earth's surface and turned into heat. The research will
concern climate researchers who are already predicting a rapid rise in global temperatures due to man-made
emissions of so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. "The enhanced warming we have seen since
the 1990s along with phenomena such as the widespread melting of glaciers could well be due to this increased
intensity of sunlight compounding the effect of greenhouse gases," said Professor Martin Wild of the Institute of
Atmospheric and Climate Science in Zurich, Switzerland. Researchers will present their findings to the European
Geophysical Union conference in Vienna next week. They reverse a 30-year trend. Measurements of sunshine
levels between 1960 and 1990 had shown a decrease in the amount of sunshine reaching the earth, a
phenomenon known as global dimming. This was thought to have been caused by dust, smog and other pollutants,
mainly from industrialised western countries. The pollutants, known as aerosols, reduced sunshine levels by
absorbing and scattering solar radiation and promoting the formation of clouds that reflected radiation back
into space. In the last two decades, however, there have been significant decreases in such pollutants, partly
due to industry becoming cleaner but largely because of the collapse of the Soviet Union and much of its
heavy industry. Wild said: "Sunshine levels had been decreasing by 2% a decade between 1960 and 1980 -a
total decline of about 6%. Now they are going up again. Perhaps this is why our Swiss glaciers are melting." A
6% increase in the amount of solar radiation reaching earth would have a powerful impact on climate,
especially when added to the warming effect of greenhouse gases which have already raised global
temperatures by about 0.6C. Researchers predict an additional rise of at least 1.5C by 2050. Such rises could
be disastrous for agriculture, wildlife and human settlements in many regions, especially the tropics. But scientists
warn they may have to revise these calculations sharply upwards if the impact of "global brightening" has to be
factored in. Atsumu Ohmura, of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, has collated measurements
from 400 sites worldwide and found an increase in sunshine at 300 of them, sited mainly in Eurasia and the Polar
regions. Some showed a decline in sunshine since 1990, largely in fast-developing countries such as China and
India. "A widespread brightening has been observed since the 1980s. This may substantially affect surface
climate, the water cycle, glaciers and ecosystems," said Ohmura.
Scholars Aerosols
Aerosols/FF’s = Acid Rain
Aerosols = Acid Rain
Reid & Roberts`2 (Reid, Jonathan P. ; Sayer, Robert M., Chemistry in the clouds: the role of aerosols in atmospheric
chemistry., Science Progress, 22-SEP-02 http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-2205436/Chemistry-in-the-clouds-
the.html)
Sulphuric ([H.sub.2][SO.sub.4]) and nitric ([HNO.sub.3]) acids are primarily responsible for the phenomenon
of acid rain. These acids can be produced by oxidation of the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Chemistry on
atmospheric aerosols plays a significant role in such processes. (9,10) The principal source of sulphuric acid is
the oxidation of sulphur dioxide. This can occur in the homogeneous gas phase, on aerosol particles and by
oxidation at the earth's surface. S[O.sub.2] is removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition at a more
rapid rate than homogeneous oxidation can occur. This, combined with evidence that oxidation rates are higher
under conditions of high humidity or when condensed water is available, suggests that oxidation mediated by
aerosol particles is a dominating pathway for sulphuric acid generation. (4) The effects of acid rain were
recognised as early as the middle of the 1950s and a link to the combustion of fossil fuels was established.
Atmospheric water has a pH of ~5.6 due to dissolved carbon dioxide and the formation of the weak acid, carbonic
acid. In clean unpolluted air, the background natural concentrations of S[O.sub.2] and nitrogen oxides can
lead to cloud droplet pHs as low as 5. Anthropogenic pollution, principally from fossil fuel combustion,
dominates the level of S[O.sub.2] in the atmosphere with the global man-made emissions being approximately
ten times larger than the natural emissions. (11) In the areas most affected by acid rain, such as the north-eastern
United States and in Scandinavian countries, typical pHs of precipitation water are around 4, but pHs as acidic as 2.1
have been observed. (12)
Scholars Aerosols
SO2=Acidic Oceans
SO2 substantially increases oceanic acidity
WHOI`8 (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) 6/22/08

http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=40671&sectionid=1021
The release of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere by power plants and agricultural activities plays a
minor role in making the ocean more acidic on a global scale, but the impact is greatly amplified in the
shallower waters of the coastal ocean, according to new research by atmospheric and marine chemists. Ocean
“acidification” occurs when chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide, sulfur, or nitrogen mix with
seawater, a process which lowers the pH and reduces the storage of carbon. Ocean acidification hampers
the ability of marine organisms—such as sea urchins, corals, and certain types of plankton—to harness
calcium carbonate for making hard outer shells or “exoskeletons.” These organisms provide essential food
and habitat to other species, so their demise could affect entire ocean ecosystems. The findings were published
this week in the online “early edition” of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; a printed version
will be issued later this month. “Acid rain isn’t just a problem of the land; it’s also affecting the ocean,” said
Scott Doney, lead author of the study and a senior scientist in the Department of Marine Chemistry and
Geochemistry at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). “That effect is most pronounced near
the coasts, which are already some of the most heavily affected and vulnerable parts of the ocean due to
pollution, over-fishing, and climate change.” In addition to acidification, excess nitrogen inputs from the
atmosphere promote increased growth of phytoplankton and other marine plants which, in turn, may
cause more frequent harmful algal blooms and eutrophication (the creation of oxygen-depleted “dead
zones”) in some parts of the ocean. Doney collaborated on the project with Natalie Mahowald, Jean-Francois
Lamarque, and Phil Rasch of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Richard Feely of the Pacific Marine
Environmental Laboratory, Fred Mackenzie of the University of Hawaii, and Ivan Lima of the WHOI Marine
Chemistry and Geochemistry Department. “Most studies have traditionally focused only on fossil fuel
emissions and the role of carbon dioxide in ocean acidification, which is certainly the dominant issue,” Doney
said. “But no one has really addressed the role of acid rain and nitrogen.” The research team compiled and
analyzed many publicly available data sets on fossil fuel emissions, agricultural, and other atmospheric
emissions. They built theoretical and computational models of the ocean and atmosphere to simulate where the
nitrogen and sulfur emissions were likely to have the most impact. They also compared their model results with
field observations made by other scientists in the coastal waters around the United States. Farming, livestock
husbandry, and the combustion of fossil fuels cause excess sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides to be
released to the atmosphere, where they are transformed into nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Though much of that
acid is deposited on land (since it does not remain in the air for long), some of it can be carried in the air all the
way to the coastal ocean. When nitrogen and sulfur compounds from the atmosphere are mixed into coastal
waters, the researchers found, the change in water chemistry was as much as 10 to 50 percent of the total
changes caused by acidification from carbon dioxide. This rain of chemicals changes the chemistry of seawater,
with the increase in acidic compounds lowering the pH of the water while reducing the capacity of the upper
ocean to store carbon. The most heavily affected areas tend to be downwind of power plants (particularly
coal-fired plants) and predominantly on the eastern edges of North America, Europe, and south and east of Asia.
Seawater is slightly basic (pH usually between 7.5 and 8.4), but the ocean surface is already 0.1 pH units
lower than it was before the Industrial Revolution. Previous research by Doney and others has suggested that
the ocean will become another 0.3 to 0.4 pH units lower by the end of the century, which translates to a
100 to 150 percent increase in acidity. Funding for this research was provided by the National Science
Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a private, independent organization in Falmouth,
Mass., dedicated to marine research, engineering, and higher education. Established in 1930 on a
recommendation from the National Academy of Sciences, its primary mission is to understand the oceans and
their interaction with the Earth as a whole, and to communicate a basic understanding of the ocean's role in the
changing global environment.
Scholars Aerosols
Acid Rain hurts oceans [1/2]

Acidic oceans threaten marine life
Highfield`7 (Science Editor for the UK telegraph 10/07

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2007/10/17/sciocean117.xml )
Concerns that sea life will struggle for survival as greenhouse gases make the oceans more acidic are
amplified today by a study that shows that marine creatures such as snails and crabs will have weakened
defences to protect them against predators. Leaving aside the direct effects of greenhouse gases on climate
change, the oceans "mop up" carbon dioxide from the atmosphere so that levels of carbonic acid rise. There are
fears that the resulting rise in acidity could particularly affect sea creatures with hard shells because it cuts
the availability of calcium carbonate (chalk) - which coral reefs, clams, molluscs and some plankton use to
produce their hard skeletons. The acidity of the seas is having a damaging effect on the hard shells of
marine creatures like crabs Now it seems that the rise in the acidity of the seas has another effect on shellfish.
Many marine creatures, from crabs and lobsters to molluscs, are able to protect themselves from predators by
growing thicker shells when they are under greater threat. Today, in the journal Biology Letters, Dr Simon
Rundle of the University of Plymouth and colleagues there and at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory report that this
common ability is disrupted in the case of the common periwinkle, which thickens its shell in the presence of
predatory shore crabs. "This thickening was absent when snails grew in acidified seawater; these snails also had
disrupted physiologies and behaviour." Although the experiments were performed under laboratory conditions that
aimed to mimic extreme future acidification scenario "they do suggest, however, that effects of seawater
acidification are likely to be more extensive than previously thought and extent beyond direct effects," said Dr
Rundle. "The effects will be even more pronounced." If this is common, it could alter the way marine food webs
work, he added. One recent study from California State University found that half of the carbon emitted by human
activities over the last two centuries has entered the oceans. Another, by the US Livermore National Laboratory,
predicts that the release of carbon dioxide during the next several centuries will increase ocean acidity more rapidly
than during the past 300 million years, except perhaps during global catastrophes. Increased acidity may also
directly affect the growth and reproduction rates of fish, as well as affecting the plankton populations which
they rely on for food, and have potentially disastrous consequences for marine food webs.
Acid rain depletes marine life
Kintisch`7 Eli 12/07 http://discovermagazine.com/2008/jan/acid-rain-intensifies-threat-to-marine-life

Human-generated carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is slowly acidifying the ocean, threatening a catastrophic
impact on marine life. And just as scientists are starting to grasp the magnitude of the problem, researchers have
delivered more bad news: Acid rain is making things worse. Scientists estimate that one-third of the world’s
acid rain falls near the coasts, carrying some 100 million tons of nitrogen oxide, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide
into the ocean each year. Using direct measurements and computer models, oceanographer Scott Doney of Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution and his colleagues calculated that acid rain causes as much as 50 percent of the
acidification of coastal waters, where the pH can be as low as 7.6. (The open ocean’s pH is 8.1.) The findings
increase the urgency of confronting the crisis of ocean acidity, says Richard Feely, a collaborator at the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. In the laboratory, researchers have seen some effect on just about
every ocean creature that forms a calcium carbonate shell, says Feely, including algae—the tiny creatures at
the crucial bottom of the deepwater food chain—and coral, whose skeletons grow more slowly in water with a
pH even slightly lower than normal. Soon-to-be-released field experiment findings “seem to be showing the
same kind of thing,” Feely says. That’s bad news, he adds, since a third of the world’s fish species depend in
part on coral reefs for their ecosystems.
SO2 hurts ocean ecosystems-Acid Rain

WHOI`7 (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 9/07
http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=40671&sectionid=1021)
Acid rain isn’t just a problem of the land; it’s also affecting the ocean,” said Scott Doney, a marine chemist at
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and lead author of the study. “That effect is most pronounced
near the coasts, which are already some of the most heavily affected and vulnerable parts of the ocean due to
Scholars Aerosols
Acid Rain hurts oceans [2/2]
pollution, overfishing, and climate change.” Farming, livestock husbandry, and the combustion of fossil fuels
releases excess sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides to the atmos-phere, where they are transformed
into nitric acid and sulfuric acid. A portion of these compounds is blown offshore, where they enter the ocean
and alter its chemistry. The acids lower seawater’s pH and strip it of carbonate ions. (Ultimately, so does
ammonia, a base, which is converted to nitrates and nitric acid.) That hampers the ability of marine organisms—
such as sea urchins, shellfish, corals, and certain types of plankton—to harness calcium carbonate to make hard
outer shells or “exoskeletons.” These organisms provide essential food and habitat to other species, so their
demise could affect entire ocean ecosystems. Ocean acidification is already a concern because excess carbon
dioxide from fossil fuels produces the same effects. Though carbon dioxide remains the dominating factor, “no one
has really addressed the role of acid rain and nitrogen,” Doney said. Doney collaborated on the project with Natalie
Mahowald, Jean-FranÇois Lamarque, and Phil Rasch of the National Center for Atmos-pheric Research, Richard
Feely of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Fred Mackenzie of the University of Hawaii, and Ivan Lima
of WHOI. The research team analyzed data on agricultural, fossil fuel and other atmospheric emissions. They built
theoretical and computational models of the ocean and atmosphere to simulate where the nitrogen and sulfur
emissions were likely to have the most impact. Then they ground-truthed their model’s results with field
observations in coastal waters by other scientists. The most heavily affected areas tend to be downwind of eastern
North America, western Europe, and east and south Asia.
Scholars Aerosols
Acid Rain - Ocean destruction=Extinction

Oceans destruction=Extinction
CBS`6 (CBS, Salt-Water Fish Extinction Seen By 2048 Study By Ecologists, Economists Predicts Collapse of World Ocean
EcologyNov. 3, 2006, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/02/health/webmd/main2147223.shtml)
The apocalypse has a new date: 2048. That's when the world's oceans will be empty of fish, predicts an
international team of ecologists and economists. The cause: the disappearance of species due to overfishing,
pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. The study by Boris Worm, PhD, of Dalhousie University in Halifax,
Nova Scotia, -- with colleagues in the U.K., U.S., Sweden, and Panama -- was an effort to understand what this loss
of ocean species might mean to the world. The researchers analyzed several different kinds of data. Even to these
ecology-minded scientists, the results were an unpleasant surprise. "I was shocked and disturbed by how consistent
these trends are -- beyond anything we suspected," Worm says in a news release. "This isn't predicted to happen.
This is happening now," study researcher Nicola Beaumont, PhD, of the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, U.K., says
in a news release. "If biodiversity continues to decline, the marine environment will not be able to sustain our
way of life. Indeed, it may not be able to sustain our lives at all," Beaumont adds. Already, 29% of edible fish and
seafood species have declined by 90% -- a drop that means the collapse of these fisheries. But the issue isn't just
having seafood on our plates. Ocean species filter toxins from the water. They protect shorelines. And they
reduce the risks of algae blooms such as the red tide. "A large and increasing proportion of our population
lives close to the coast; thus the loss of services such as flood control and waste detoxification can have
disastrous consequences," Worm and colleagues say. The researchers analyzed data from 32 experiments on
different marine environments. They then analyzed the 1,000-year history of 12 coastal regions around the world,
including San Francisco and Chesapeake bays in the U.S., and the Adriatic, Baltic, and North seas in Europe. Next,
they analyzed fishery data from 64 large marine ecosystems. And finally, they looked at the recovery of 48 protected
ocean areas. Their bottom line: Everything that lives in the ocean is important. The diversity of ocean life is the
key to its survival. The areas of the ocean with the most different kinds of life are the healthiest. But the loss of
species isn't gradual. It's happening fast -- and getting faster, the researchers say. Worm and colleagues call for
sustainable fisheries management, pollution control, habitat maintenance, and the creation of more ocean reserves.
This, they say, isn't a cost; it's an investment that will pay off in lower insurance costs, a sustainable fish
industry, fewer natural disasters, human health, and more. "It's not too late. We can turn this around," Worm
says. "But less than 1% of the global ocean is effectively protected right now.".
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Acid Rain-Kills Coral [1/2]
Acidic oceans destroy coral ecosystems
Asian News International`8 June 9 http://www.dailyindia.com/show/247908.php/

Acidic-oceans-may-spell-doom-for-coral-ecosystems-by-2100 In a new research, scientists have warned that as
oceans become more acidic by the year 2100, coral ecosystems may start to vanish because of an invasion of
opportunistic marine species like algae and mollusks, who are better able to survive in the new environment.
According to a report in New Scientist, an exploration of natural "bubble streams" of carbon dioxide (CO2) in
shallow Mediterranean waters off the coast of Italy is the first to document the effects of ocean acidification in a
real ocean setting. It is well understood that oceans will become more acidic as CO2 concentrations rise is well
understood. By the year 2100, ocean acidity is predicted to be 7.8 pH, compared to 8.2 pH in 1900. But all the
studies of how this will affect marine ecosystems have been carried out in laboratories, many involving organisms
with shells being placed in low-pH seawater and watching them slowly dissolve. The experiments give little
indication of the degree to which this would happen in the open oceans, affected by currents and the population
dynamics which regulate ecosystems. Now, Jason Hall-Spencer and colleagues at the University of Plymouth, UK,
have looked at just this process. They found a site off the island of Ischia in southern Italy where geologic CO2
naturally seeps through the seafloor. The Ischia site offers an usual opportunity to study cool, acidified
ecosystems that are not modified by the toxic effects of sulphur. It also allowed the researchers to study how the
Mediterranean ecosystem changed across a pH gradient. On its outer edges, the pH was a "normal" 8.2; in water
immediately above the seep, it dropped to 7.4. At a pH of 7.8, the team noticed a marked change. Populations
of coralline algae, which hold reefs together, suddenly crashed. Sea-urchins also disappeared. Also, there was
a transition from a coral ecosystem to one dominated by lush sea grasses. These, along with invasive algae
originally from Asia, thrived in the acidic waters.The researchers warn that as waters become more acidic,
opportunistic invasive species that are better able to survive at low pH could move in. Another marked effect
of the acidified water was something that has been described in laboratory settings - the hard shells of animals
such as limpets softened. "They were paper-thin. You could push your thumb through them," said Hall-Spencer.
According to Hall-Spencer, the ecosystem changes he and his colleagues documented in Ischia are relevant to
other ocean ecosystems because the types of organisms they studied - sea urchins, corals and sea-grasses - are
found around the world.
Increasing Acidity in the world’s Oceans lead to a deterioration of the food chain
Washington Post`6 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/07/04/AR2006070400772.html, 7/6
"It's just been an absolute time bomb that's gone off both in the scientific community and, ultimately, in our
public policymaking," said Rep. Jay Inslee (D-Wash.), who received a two-hour briefing on the subject in May with five other House members.
"It's another example of when you put gigatons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, you have these results
none of us would have predicted." Thomas E. Lovejoy, president of the H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment, has
just rewritten the paperback edition of "Climate Change and Biodiversity," his latest book, to highlight the threat of ocean acidification. "It's the single most
profound environmental change I've learned about in my entire career," he said last week. A coalition of federal and
university scientists is to issue a report today describing how carbon dioxide emissions are, in the words of a press release from the National Center for Atmospheric
Research and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "dramatically altering ocean chemistry and threatening corals and other marine organisms that
secrete skeletal structures." For decades, scientists have viewed the oceans' absorption of carbon dioxide as an environmental plus, because it mitigates the effects of
global warming. But by taking up one-third of the atmosphere's carbon dioxide -- much of which stems from exhaust from automobiles, power plants and other
industrial sources -- oceans are transforming their pH level.
The pH level, measured in "units," is a calculation of the balance of a
liquid's acidity and its alkalinity. The lower a liquid's pH number, the higher its acidity; the higher the number, the more
alkaline it is. The ph level for the world's oceans was stable between 1000 and 1800, but has dropped one-tenth of a unit since the Industrial Revolution, according to
Christopher Langdon, a University of Miami marine biology professor. Scientists expect ocean pH levels to drop by another 0.3 units by 2100, which could seriously
damage marine creatures that need calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons.
Once absorbed in seawater, carbon dioxide forms
carbonic acid and lowers ocean pH, making it harder for corals, plankton and tiny marine snails (called
pteropods) to form their body parts. Ken Caldeira, a chemical oceanographer at Stanford University who
briefed lawmakers along with NCAR marine ecologist Joan Kleypas, said oceans are more acidic than they
have has been for "many millions of years." "What we're doing in the next decade will affect our oceans for millions of years," Caldeira said.
"CO2levels are going up extremely rapidly, and it's overwhelming our marine systems." Some have questioned global-warming predictions
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Acid Rain-Kills Coral [2/2]
[CONTINUES FROM ABOVE, NO TEXT DELETED]

based on computer models, but ocean acidification is less controversial because it involves basic chemistry.
"You can duplicate this phenomenon by blowing into a straw in a glass of water and changing the water's pH level," Lovejoy said. "It's basically undeniable." Hugo
A. Lo?iciga, a geography professor at the University of California at Santa Barbara, is one of the few academics to question the phenomenon. A groundwater
hydrologist, Lo?iciga published a paper in the May edition of the American Geophysical Union's journal that suggested the oceans may not become so acidic, because
enough carbonate material will help restore equilibrium to them. Lo?iciga wrote that although seawater in certain regions may become more acidic over time, "on a
global scale and over the time scales considered (hundreds of years), there would not be accentuated changes in either seawater salinity or acidity from the rising
concentration of atmospheric CO2." Two dozen scientists have written a response questioning this assumption, since it would take thousands of years for such
material to reach the oceans from land. "The paper by Lo?iciga ignores decades of scholarship, presents inappropriate calculations and draws erroneous conclusions
unless carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere stabilize soon,
that simply do not apply to real ocean," they wrote. They added that,
the seas will soon exceed the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended acidity limits. Scientists have
conducted a few ocean acidification experiments in recent years. All have shown that adding carbon dioxide
to the water slows corals' growth rate and can dissolve pteropods' shells. Langdon, who conducted an experiment between 1996
and 2003 in Columbia University's Biosphere 2 lab in Tucson, concluded that corals grew half as fast in aquariums when exposed to the
level of carbon dioxide projected to exist by 2050. Coupled with the higher sea temperatures that climate
change produces, Langdon said, corals may not survive by the end of the century. "It's going to be on a global scale and it's
also chronic," Langdon said of ocean acidification. "Twenty-four/seven, it's going to be stressing these organisms. . . . These organisms probably don't have the
adaptive ability to respond to this new onslaught." Stanford University marine biologist Robert B. Dunbar has studied the effect of increased carbon dioxide on coral
reefs in Israel and Australia's Great Barrier Reef. "What
we found in Israel was the community is dissolving," Dunbar said.
Caldeira has mapped out where corals exist today and the pH levels of the water in which they thrive; by the
end of the century, no seawater will be as alkaline as where they live now. If carbon dioxide emissions continue at their current
levels, he said, "It's say goodbye' to coral reefs." Although the fate of plankton and marine snails may not seem as
compelling as vibrantly colored coral reefs, they are critical to sustaining marine species such as salmon,
redfish, mackerel and baleen whales. "These are groups everyone depends on, and if their numbers go down
there are going to be reverberations throughout the food chain," said John Guinotte, a marine biologist at the Marine Conservation
Biology Institute. "When I see marine snails' shells dissolving while they're alive, that's spooky to me." Rep. Rush D. Holt (D-
N.J.), a scientist by training, attended the congressional briefing on ocean acidification. He said these developments are "new to me, which was surprising because I
changes in our climate are severe and urgent even if it weren't for this, but this just
usually keep up with things." "The
adds impact and urgency to the situation," Holt said.
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Acid Rain-Coral k2 Bio-D
Coral reefs key to bio-d
B) That’s key to stop extinction
Diner`94 (David, JD Ohio State, Military Law Review, Winter, 1994)

4. Biological Diversity. -- The main premise of species preservation is better than simplicity. As the current mass
extinction has progressed, the world's biological diversity generally has decreased. This trend occurs within
ecosystems by reducing the number of species, and within species by reducing the number of individuals.
Both trends carry serious future implications. Biologically diverse ecosystems are characterized by a large
number of specialist species, filling narrow ecological niches. These ecosystems inherently are more stable
than less diverse systems. "The more complex the ecosystem, the more successfully it can resist stress... [l]ike a
net, in which each knot is connected to others by several strands, such a fabric can resist collapse better than a
simple, unbranched circle of threads -- which is cut anywhere breaks down as a whole." By causing widespread
extinctions, humans have artificially simplified many ecosystems. As biologic simplicity increases, so does the
risk of ecosystem failure. The spreading Sahara Desert in Africa, and the dustbowl conditions of the 1930s in the
United States are relatively mild examples of what might be expected if this trend continues. Theoretically, each
new animal or plant extinction, with all its dimly perceived and intertwined affects, could cause total
ecosystem collapse and human extinction. Each new extinction increases the risk of disaster. Like a mechanic
removing, one by one, the rivets from an aircraft's wing, mankind may be edging closer to the abyss.
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Acid Rain-Destroys Forest

Acid Rain destroys trees in Northeastern US
CNN`1 3/26/01 http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/03/26/acid.rain.report/index.html

WOODSTOCK, New Hampshire (CNN) -- A new study on acid rain concludes that, while some affected areas
have seen improvement, the impact of emissions may be much more complicated than previously
understood. The study, led by Charles Driscoll of Syracuse University, found that despite major progress in
decreasing U.S. emissions of acid rain-producing chemicals, 40 percent of the lakes and streams in New
England and upstate New York continue to occasionally post acidity levels that harm plant and animal life.
Fifteen percent of those waterways still have chronically high acid levels. Acid precipitation -- carried to
earth in rainfall, snow, or fog -- is a byproduct of the burning of fossil fuels. Airborne compounds like sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides alter the chemical balance of soils and waterways, turning them from chemically
neutral to acidic. In the United States, the Clean Air Act has tightened the rules on acid rain-related emissions --
now roughly 62 percent of their peak levels in the 1970s. Congress is considering further tightening of acid rain-
related regulations. But threats remain to fish and tree populations in areas affected by acid rain, according
to the report. Original research prepared for the study suggests that acid rain may weaken plant life in a way
that provides the knockout punch for species like red spruce and sugar maple trees. Acid rain has long
history Vegetation already under stress from a variety of other pressures -- insect infestation, drought,
climate change, and more -- may suffer cumulative damage from exposure to acidified soils. Of particular
interest in the study area are the sugar maples. A backbone of commerce in northern New Hampshire
and Vermont, the trees that produce maple syrup are already predicted to be endangered by a warming
climate. Acid rain, first identified as an environmental risk in 1872, was not recognized as a major
environmental problem until more than a century later. Reports of sterile lakes and dying forests in eastern
North America, Scandinavia, Germany, Poland and Russia were linked to high acidity levels in waterways and
soils. Those acid levels were in turn traced to airborne, highly acidic chemicals like sulfur dioxide, emitted
from smokestacks through the burning of fossil fuels. Coal with high sulfur content, used to fuel factories and
electric-generating stations, was identified by researchers as the leading contributor. Ironically, local pollution
concerns near factories and power plants helped spread the acid rain problem. Political pressure forced many
coal-burning facilities to build extremely high smokestacks -- reducing serious pollution problems near the
plants, but enabling the acid rain chemicals to be transported hundreds, or even thousands, of miles away from
the source. Coal-burning power plants in the Ohio River Valley, for example, are cited as a major source of the
acid rain problems in New England and eastern Canada
Acid rain destroys trees and foliage
EPA`7 6/07 http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/forests.html

Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. Instead, it is more likely to weaken trees by damaging their
leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from
the soil. Quite often, injury or death of trees is a result of these effects of acid rain in combination with one or
more additional threats. Scientists know that acidic water dissolves the nutrients and helpful minerals in the
soil and then washes them away before trees and other plants can use them to grow. At the same time, acid
rain causes the release of substances that are toxic to trees and plants, such as aluminum, into the soil.
Scientists believe that this combination of loss of soil nutrients and increase of toxic aluminum may be one way
that acid rain harms trees. Such substances also wash away in the runoff and are carried into streams,
rivers, and lakes. More of these substances are released from the soil when the rainfall is more acidic. However,
trees can be damaged by acid rain even if the soil is well buffered. Forests in high mountain regions often are
exposed to greater amounts of acid than other forests because they tend to be surrounded by acidic clouds
and fog that are more acidic than rainfall. Scientists believe that when leaves are frequently bathed in this
acid fog, essential nutrients in their leaves and needles are stripped away. This loss of nutrients in their
foliage makes trees more susceptible to damage by other environmental factors, particularly cold winter weather.
Top of Page How Acid Rain Affects Other Plants Acid rain can harm other plants in the same way it harms trees.
Although damaged by other air pollutants such as ground level ozone, food crops are not usually seriously affected because farmers
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frequently add fertilizers to the soil to replace nutrients that have washed away. They may also add crushed limestone to the soil. Limestone
is an alkaline material and increases the ability of the soil to act as a buffer against acidity.
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Dimming Bad-Dimming=Famine
Dimming has already killed millions by famine, continuation sends it to the billions
Shah`5(Anup, Global Dimming, GlobalIssues.org, January 15,

2005http://www.globalissues.org/EnvIssues/GlobalWarming/globaldimming.asp#Burningoffossilfuelsiscreatingtwoeffects)
Global warming results from the greenhouse effect caused by, amongst other things, excessive amounts of
greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere from fossil fuel burning. It would seem then, that the other by-
products which cause global dimming may be an ironic savior. A deeper look at this, however, shows that
unfortunately this is not the case. Health and environmental effects. The pollutants that lead to global dimming also
lead to various human and environmental problems, such as smog, respiratory problems, and acid rain. The impacts
of global dimming itself, however, can be devastating. Millions from Famines in the Sahel in the 70s and 80s
The death toll that global dimming may have already caused is thought to be massive. Climatologists studying
this phenomenon believe that the reflection of heat have made waters in the northern hemisphere cooler. As a
result, less rain has formed in key areas and crucial rainfall has failed to arrive over the Sahel in Northern
Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, massive famines were caused by failed rains which climatologists had never
quite understood why they had failed. The answers that global dimming models seemed to provide, the
documentary noted, has led to a chilling conclusion: “what came out of our exhaust pipes and power stations
[from Europe and North America] contributed to the deaths of a million people in Africa, and afflicted 50
million more” with hunger and starvation. Billions are likely to be affected in Asia from similar effects
Scientists said that the impact of global dimming might not be in the millions, but billions. The Asian
monsoons bring rainfall to half the world’s population. If this air pollution and global dimming has a
detrimental impact on the Asian monsoons some 3 billion people could be affected
Scholars Aerosols
Aerosols = Famine
Sulfate aerosol cooling leads to African famine and potential Asian monsoon failure,
causing massive death through famine
Eyles 2004
(John, director of the Institute of Environment and Health at McMaster University in Ontario,
“What's at risk? Environmental influences on human health”, Environment, October 1, 2004, Pg.
24)
As examples of the human health risks posed by contaminated water, air, and food suggest, it
is not just the complex interactions among environmental factors that are responsible for a
particular pattern of death and disease. Economic, political, and cultural systems play a large role
as well. Another recent case--of the relationship between pollution, famine, malnutrition, and ill
health in parts of the tropical world--is illustrative. Large areas of industrial haze have been
found over the northern Indian Ocean and western Africa. In the former case, air quality
degradation covers, during the winter monsoon, an area in excess of 10 million km, largely
produced by biofuel use and agricultural burning. (63) This problem is likely to worsen as more
fossil fuels are used, leading to photochemical reactions. The impacts of this global plume await
study, but some clues can be taken from the African experience. According to Australian
researchers, air pollution is likely to have contributed to the catastrophic Sahel drought as sulfate
aerosol makes cloud droplets smaller. (64) Smaller droplets in turn make the clouds bigger and
longer lasting, reflecting more sunlight into space, cooling the surface below. As a result, the
tropical rain belt is weakened in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the 1960s, the Sahel has
experienced devastating drought, leading to widespread famine and death. (65) Such complex
natural reactions to human activity lead to a double jeopardy for citizens of the developing
world: Activities to assist economic development lead to problems, compounding those from the
routine hazards of living in such places.
Scholars Aerosols
Aerosols = Famine, Drought

Sulfate aerosol cooling deprives Africa of rainfall, causing massive droughts and famines
and killing millions, air pollution reductions are necessary to prevent future droughts and
famines
Nowak 2002
(Rachel, “How the rich stole the rain; Pollution from the West may have plunged Africa into drought”, New
Scientist, June 15, 2002, ln)
EMISSIONS spewed out by power stations and factories in North America and Europe may have
sparked the severe droughts that have afflicted the Sahel region of Africa. The droughts have been
among the worst the world has ever seen, and led to the infamous famines that crippled countries such
as Ethiopia in the 1980s.
Climate experts have long worried that greenhouse gases are altering the climate on a global scale. But this is
the first time they have suggested that industry and power-generation in the north may have disrupted
regional weather in poor nations in tropical Africa, affecting a swath of countries from Ethiopia to
Senegal.
The cause appears to be the clouds of sulphur belched out alongside the soot, organic carbon, ammonium
and nitrate produced when fossil fuels are burnt, according to researchers in Australia and Canada. As these
compounds move through the atmosphere, they create aerosols that affect cloud formation, altering the
temperature of the Earth's surface and leading to dramatic shifts in regional weather patterns.
In the past thirty to forty years, the Sahel--a loosely defined band across Africa, just south of the Sahara and
including parts of Ethiopia in the east and Guinea in the west--has suffered the most sustained drought
seen in any part of the world since records began, with precipitation falling by between 20 and 50 per
cent.
Although the droughts have had climate experts scratching their heads, the impacts have been obvious.
During the worst years, between 1972 and 1975, and 1984 and 1985, up to a million people starved to
death.
Now Leon Rotstayn of the CSIRO, Australia's national research agency, thinks he knows what caused them.
Rotstayn and his colleague Ulrike Lohmann of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, ran a
simulation of global climate that included interactions between sulphur dioxide emissions and cloud
formation. Sulphur dioxide creates sulphate aerosols that provide condensation nuclei for clouds. With more
nuclei, clouds form from smaller droplets than usual, and are more efficient at reflecting solar radiation,
cooling the Earth below.
When the researchers included the huge sulphur emissions from the northern hemisphere during the
1980s in their model, the Earth's surface in the north cooled relative to the south, driving the tropical
rain belt south and causing droughts in the Sahel. Their results will be reported soon in the Journal of
Climate.
"It's still speculative, and the model isn't very refined, but it's very interesting. It's the first time we've seen a
connection between pollution in the mid-latitudes and climate in the tropics," says Johann Feichter of the
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg. Feichter, who has run similar simulations but cannot talk
about the results because the research is being peer-reviewed for a major journal, says the sulphur emissions
probably worsen the natural cycle of droughts that would have happened anyway.
During the past few years, the droughts have become less severe, a change that Rotstayn puts down to the
"clean air" laws in North America and Europe that reduced sulphur dioxide emissions in response to
another environmental crisis, acid rain.
"Sulphur emissions increased rapidly until 1975 due to post-war industrialisation, and then started to
decline when emission controls were brought in. Maybe that indirectly helped the people in Africa as
well," he says.
Scholars Aerosols
Aerosols Bad - SLR, Drought, Famine

Reliance on aerosols to offset warming will not prevent sea level rise, drought, and famine
due to a lack of aerosol protection for the Southern Hemisphere
Berreby 1993
(David, Staff Writer, “The parasol effect - sulfate aerosols block sun's rays and may cause cooling”, Science,
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n7_v14/ai_13923194/print)
But opposite in effect. Is the aerosol umbrella, then, a mandate to do nothing about global warming? Or
to do nothing about reducing sulfur emissions? In a word, Charlson says, no. To him, the notion that
humanity could fine-tune a system as big and complex as the climate is laughable. "There's always this
temptation to tell ourselves we can handle it, that we're bigger than it is," he says. "Personally, I find that
attitude very arrogant. It assumes that we understand climate well enough to engineer it, and we don't."
Some of Charlson's findings about the parasol effect suggest that it won't help at all with some serious
aspects of the global warming problem, such as rising sea levels. Sulfate aerosols may even make some
warming effects worse, Charlson says. The reasons lie in the fundamental difference between
greenhouse gases--which rise to the stratosphere and cover the globe--and sulfates, which travel only a
few hundred miles.
Because sulfates have such a limited range, almost all man-made aerosols are floating above the Northern
Hemisphere, where 90 percent of industrial activity is still concentrated. By contrast, the Southern
Hemisphere gets almost no such "protection" from man-made sulfates. Even in the relatively clean air of
Seattle, Charlson says, "the amount of light scattered by haze is probably 10 to 100 times higher than it is in
the Southern Hemisphere." With one hemisphere bearing the full brunt of global warming while the
other is protected by an umbrella of pollution, he says, seas would still rise uniformly all over the globe,
as the warmer southern waters expand. In other words, sulfates can't save the Maldives, the low-lying
island nation in the Indian Ocean.
But a rise in sea levels, Charlson says, might not be the biggest effect to worry about. Much more
important, he points out, could be the increased difference in temperature between the two
hemispheres. That's likely to affect the large-scale weather systems on which people depend.
"More frequent occurrence of drought is a possibility," Charlson says. "Or of violent storms. Or the
opposite--less frequent storms. I'd give either chance equal billing. The thing people need to understand is
that a slight regional shift in any direction is a big concern. Last year in the mountains around Seattle we
had more precipitation as rain and less as snow than normal. And the snowpack is our reserve of water that
fills the reservoirs in late spring. So just because the balance of snow to rain changed, we had a drought
here."
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming=Drought [1/2]
Dimming causes drought-Less moisture
Akina`7(Jennifer, Drought: Effect of Global Dimming, Mar 23, 2007,

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/24881/drought_effect_of_global_dimming.html)
Air pollutants such as soot, ash and sulfur dioxide are created from the use of fossil fuels which contribute to
what scientists call global dimming. In short, global dimming occurs when clouds reflect more of the sun's rays
back into space than they normally would, thus, allowing less heat and energy to reach the earth's surface.
Recent research has shown that global dimming is likely to be the main cause behind the devastating droughts that
have killed millions of people in so little as the past three decades. To better explain the process of global dimming,
normal clouds are created when water droplets combine with natural air-borne particles like pollen. But,
when these air-borne particles become polluted by soot and ash, clouds are formed with a much larger
number of water droplets making the clouds "thicker" and more reflective of sun's rays. Sun rays which play
a crucial role in making the earth a living, working ecosystem. Although global dimming may sound like a
perfect counter measure to global warming, it is in fact the cause behind such global catastrophe's as the
Ethiopian droughts in the 1970s and 1980s, killing millions of helpless villagers, along with the more recent
European heat wave in 2003 left thousands dead. Scientists who have been studying this meteorological
phenomenon believe that the reflection of the sun's heat has caused the oceans in the northern hemisphere to
become cooler. As a result, less rain has formed across the planet because of less evaporation leading to clouds
and rain. Crucial moisture once keeping areas livable, like that of Africa and other countries, is no longer filling
lakes and rivers.
Droughts kill food security
IRIN`8 (IRIN, Hummanitarian news and technology, NEPAL: Drought compounds food insecurity in western regions
KATHMANDU, 24 June 2008, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=78909)
More than 300,000 people in nine hill districts of far western and mid-western Nepal face a precarious food
situation after the crops failed this year due to drought, the UN's World Food Programme (WFP) has warned.
Although the Himalayan nation is largely dependent on food imported from neighbouring India, the local grain
output provides vital reserves in many food-deficit districts. However, the crop yield this year has been so
poor it has left many without coping mechanisms, according to the UN food agency. "The food security
situation for many communities living in these regions is very worrying," WFP's country director Richard Ragan
told IRIN in the capital Kathmandu. Nepal is divided into five development regions - east, west, central, mid-west
and far west. Of these, the latter two are considered the least developed due to their difficult terrain and remoteness.
These food-deficit districts include Accham and Bajura in the far west and Kalikot, Mugu, Dolpa, Humla, Jajarkot,
Dailekh and Rukum in the mid-west. Most lack navigable roads and are 500-700km north of the capital. The
districts also have the country's highest rates of child malnutrition, according to government health statistics. Food
shortage risks "[The] food crisis could get worse this year because of the combined factors of drought-led crop
failures and high food prices," said Rajendra Khadga Chettri, director of Support Activities for Poor Producers of
Nepal (SAPPROS), a local NGO involved in agricultural technology and irrigation projects, which helps food-
insecure communities. "Hunger and starvation are increasing among villagers. In addition, more villagers are
at risk of food shortage as their food stocks will not even last for two months," said Chettri. WFP field monitors
reported that nearly 50,000 people in three districts of Bajura, Dailekh and Jajarkot were experiencing an acute food
security situation. Since the beginning of June, an estimated 252,000 people in Kalikot, Dolpa, Bajura, Accham,
Dailekh, Rukum and Jajarkot are facing food insecurity with little chance of recovery.
Scholars Aerosols
Dimming=Drought Impact - War[2/2]
Food security solves war

Scholars Aerosols
Dimming Bad-SO2 Kills thousands

Air Pollution in China has a 10,000 person death toll and costs billions of dollars
China Daily`8HK Edition June 12, 2008 http://www.china.org.cn/environment/news/2008-

06/12/content_15764178.htm
Poor air quality in the Pearl River Delta Region (PRD), Hong Kong and Macao cost 10,000 lives in 2006 and
results in heavy productivity loss and medical expenses every year, according to a study released yesterday. The
study, which was commissioned by public policy think tank Civic Exchange and conducted by academics from local
universities, said air pollution was responsible for 440,000 annual hospital-bed days and 11 million outpatient
visits throughout the region. The relative loss of productivity and medical expenses incurred amounted to 1.8
billion yuan in the PRD, HK$1.1 billion in Hong Kong and HK$18 million in Macao. In the opinion of Civic
Exchange chief executive officer Christine Loh, improvement of regional air quality requires concerted efforts of all
concerned parties. In this connection, Hong Kong and Guangdong should cooperate more closely before the East
Asian Games is held in Hong Kong next year and the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou. They should take
advantage of Beijing's experience in improving air quality for the Olympic Games, Loh said. Presenting the
findings of the study, professor Alexis Lau from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology's Institute of
Environment said the number of clear days in a year decreased from 1997 to 2006 owing to heavy presence of
respirable suspended particulates (RSP). The researchers based their study on 2006 data collected from Hong
Kong and Guangdong environment authorities. The 2007 situation was worse than 2006, Lau added. As
pointed out by professor Anthony Hedley of the School of Public Health of the University of Hong Kong, the
SAR government is currently adopting air quality objectives formulated in 1987 which are not as demanding
as those set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005. The WHO objectives focus on four major air
pollutants namely: RSP, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ozone. To improve air quality and protect public
health, Lau suggested the government adopt the more stringent WHO air quality objectives.
Scholars Aerosols
***OTHER AFF ANSWERS

Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming Solves Plankton
Increased ocean acidity from leads to a decrease in plankton
STPNS`7 (George Zamora, March 08, 2007 SCIENCE Researchers Study Ocean Acidity Effects On Climate,
http://www.stpns.net/view_article.html?articleId=32146512128703628)
In the article titled “Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS
and CH2CH: Potential climate impacts,” Wingenter and his research colleagues have determined that by
increasing atmospheric mixing ratios of carbon dioxide, the scientists were then able to make ocean surface
waters three times more acidic than normal. Wingenter’s co-authors include then New Mexico Tech
undergraduates Karl Haase and Max Ziegler, as well as research colleagues from the University of Bergen, the
University of New Hampshire, the University of Kiel in Germany, and the University of California at Irvine. Ziegler
is now a graduate student at the University of Washington. Karl is a graduate student at the University of New
Hampshire. Other recent studies have shown that ocean acidity is rising at a rate of about 100 times faster
than at any known time, Wingenter said, but this newly published study links the effect of increasing ocean acidity
to changes in phytoplankton ecosystems that consume and produce carbon dioxide and other organic “greenhouse
gases.” “Pronounced physiological changes in some phytoplankton have been observed during previous CO2
perturbation experiments,” Wingenter said. “Although the changes in ocean acidity can be predicted, the
consequences for marine organisms, their ecosystems, and climate-relevant organic gas emissions are largely
unknown.” In their month-long field experiment, conducted in late spring of 2005 at the Large-Scale Marine
Facilities of the University of Bergen, Norway, Wingenter and his research team used three sets of three large plastic
bags — two meters in diameter, and filled to a depth of 10 meters with seawater — to simulate present-day carbon
dioxide concentrations and ocean acidity, as well as CO2 levels that are expected to be found at the end of this
Scholars Aerosols
century and the middle of the next one. During the study, concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and
chloroiodomethane, which are produced by phytoplankton in the ocean water, were analyzed, measured and
recorded. “Marine microorganisms produce DMS, which is a radiatively important gas,” Wingenter said. “In
the atmosphere, DMS is rapidly oxidized to sulfur dioxide, which can form sulfate aerosols. “As a result,
emissions of DMS are a major source of cloud condensation nuclei in the clean marine atmosphere,” he added. “In
addition, chloroiod-omethane and other iodocarbons produced by phytoplankton quickly react with sunlight
in the atmosphere and end up releasing iodine that can destroy ozone and lead to aerosol nucleation,”
Wingenter said. The marked increases in the climate-relevant gases and ocean acidity observed in the study
may be directly attributable to changes the phytoplankton’s environment brought on by adding more carbon
dioxide, the researchers said in their paper. “Enhanced future production of these gases may contribute to planetary
cooling and may eventually slow down global warming,” Wingenter said. “This experimental study points to the
need for similar work to determine the changes in other phytoplankton communities in response to future CO2
concentrations and any resultant changes in organic gas production,” said Wingenter. “Combining future
experimental and modeling efforts will lead to a better understanding of the feedback systems between the
atmosphere and ocean in the future,” he said
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming solves marine ecosystems
Acid rain wreaks havoc on marine ecosystems
EPA`7 (Enviromental Protection Agency, Effects of Acid Rain - Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals, June 8th, 2007,
http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html#a2)
Acid rain causes a cascade of effects that harm or kill individual fish, reduce fish population numbers,
completely eliminate fish species from a waterbody, and decrease biodiversity. As acid rain flows through soils
in a watershed, aluminum is released from soils into the lakes and streams located in that watershed. So, as
pH in a lake or stream decreases, aluminum levels increase. Both low pH and increased aluminum levels are
directly toxic to fish. In addition, low pH and increased aluminum levels cause chronic stress that may not kill
individual fish, but leads to lower body weight and smaller size and makes fish less able to compete for food
and habitat. Some types of plants and animals are able to tolerate acidic waters. Others, however, are acid-
sensitive and will be lost as the pH declines. Generally, the young of most species are more sensitive to
environmental conditions than adults. At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At lower pH levels, some adult fish
die. Some acid lakes have no fish. The chart below shows that not all fish, shellfish, or the insects that they eat can
tolerate the same amount of acid; for example, frogs can tolerate water that is more acidic (i.e., has a lower pH) than
trout.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming Solves Disease
Acid Rain=Acidification
Science Master`99 (Science Master.com, with information from the EPA,

JumpStart - Earth Science Environmental Effects of Acid Rain* April 1999,
http://www.sciencemaster.com/jump/earth/acid_rain.php)
Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is the major cause of acid rain.
Acidic deposition, or acid rain as it is commonly known, occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form various acidic
compounds. This mixture forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight increases the rate of most
of these reactions. These compounds then fall to the earth in either wet form (such as rain, snow, and fog or dry
form (such as gas and particles). About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry
deposition as gases and dry particles. The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto buildings, cars, homes,
and trees. In some instances, these gases and particles can eat away the things on which they settle. Dry deposited
gases and particles are sometimes washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. When that happens,
the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the combination more acidic than the falling rain
alone. The combination of acid rain plus dry deposited acid is called acid deposition. Prevailing winds transport
the compounds, sometimes hundreds of miles, across state and national borders. Electric utility plants account or
about 70 percent of annual SO2 emissions and 30 percent of NOx emissions in the United States. Mobile sources
(tranportation) also contribute significantly to NOx emissions. Overall, over 20 million tons of SO2 and NOx are
emitted into the atmosphere each year. Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to
damage of trees at high elevations (for example, red spruce trees above 2,000 feet in elevation). In addition, acid
rain accelerates the decay of building materials and paints, including irreplaceable buildings, statues,and sculptures
that are part of our nation's cultural heritage. Prior to falling to the earth, SO2 and NOx gases and their particulate
matter derivatives, sulfates and nitrates, contribute to visibility degradation and impact public health.
B) Newly emerging diseases need acidification to spread from mosquitoes-VEEV
Colpitts et al. 2007 (Colpitts TM, Moore AC, Kolokoltsov AA, Davey RA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch,
301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of mosquito cells requires
acidification as well as mosquito homologs of the endocytic proteins Rab5 and Rab7., Pub Med, December 2007,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17707875)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a New World alphavirus that can cause fatal encephalitis in
humans. It remains a naturally emerging disease as well as a highly developed biological weapon. VEEV is
transmitted to humans in nature by mosquito vectors. Little is known about VEEV entry, especially in mosquito
cells. Here, a novel luciferase-based virus entry assay is used to show that the entry of VEEV into mosquito
cells requires acidification. Furthermore, mosquito homologs of key human proteins (Rab5 and Rab7) involved
in endocytosis were isolated and characterized. Rab5 is found on early endosomes and Rab7 on late endosomes
and both are important for VEEV entry in mammalian cells. Each was shown to have analogous function in
mosquito cells to that seen in mammalian cells. The wild-type, dominant negative and constitutively active mutants
were then used to demonstrate that VEEV requires passage through early and late endosomes before infection can
take place. This work indicates that the infection mechanism in mosquitoes and mammals is through a common
and ancient evolutionarily conserved pathway.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming solves drought
Aerosols exacerbate warming, flood, and drought
Page`7 (Jeremy, The London Times, August 3, 2007, Friday Giant toxic cloud may bring flood and droughts to two billion
people, Lexis)
They call it the Asian Brown Cloud. Anyone who has flown over South Asia has seen it -a vast blanket of smog
that covers much of the region. It is also what colours those sunsets at the Taj Mahal. Now a group of scientists has
carried out the first detailed study of the phenomenon and arrived at a troubling conclusion. They say that it is
causing Himalayan glaciers to melt, with potentially devastating consequences for more than two billion
people in India, China, Bangladesh and other downstream countries. In a study published yesterday by Nature,
the British journal, they say that black soot particles in the cloud are absorbing the Sun's heat and pushing up
temperatures at the same altitude as most Himalayan glaciers. Scientists have already observed that two thirds
of the 46,000 glaciers in the Himalayas are shrinking, leading to increasingly severe floods downstream and,
eventually, to widespread drought. Greenhouse gases were previously thought to be the main cause of the
problem, which threatens the sources of Asia's nine main rivers -including the Indus, the Ganges and the
Yangtze. But the research team from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California says that the Asian
Brown Cloud -made up of gases and suspended particles known as aerosols -is just as much to blame. "My one
hope is that this finding will intensify the focus of Asian scientists and policy makers on the glacier issue," Veera-
bhadran Ramanathan, who led the research, told The Times. "These glaciers are the source for major river
systems, so at least two billion people are directly involved in this." The cloud is an enormous plume of smoke
from factories, power plants and wood or dung fires that stretches across the Indian subcontinent, into South-
East Asia. Professor Ramanathan's team examined it using three unmanned aircraft similar to those used by the US
military, but fitted with fifteen instruments to measure temperature, humidity and aerosol levels. The drones were
launched from the Maldives island of Hanimadhoo and carried out 18 missions over the Indian Ocean in March
2006, flying simultaneously through the cloud at different altitudes. They found that the cloud amplified the effects
of solar heating on the surrounding air by 50 per cent.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming-Not a developing problem
Dimming isn’t a problem for developing Asian countries
Page`7 (Jeremy, The London Times, August 3, 2007, Friday Giant toxic cloud may bring flood and droughts to two billion
people, Lexis)
The professor said that some aerosols in the cloud reflected sunlight, cooling the earth beneath in a process
known as "global dimming" that is also worrying climate change experts. Others absorbed heat radiation
from the Sun because of their dark colour. When he put his data into a computer model for climate change, it
estimated that Himalayan temperatures had risen 0.25C (0.45F) a decade since 1950 -twice the average rate
of global warming. "If we continue to use outdated technology to achieve industrialisation, this is only going
to get worse," said Professor Rama- nathan. "But there is some good news." Unlike greenhouse gases, which can
stay in the atmosphere for 200 years, aerosols drop to the ground after two to three weeks. Asian countries
can therefore tackle the problem relatively quickly if they find alternatives to fuels such as coal, diesel, wood and
dung, which account for the majority of aerosols in the air.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming-Not conclusive

Global dimming decreasing now, plus there’s not enough research to be certain without it
earth will warm
Cox`5 (Brian, Popular Science, The Sun is Dying and Global Dimming,
http://www.popularscience.co.uk/features/feat28.htm, 2005)
It is now suspected that pollution in the Earth's atmosphere, caused by industrialization and natural phenomena
such as volcanic eruptions, may have significantly reduced that amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's
surface. It is estimated that this could have led to a cooling effect of over 1 degree overt he last 40 years, which
would go some way to offsetting the effect of global warming. Global warming is caused primarily by increasing
carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere that prevent heat being radiated back out into space from the Earth's surface.
The phenomenon of global dimming may therefore have saved us, so far, from the worst affects of climate
change, although it has been noticed that as pollution levels have been reduced, particularly in Western Europe,
the affects of global dimming seem to be reducing, leading to an accelerating temperature rise once again. We
may therefore be in the paradoxical situation that reducing pollution might INCREASE the effects of global
warming, leading us ever more quickly towards catastrophe. This discovery isn't all bad, however, because it
may suggest a short term solution to climate change. Why not intentionally put pollutants, which may be
designed to be benign in other respects, into the atmosphere to accelerate global dimming, and therefore slow the
climate change caused by carbon dioxide emissions. Several suggestions along these lines have been made,
including adding small particles to airplane fuel, and therefore using one of the main contributors to climate change,
aircraft, to slow its effects. It's an intriguing possibility, and one that is the focus of significant research,
although it should be said that we cannot at present predict the effects of such fine-tuning of the climate, so
global dimming shouldn't be seen as a means to allow us to continue to increase carbon dioxide emissions.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming-Aerosols=More warming-Black Carbon
The black carbon that is apart of the aerosol mix results in a net increase in temperature
Randerson`8(James, Science Correspondent for the Guardian-London News service, Scientists warn of soot effect on
climate: Coal and wood 'more damaging than thought': Black carbon harms environment and health, March 24, 2008
Monday, Lexis.)
Soot produced by burning coal, diesel, wood and dung causes significantly more damage to the environment
than previously thought, according to research published today. So-called "black carbon" could cause up to 60%
of the current warming effect of carbon dioxide, according to the US researchers, making it an important target
for efforts to slow global warming. Around 400,000 people are estimated to die each year due to inhaling soot
particles, particularly because of indoor cooking on wood and dung stoves in developing countries. These deaths
are mainly among women and children. Professor Greg Carmichael, of the University of Iowa, one of the authors
of the study, published in Nature Geoscience, said: "Trying to develop strategies that really go after black carbon
is really a very good short-term strategy and a win-win strategy for both climate and air pollution
perspectives." Carmichael and Professor V Ramanathan, at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, put
together data from satellites, aircraft and surface instruments on the warming effect from black carbon. They
conclude that its effect in the atmosphere is around 0.9 watts per square metre, considerably higher than the
estimate of between 0.2 and 0.4 watts in last year's report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Most particulates in the atmosphere reduce the warming effect from greenhouse gases by bouncing radiation
back into space - so-called global dimming. But black carbon has the opposite effect and Ramanathan and
Carmichael argue that its contribution to global warming has been underestimated. "The aerosols in aggregate
are either acting to, you could say, cool the atmosphere or mask the effect of CO2," said Carmichael, "(Black
carbon) is the only component of this aerosol mix that in and of itself is a heating element." Previous
estimates had not taken into account the fact that it has a larger impact at high altitude in the atmosphere
and that it interacts with other particulates in the atmosphere. Scientists do not fully understand these
interactions, but observations suggest that they result in more warming. The researchers said that programmes to
replace wood-burning stoves with clean technology such as solar energy in developing countries such as India
should be pursued to reduce the number of deaths caused by inhaling the smoke. The authors stressed that these
measures were not a magic bullet. "It is important to emphasise that black carbon reduction can only help delay and
not prevent unprecedented climate changes due to CO2 emissions," they wrote.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming-Aerosols 90% natural
90% of all aerosols occur naturally-Plan doesn’t change those

NASA` No date (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, What Are Aerosols?
http://terra.nasa.gov/FactSheets/Aerosols/)
Aerosols are tiny particles suspended in the air. Some occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust
storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of
fossil fuels and the alteration of natural surface cover, also generate aerosols. Averaged over the globe, aerosols
made by human activities currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our
atmosphere. Most of that 10 percent is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, especially downwind of
industrial sites, slash-and-burn agricultural regions, and overgrazed grasslands. Scientists have much to learn about
the way aerosols affect regional and global climate. We have yet to accurately quantify the relative impacts on
climate of natural aerosols and those of human origin. Moreover, we do not know in what regions of the planet
the amount of atmospheric aerosol is increasing, is diminishing, and is remaining roughly constant. Overall,
we do not even know whether aerosols are warming or cooling our planet.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming-Asia SO2 solves [1/2]
No impact-SO2 Will still come from Asia
Notholt`5J., et al., 2005. Influence of tropospheric SO2 emissions on particle formation and the stratospheric humidity.
Geophysical Research Letters, 4/5/05 http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/2005/04/22/change-of-direction-do-so2-
emissions-lead-to-warming/
Many scientists believe that sulfur dioxide emissions, either from un-scrubbed power plants or from large-
scale agricultural burning, serve to cool the planet’s surface temperature. The cooling mechanism is fairly
straightforward. Sulfur dioxide is transformed in the atmosphere into sulfate aerosol, a fine particle that reflects
away the sun’s radiation. The particles also serve as the condensation nuclei for cloud droplets which also reflect
away the sun’s energy. On the other hand, no one really knows the magnitude of these cooling effects (if any).
So we have argued that sulfate cooling is simply a fudge factor put into climate models in order to chill the
overly-hot projections they make if left to their own devices. Now comes evidence that sulfur dioxide actually
can enhance global warming. While this doesn’t mean that sulfates aren’t also cooling things by reflecting
away radiation, the parent, sulfur dioxide, can do some other things that make the surface warmer. According to
research just published in Geophysical Research Letters by J. Notholt and his co-authors, sulfur dioxide is
converted to sulfuric acid (remember “acid rain”?), which leads to more ice crystals in the upper atmosphere.
Some of these are eventually lifted upwards into the stable stratosphere where they increase the amount of water
vapor found there. Water vapor in the stratosphere serves as a greenhouse gas and is involved in the destruction
of ozone, resulting in a stratospheric cooling and a warming of the lower atmosphere and surface. And, for once,
it’s not from the USA. We’re usually blamed for the lion’s share of warming as a result of our carbon
dioxide emissions. But the sulfur dioxide is largely from elsewhere. The authors write: While anthropogenic
SO2 emissions in Europe and North America have been decreasing since around 1980, the anthropogenic
SO2 emissions from China, Asia and the tropics have been increasing…For example, van Aardenne et al
(2001) report a factor of 12 increase for China and 8 for East Asia, respectively between 1950 and 1990. The
authors propose that their mechanism has been responsible for about one-quarter of the increases in
stratospheric water vapor during the period 1950 to 2000. According to a NASA model published by Drew
Shindell in 2001, this would account for about 5% of the observed warming. While that seems small, it is a sign
about how little we really know (or have known) about the climatic disposition of sulfur dioxide. Every
increment of warming that it causes takes away from its putative cooling. Which means, ironically, that it
can serve less and less as an explanation as to why we have only witnessed a very modest
China emits tons of SO2
Asia news`6 http://www.asianews.it/index.php?art=6906&l=en 08/06
Sulphur dioxide, acid rain: pollution on the rise in Chinese cities High coal consumption is the major culprit of
pollution that also affects other countries. Annual losses of more than 510 billion yuan and serious respiratory
illnesses are two of the consequences. Local authorities resist implementing measures to monitor the
environment. Beijing (AsiaNews/SCMP) – China last week admitted to being the world's largest sulphur
dioxide polluter, emitting nearly 26 million tons of the gas in 2005. This means a 27% increase since 2000
and according to Li Xinmin, an official of the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), it
coincided with a rise in coal consumption, which accounts for 70% of energy produced. Li said it "was
difficult to change the situation in the short term" and the government was planning a 10% reduction in
emissions from industrial plants by not earlier than 2010. An increase in the use of cars has also led to increased
gas emissions. The gas contributes to acid rain that also affects neighbouring countries like Hong Kong
and Japan, and it could cause severe respiratory illnesses. Official sources said this pollution leads to
"economic losses" amounting to around 510 billion yuan per year. Added to this are costs in terms of
health: a study by the School of Public Health of the University of Fudan estimated that air pollution costs
Shanghai alone more than eight billion yuan per year for medical expenses. Xu Kezhu, professor of
Environmental Law of China University for law and political sciences, said China's laws stipulated that
polluting plants should install devices to cut back on emissions but this regulation was poorly applied
because of protectionism from the local authorities and the large number of existing plants. Xu said: "The
[continues on next page, no text removed]
Scholars Aerosols
AT: Dimming-Asia SO2 Solves [2/2]
problem is that the limits are not clearly laid down and there is no precise application of laws when pollution is caused." He
continued: "Many factories still do not use anti-polluting devices or else they issue gas at night... Local governments do not
monitor the situation carefully to identify and sanction polluters." Chen Dongmei, director of the Climate Change and
Energy programme of the World Wildlife Fund in China agreed that although the central government may want to rein in
pollution, this "is sometimes not understood by the local authorities". Beijing, meanwhile, denies pollution could affect other
nations, especially the United States. Recently, some scholars accused China of causing 25% of the air pollution in cities like
Los Angeles. Li said: "Those reports saying 25% of pollution in Los Angles comes from China are not objective and are
irresponsible and the conclusion is also doubtful." Li said further, better studies were needed to assess both the polluting
effect caused to other nations as well as the exact influence of meteorological phenomena. Meanwhile, on 2 August, the
Xinao Group, the Chinese leading gas distributor, obtained significant funding from the International Finance Corp, a private
operator of the World Bank, to convert coal into dimethyl ether, a gas used for heating and cooking and thought to be non-
polluting.
Scholars Aerosols
AT: “Cool waters mean we solve sea level”
Cooling doesn’t reduce sea level
Science Daily, No date (Science Daily.com, News From the Scientific community, Sea Level,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/sea_level.htm)
"This research suggests global warming isn't always steady, but happens with occasional 'speed bumps'," said Josh
Willis, a co-author of the study at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. "This cooling is probably
natural climate variability. The oceans today are still warmer than they were during the 1980s, and most scientists
expect the oceans will eventually continue to warm in response to human-induced climate change." Willis said the
findings have significant implications for global sea-level rise. "Average sea level goes up partly due to warming
and thermal expansion of the oceans and partly due to runoff from melting glaciers and ice sheets," Willis
said. "The recent cooling episode suggests sea level should have actually decreased in the past two years.
Despite this, sea level has continued to rise. This may mean that sea level rise has recently shifted from being
mostly caused by warming to being dominated by melting. This idea is consistent with recent estimates of ice-
mass loss in Antarctica and accelerating ice-mass loss on Greenland," he said.
Scholars Aerosols
Coal Aerosols Not Offset Warming
Coal power plants are not an effective aerosol cooling mechanism because emissions remain
in the lower atmosphere
The Boston Herald 2006

(“Can pollution cure global warming?”, October 29, 2006, pg 18)
According to an article in last week's issue of Science magazine by Thomas M.L. Wigley, the 1991 eruption of
Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines cooled the atmosphere in the short term ``but did not seriously disrupt the climate
system.''
The cooling, an average of 0.7 to 0.9 degree Fahrenheit, lasted two years. It was caused by sulfate aerosol particles
around the globe formed from about 11 million tons of sulfur dioxide thrown into the atmosphere in the eruption of
the 5,725-foot mountain. The sulfate particles increased the amount of the sun's radiation reflected back into space.
Sulfur dioxide is a major pollutant of coal-burning power plants that do not clean up the stack gases. Power plants
would not be a suitable mechanism for duplicating a volcano eruption because their emissions would not reach high
enough.
Scholars Aerosols
Aerosols = Disease
Exposure to aerosols and particulates causes health problems and lowers disease resistance,
increasing mortality
Eyles 2004
(John, director of the Institute of Environment and Health at McMaster University in Ontario, “What's at risk?
Environmental influences on human health”, Environment, October 1, 2004, Pg. 24)
Because different pollutants have different health effects, what is measured and controlled is important. (35)
In general, exposure to low levels of such pollutants as ozone, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and
particulate matter can irritate the eyes and cause inflammation of the respiratory tract. Many air
pollutants may also suppress the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections. Following the
nearly 2,500 deaths that occurred in London in December 1952, attention has been focused on particulate
matter (PM). (36) In the last 30 years, consistent association has been found between PM and increases
in mortality, hospital admissions, and morbidity. Most recently, in a study of 20 U.S. cities, increases in the
relative rate of death from all causes and respiratory and cardiovascular causes were found with each
increase in PM level. (37) A detailed study of Montreal found increases in daily mortality and most
measures of particulate air pollution of the order of 1-2 percent. (38) While this seems small, it is a serious
public health issue on a population level: For example, in cities of more than one million people, 1-2 percent
equates to 10,000-20,000 people.
Recent studies are revealing relationships between air quality and many adverse health outcomes,
including asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. (39) WHO officials stated in a 2000 Air Quality and Health meeting in Geneva that
overall, air pollution from various sources contributes to 3 million deaths worldwide. (40) Because of
the complexities of causation, this is merely an estimate; the actual death toll may be anywhere from 1.4
million to 6 million. Air pollution's influence on chronic morbidity is much more dramatic. One study
concluded that there is an association between fine particulate matter, common in the air of most
metropolitan areas, and increased risk of death due to lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease. (41) A
2002 Dutch study found that people living near a main road were twice as likely to die of heart or lung
disease more than those who did not. (42) Increases in and exposure to particulate air pollution have been
shown to exacerbate asthma sufferers' symptoms, increasing rates of asthma attacks 3-5 days after coincident
increased pollution levels. (43) Although most studies of the relationship between poor air quality and human
health have been carried out in developed countries, it is a worldwide problem. For example, studies in Sao
Paulo, Brazil, have shown that an increase of 75 micrograms per cubic meter in concentrations of nitrogen
dioxide was related to a 30 percent increase in deaths from respiratory illness in children under 5 years of
age. (44)
Scholars Aerosols
Black Soot Counterbalancing

Sulfate washout will create no warming, the soot emitted along with aerosols has a
warming effect that counteracts aerosol cooling
World Climate Report 2001

(“Smoking Out UN-Science”, World Climate Report, Feb 19, 2001,
http://www.worldclimatereport.com/archive/previous_issues/vol6/v6n11/feature1.htm)
In the article, Stanford engineer Mark Jacobson asserts that common black soot in the atmosphere—the stuff that
goes up the smokestack along with other products of combustion, such as sulfate aerosols—exerts a whopping
warming effect. The net direct warming that soot produces is greater than that from any other emission with
the exception of carbon dioxide, Jacobson writes. That warming is almost exactly equal to the putative cooling
directly caused by sulfate aerosol.
If true, Jacobson's calculation has a number of neat effects. After all, sulfate aerosol and soot go hand in hand.
Their combination is colloquially known as "smoke." Particles of both are about the same size. So any
attempt to remove one (often done with electrostatic precipitators) will remove the other. If the size of the
prevented warming then equals the size of the prevented cooling, the result is no net change in temperature as
sulfates drop out. End of 11° story.

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Gonzaga Debate Institute 2008 1

1NC SO2/Dimming DA [1/2]

B) Reducing greenhouse gases cuts SO2 and other cooling aerosols

EDIE`99Environmental Data Interactive Exchange 6/99 http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=1404

1NC SO2/Dimming DA [2/2]

BBC`6 (Brittish Broadcasting Corporation, Transcript of the documentary “Global Dimming”

Dimming-Uniqueness-Block Extension/A2: CAA

Dimming-Uniqueness-Fossil Fuel Use High Now [1/2]

Fossil Fuel emissions will grow by 50%

Dimming-Warming pollutants = Dimming

Fossil fuel use =Global Dimming

Dimming Good-Solves Warming [1/3]

Dimming is the last barrier to climate collapse

Dimming solves warming-Proves predictions wrong

Dimming Good-Solves Warming [2/3]

Dimming is shielding us from the worst impacts of warming now

Dimming Good-Solves Warming [3/3]

Surface cooling aerosols cut the impact of global warming in half

Ramanathan`7(V, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego 5/07)

Dimming = Negative Feedback

Warming can cause dimming

Dimming-Reducing aerosols=More warming

Aerosols Solve Warming – IPCC Concurs

Miller and Koch 2006

Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Rice [1/2]

Warming kills rice

Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Rice [2/2]

Dimming Good-Solves Drought-Solves Rice

Drought kills rice production

Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Corn [1/2]

Rising temperatures hurt corn yields

Hot dry weather hurts US corn crops

Dimming Good-Solves Warming-Solves Corn [2/2]

Dimming Good - Soil Moisture

Solar dimming key to soil moisture

Soil Moisture Impact - Drought

Soil Moisture Impact - Biodiversity

Dimming Good-solves Forest Growth

Aerosols cause scatter radiation

Dimming Good- ⇓ Sea Temps

Global dimming cools oceans

Dimming Good-Solves Fish-Cold Waters Good

Dimming Good-Solves Coral Bleaching

Dimming Good-Dimming Solves Plankton [1/2]

ScienceDaily`5 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050213130304.htm, 02/05

Dimming Good-Dimming Solves Plankton [2/2]

Dimming Good-Solves Sea Levels

Dimming Good-Solves Wheat/Grain-Colder Temps

Colder temperatures increase wheat production

Dimming Good-Solves Wheat-Warming Kills Wheat

Hotter and drier temperatures are devastating wheat crops

Dimming Good-Solving warming=More Warming [1/3]

Solving global warming results in a net increase earth’s temperature

Reducing particles will increase global temperature within days

Dimming Good-Solving warming=More Warming [2/3]

Less pollution risk exacerbating global warming

Dimming Good-Solving warming=More Warming [3/3]

Cleaning up pollution causes more warming

Policies designed to reduce warming reduce aerosols increasing temperatures

Dimming Good-Solves Disease

B) Dimming makes it drier and cooler-We solve

Warming=Dimming in South & East U.S. [1/2]

Warming=Dry Heat in Western U.S.

Warming=Dimming in South & East Asia