Science Chemistry (1) Kinetic Particle Theory:

States of matter (1.1) Solids Properties

Arrangement Attractive forces Motion Physical Properties Particles are packed very closely together in a fixed and regular arrangement. (No spaces between particles) Very strong forces of attraction between particles. Particles vibrate about in their fixed and regular positions. Little or no diffusion

Liquids Properties
Arrangement Attractive forces Motion Physical Properties Particles are packed closely together in a random and irregular arrangement. (No spaces between particles) Strong forces of attraction between particles. Particles slide past each other and move over short distances slowly and randomly. Slow diffusion

Gaseous Properties
Arrangement Attractive forces Motion Physical Properties Particles are very far apart from one another in an irregular arrangement. ( Lots of spaces between particles) Weak forces of attraction between particles. Particles move freely in any directions at high speeds. Rapid diffusion

When to use what properties: (1.12)

Shape (fixed/no fixed): Arrangement, forces of attraction and motion. Volume (Definite/Indefinite): Arrangement (spaces) and forces of attraction. Compressibility (Yes/No): Arrangement (spaces) and forces of attraction.

Examples of Questions asked (1.13) Why does Iron rod (Fe) have a fixed shape but oxygen does not have a fixed shape:

 Iron Rod (Fe) Atoms Atoms are closely packed to one another due to very strong forces of attraction between atoms.

Oxygen (O2) Molecules Molecules are very far apart from one another due to weak forces of attraction between particles.

Fixed and regular positions

Move about freely at high speeds.

Definite shapes No definite shape

If the substance is specified, use words like atoms and molecules; if it is not specifies, use words like particles. Only noble gases are atoms (Helium, Argon). Oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2) and others are molecules.

Why does air can be compressed but iron rod cannot be compressed:

Iron Rod (Fe) Atoms Atoms are closely packed to one another due to very strong forces of attraction between atoms.

Oxygen (O2) Molecules Molecules are very far apart from one another due to weak forces of attraction between particles.

No spaces between atoms.

Lots of spaces between molecules.

Cannot be compressed.

Can be compressed.

Examples of Questions asked (1.13) A substance has a melting point of 50C and a boiling point of 97C. Explain, in terms of kinetic particle theory, what would happen to the attractive forces and the spaces between particles when the substance is heated from 30C to 60C.

At 30C, the substance is in solid state. The particles have very strong forces of attraction and are packed very closely to one another.

At 50C, particles gain energy and vibrate faster. The forces of attraction between particles become weaker and particles move further apart from one another.

At 60C, the particles have strong forces of attraction between one another and are packed closely to one another.

A substance has a melting point of 50C and a boiling point of 97C. Explain, in terms of kinetic particle theory, what would happen to the arrangement and the movement of the particles when the substance is heated from 30C to 60C.

At 30C, the substance is in solid state. The particles are packed very closely to one another and they vibrate about in their fixed and regular positions.

At 50C, particles gain energy and vibrate faster. The particles move further apart from one another.

At 60C, the particles slide past each other and move over short distances slowly and randomly and are packed closely to one another.

Drawings of different states of matter(1.14) Ensure that drawings are at least half of the box.

 Regular and fixed arrangement. All particles touch each other.

Random and irregular arrangement. All particles touch each other.

Particles are very far apart. Particles need not touch each other.

Changes in state(1.2)

Melting

Temperature/C D

A Time/min From A to B When solid is heated, particles take in energy and vibrate faster. Temperature of the solid and kinetic energy of the particles increases progressively until it reaches B, where vibrations of particles become strong enough to overcome the very strong forces of attraction between them. Particles begin to break free from their fixed positions and moved away from one another. Melting process starts at B.

From B to C At B, the solid begins to melt. Temperature remains constant as heat energy supplied by heating is the equal amount of energy absorbed by the solid particles. Particles in solid state gains energy and move about instead of vibrating in fixed position. Forces of attraction between particles is weaken and they move about slowly and randomly. The solid melts into liquid.

From C to D When all particles have enough energy to move away from their fixed positions, the solid have completely melted and a liquid is formed at C. The particles move slower and randomly. However the attractive forces between particles are still strong. Thereafter, the temperature of the liquid continues to increase as more heat energy is taken in.

Freezing

Temperature/C A

D Time/min A to B When the liquid is cooled, the particles loses heat and move more slowly.

B to C Temperature remains constant as heat energy is released. Particles in liquid state are losing energy and move more slowly. The energy increases and strengthen the forces of attraction between particles. Thus, the liquid will freeze into solid.

C to D A solid is formed at C, when all the particles settle down in a fixed and regular arrangement. The particles can only vibrate about their fixed positions. Thereafter, solid continues to cool as time progresses.

A pure solid will melt and freeze at a fixed temperatures, different substances have different melting and freezing points.

A substance is a liquid if the boiling point is 100C and the melting point is 0C.

n Co

sa en d

n tio

Solid

Fre e

zin

Gas

on ati Boiling/Evaporation Me m lt in bli g Su Condensation

Liquid

Gains heat Loses heat

Diffusion of gases (1.3)

35.5

Mr = Relative molecular mass

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Examples of Questions asked (1.31) A 100cm long glass tube was clamped horizontally. A piece of cotton wool soaked in concentrated hydrogen sulfide solution (H2S) was placed at one end of the tube. At the same time, a piece of cotton wool was soaked in concentrated sulfur dioxide (SO2) was placed at the other end.

A Cotton wool soaked in hydrogen sulfide

D Cotton wool soaked in sulfur dioxide solution

After some time, a ring of yellow solid was formed inside the tube. The equation of the reaction: 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O

(a) Name the yellow solid formed in the tube:

Ans: Sulfur

(b) At which position of tube A to D was this solid formed? Why?

Ans: C. Hydrogen sulfide is less dense (Mr = 34) while sulfur dioxide is denser (Mr = 64). Both gas molecules will diffuse towards each other to the opposite sides due to the concentration difference. Hydrogen sulfide diffuse about two times faster compared to the sulfur dioxide molecules, thus when the two gases meet, yellow solid is formed nearer to the sulfur dioxide.

State the relative molecular mass. State why they will diffuse towards each other. State how much faster one gas diffuse. (eg. slightly faster, two times faster, etc)

(c) What would be the effect on your observations of increasing the length of the tube?

Ans: The yellow solid would take a longer time to form. However, the ratio distance between the yellow solid formed and the two cotton wool is the same.

(d) State one inference that can be made from this experiment?

Ans: The smaller the relative molecular mass, the faster the diffusion.

Inference should be more general.