Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF TABLES: ..................................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES: .................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION: .................................................................................................................................... 5 1. SITE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. COMMUNITY PROFILE: ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. VEGETATION:................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3. SOLAR ORIENTATION: ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.4. TEMPERATURES: ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.5. PREVAILING WIND ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.5.1. WINTER: ................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.5.2. SPRING:................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.5.3. SUMMER: .............................................................................................................................................. 10 1.5.4. AUTUMN: .............................................................................................................................................. 10 1.6. HYDRO-GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 10 1.7. PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE: ................................................................................................................. 11 1.8. PUBLIC SERVICES ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.8.1. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.8.2. HEALTH SERVICES .................................................................................................................................... 12 1.8.3. COMMERCIAL SERVICES:........................................................................................................................... 12 1.8.4. TRANSPORTATION SERVICES: ..................................................................................................................... 12 2. SUBDIVISION DESIGN: ................................................................................................................... 13 2.1. SUBDIVISION PARTS: ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1. GREEN AREAS: ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.2. LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER: ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.3. INTERNAL STREET SYSTEM: ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.4. VILLAS AND MULTI STORIES BUILDINGS: ...................................................................................................... 14 2.2. SURROUNDINGS: ............................................................................................................................ 14 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY .................................................................................................. 15 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. FLORA .......................................................................................................................................... 16 FAUNA ......................................................................................................................................... 17 AIR POLLUTION .............................................................................................................................. 17 NOISE POLLUTION........................................................................................................................... 18

3.5. DISPOSED AREA .............................................................................................................................. 19 3.6. SOIL CONTAMINATION ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.7. UNDERGROUND WATER CONTAMINATION: ........................................................................................... 21 4. WATER SYSTEMS DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 22 4.1. THEORY: ....................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2. PRESSURIZED SYSTEMS (WATER SUPPLY): ............................................................................................ 22 4.2.1. DESIGN CRITERIA: ................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.2. CALCULATIONS METHODOLOGY: ............................................................................................................... 23 4.2.3. RESULTS: ............................................................................................................................................... 24 4.3. GRAVITY SYSTEMS (SANITARY AND STORM WATER): ............................................................................... 25 4.3.1. SANITARY WATER: .................................................................................................................................. 25 4.3.2. STORM WATER:...................................................................................................................................... 28 5. TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY ................................................................................................................. 31 5.1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................... 31 5.2. EXISTING TRAFFIC ........................................................................................................................... 31 5.3. EVALUATION OF A ROAD ................................................................................................................... 31 5.3.1. FACTORS THAT THAT AFFECT LEVEL OF SERVICE: ........................................................................................... 32 5.4. TRIP GENERATION:.......................................................................................................................... 32 5.5. SAMPLE OF CALCULATION ................................................................................................................. 33 5.6. TRAFFIC VOLUMES .......................................................................................................................... 33 5.7. ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................................... 33 5.7.1. SIGNS CONTROL SOLUTION:...................................................................................................................... 33 5.7.2. UN-SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION: ................................................................................................................. 34 5.7.3. SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION ( ONLY ONE APPROACH IS SIGNALIZED ) .................................................................. 35 5.7.4. ROUNDABOUT SOLUTION ......................................................................................................................... 35 5.7.5. SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION(BOTH APPROACHES ARE SIGNALIZED) .................................................................... 35 5.8. PREFERRED SOLUTION...................................................................................................................... 36 5.9. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 36 6. GEOMETRIC DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 37 6.1. THEORY: ....................................................................................................................................... 37 6.1.1. GENERAL CONCEPTS: ............................................................................................................................... 37 6.1.2. HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT: ....................................................................................................................... 37 6.1.3. VERTICAL ALIGNMENT: ............................................................................................................................ 40 6.2. DESIGN CRITERIA: ........................................................................................................................... 42 6.2.1. UNIVERSITY ROAD:.................................................................................................................................. 42 6.2.2. LOCAL STREETS: ...................................................................................................................................... 43 6.3. RESULTS AND TABLES:...................................................................................................................... 43 6.3.1. UNIVERSITY ROAD:.................................................................................................................................. 43 6.3.2. FIRST STREET:......................................................................................................................................... 44

6.3.3. SECOND STREET:..................................................................................................................................... 44 6.3.4. THIRD STREET:........................................................................................................................................ 45 6.3.5 MALL STREET: ............................................................................................................................................ 45

List of Tables:
Table 1: Hazen Coefficients for typical pipes .................................................................................................................... 23 Table 2: Pipes Data as given by Bentley waterCAD .......................................................................................................... 24 Table 3: Junctions Data ..................................................................................................................................................... 24 Table 4: Reservior Data ..................................................................................................................................................... 24 Table 5: Manning Coefficient for Typical pipes ................................................................................................................. 25 Table 6: Pipes Data taken from sewerCAD ....................................................................................................................... 27 Table 7: Manholes Data taken from sewerCAD ................................................................................................................ 27 Table 8: Hand Calculations Results ................................................................................................................................... 27 Table 9: Pipes Data given by stormCAD ............................................................................................................................ 30 Table 10: Inlets Data given by stormCAD ......................................................................................................................... 30 Table 11: Number of expected trips at peak hours ........................................................................................................... 32 Table 12: Traffic Distribution ............................................................................................................................................ 33 Table 13: Design criteria for the main road ...................................................................................................................... 42 Table 14: Design criteria for the local roads ..................................................................................................................... 43 Table 15: Horizontal Alignment Data ............................................................................................................................... 43 Table 16: Superelevation Data.......................................................................................................................................... 43 Table 17: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data ...................................................................................................................... 44 Table 18: Horizontal Alignment Data ............................................................................................................................... 44 Table 19: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data ...................................................................................................................... 44 Table 20: Horizontal Alignment Data ............................................................................................................................... 44 Table 21: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data ...................................................................................................................... 45 Table 22: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data ...................................................................................................................... 45 Table 23: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data ...................................................................................................................... 45

List of Figures:
Figure 1: Local Family ______________________________________________________________________________ 7 Figure 3: small trees _______________________________________________________________________________ 8 Figure 2: desert thorn ______________________________________________________________________________ 8 Figure 4: Solar Orientation __________________________________________________________________________ 8 Figure 5: Development location and the surrounding services _____________________________________________ 11 Figure 6: Native plants ____________________________________________________________________________ 16 Figure 7: Sources of air pollution ____________________________________________________________________ 17 Figure 8: Disposal areas ___________________________________________________________________________ 19 Figure 9: Contaminated soil ________________________________________________________________________ 20 Figure 10: Bioremediation __________________________________________________________________________ 20 Figure 11: Soil Containment ________________________________________________________________________ 20 Figure 12: Phytoremediation________________________________________________________________________ 20 Figure 14: Synchro simulator _______________________________________________________________________ 35 Figure 15: Horizontal Curve Parameters _______________________________________________________________ 38 Figure 16: Horizontal curve parameters _______________________________________________________________ 38

Figure 17: Superelevation transition __________________________________________________________________ 39 Figure 18: Crest curve parameters ___________________________________________________________________ 40 Figure 19: Crest curve parameters ___________________________________________________________________ 41

Introduction:
This part will describe the processes of predesign stages and studies which are very important to be help before starting and design problem. These studies and the related design problems are explained in summery below: 1. Site Analysis. Site analysis is very important before starting any work in the desired land to be developed. It enables the engineer to know the condition of the land in terms of environment, soil and ground water, the community which will benefit from this land, and the all public services (i.e. educational, health services, etc.) around the land.

2. Subdivision Design. After knowing and stating all mentioned parameters, it will be easy to do the subdivision and urban planning. Subdivision design is to locate and orient the buildings according to the requirements studied in site analysis, to define the alignments of streets and pipe systems, and to define the location of the green areas considering that this land development is environmental friendly.

3. Environmental Impact Study. This part is so important knowing that the world is directed to consedering the effect of any human activty. EIS is to study the effect of this project on the surrounding environment in terms of flora, funa, air quality, noise, soil, and underground water.

4. Water systems design. Any presence of human being, water supplement and drainage should be taken in consederation. This project will solve the water systems (i.e. water supplement, sanetary water drainage, and storm water drainage) design problems.

5. Traffic Impact Study. Any human activity needs transportation regardless to the mode of transportation. This part will study the affect of land users mobile movements on the existing traffic. And to finde a solution if any problem presents in terms of traffic quality and accessibility.

6. Roadway Geometric Design. To make the mobile movements easy and safe roads should be designed and paved in safe and efficient way. Geometric design of the road is to design vertical and horizontal curves, and cross sections.

1. Site Analysis
1.1. Community profile:
This part of study will classify the people who will live in the new development into different categories taking in consideration their ages, financial situation, their careers and social status. This will help a lot in the housing issues. Having a quick survey and study of the people who are living in the surrounding areas can really give an estimation of the people who will live in the new development that will be built. As Shown in the figure above the average family members in the surrounding area vary from 5 to 6 members plus a servant and a driver and sometimes none of these exists. This is considered as an ideal family for local people who live in Villa. The villas are found in Mughaidir Suburb including (Turfana, Al Rifaa, Al Darari, Al Talaa, Al Shahba and AlKhezammia). This type of families has a very good financial status. One family can have three cars. The four-member family is the ideal example to the families living in the new buildings on the both sides of the 5th Industrial Road. Some of these families (Doctors and Teachers families) live in the villas within the University City. Their financial status ranges between the medium and high level. Most of these families have one car. Most of the single students live in the men hostel and the women hostel in Sharjah University and the American University of Sharjah. Some of the students have been found living in the new buildings on the side of Al Madaen Road extension going to Sharjah University City. They have a medium or good financial status. Some of these students use the university buses in their way from and to the university. Some of these students have cars.

Figure 1: Local Family

These layers of families can give a future view for the social situation and the families that will be found living in the new development and will help us a lot in the designing process.

1.2. Vegetation:
Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants .So this part related to the type of the plants, trees and grass within or around our development. Most of the existing plants are desert plants, such us small trees that grows Beside (small water lakes) also there are other types of plants can adopt themselves to live on the sand-hills around the site, however there is a lot of desert thorn within the site.

Figure 3: desert thorn

Figure 2: small trees

In addition to that there is a wonderful green cover spreads in the University City which is very close to the development. In the development there will be a big park include Plame trees and different types of flowers and plants. however, this plants will be provided with a very good irrigation system to be able to grow and survive during the hot weather. Also this green cover will provide the development with very nice view.

1.3. Solar orientation:

Correct solar orientation adds significantly to the comfort of the lifestyle of a building's occupants, increasing the energy efficiency & will be cheaper looking for the long-term cost. Being able to control the amount of sun that enters a building is an important design aspect.

Figure 4: Solar Orientation

The sun also rises-up and sets in the North-East and North-West in winter and rises-up and sets in the South-East and South-West in summer. This fact can also be used in the design of a building to control the amount of sunshine entering a building. The amount of sunlight in summer and winter is also dependent on the latitude of the site. The further away from the equator the greater the variation in sunlight between summer and winter. At the north and South Pole there is constant day in summer and constant night in winter. At the equator the sun goes from north orientation in winter to south orientation in summer.

1.4. Temperatures:
The summer months, from June to September, are too hot for comfort. Midday temperatures range from 35C to 42C, and occasionally top 51C at the height of summer. During this period there is a sharp drop in night time temperatures, with these falling to roughly half the midday readings, i.e. 16C to 23C, and providing a welcome respite from the searing heat of the day. Gulf waters exert a modifying influence on coastal zones, which experience less dramatic diurnal fluctuations in temperature, and higher humidity than inland regions. Although the evenings are not so cool, coastal towns do have the advantage of pleasantly refreshing sea-breezes. Mountainous regions are also cooler and less humid. From December to March, the climate is considerably more equable with midday temperatures ranging from 25 to 35C and falling to as low as 9C at night.

1.5. Prevailing wind

This section studies the blowing directions and the speeds of the winds during the four seasons of the year. This helps in Designing the buildings and effect on the climate in the long-term period.
1.5.1. Winter:

Northwesterly wind called (Al-Shamal) is the local name. Land breeze is 4 to 8 knots southeasterly. Sea breeze is an 8 to 13 knots west to northwesterly. It sets in by midday and dies quickly after sunset. Northern Emirates winds more than 100 kilometers away can sometimes be seen. Mean wind speed in excess of 20 knots is 9

rare and usually only for a few hours. During thunderstorms, gusts of more than 70 knots have been recorded.
1.5.2. Spring:

The sea breeze phenomenon tends to be stronger during the spring because of the higher land sea temperature contrast (Variation). On rare occasions, a strong southeasterly wind can overcome the sea breeze causing high temperatures and low humidity. At the end of May the Forty Days Shamal often becomes the major feature of the weather.
1.5.3. Summer:

The northwesterly wind strengthens over the Arabian Gulf and this increase in frequency and persistence of the northwest wind is known as the Forty Day Shamal.
1.5.4. Autumn:

Winds are generally light. Land Sea breezes being weak during this period. During November the winds moves from the mountains to the north and east.

1.6. Hydro-Geology
The ground-water level in the area consisting of the University City, especially the University of Sharjah, the old waste disposal site, and other surrounding areas has been elevated locally. At the University of Sharjah, the high groundwater level has caused serious flooding problems in some of the underground the basements. Fluctuations in the groundwater level pose a risk to the structural integrity of the University Buildings. The causes of the rising water table in the area may be attributed to the following factors: Excessive Irrigation Expansion of Green Areas

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1.7. Public Infrastructure:

This is composed of any networks below the soil surface such as waste water pipes, drainage pipes, electricity pipes, manholes and in our site that electricity station satisfies the needs of the university city and Al Falah Military Camp and moreover, The residential buildings and shops. And for the waste water station Plant which is close to our site will Serve our development and will serve also the residential buildings and University City and Al Falah Military Camp and its connected with the sewerage connection already designed with in this project, and for the local phone calls for the whole area its connected with Etisalat Cables which are located underground.

1.8. Public services

Now in this section we are going to discuss some of the facilities that available for our residential area (see fig 6):

Figure 5: Development location and the surrounding services

1.8.1. Educational services

For educational services there are many schools near to the area for different levels (primary, preparatory & secondary) & there are universities (Sharjah 11

University & American university of sharjah) which they have many different colleges.
1.8.2. Health services

For health services there are two hospitals near the area which are Sharjah university hospital & Al-Malaky hospital. They are prepared with the modern equipment and successful doctors.
1.8.3. Commercial services:

For commercial needing, a mall will be built inside the residential area that will serve the people living inside & outside the area. The mall will have a big hypermarket, banks, Food court, Etisalat office & many other services.
1.8.4. Transportation services:

The area that we have is connected directly to the University City road that has an access to the emirates road that connects all the emirates together. In the future the municipality is planning to develop the area which will be connected to the public line services (busses), a bus station & a parking space for taxis.

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2. Subdivision design:
2.1. Subdivision Parts:
The developing land has been divided in to several parts and areas explained below:
2.1.1. Green areas:

Green areas will be divided into two types: small parks inside each villas and the main park within the development area. The main park with area = 13270 m2. However, the green areas will help in reducing the air and sound pollution and soil erosion. It located in south western direction form the center of the development.

2.1.2. Local shopping center:

Shopping center is to be provided to the development with area = 2937 m2 .this shopping center will help the residents to obtain their needs and provide the development with additional importance. It located in north eastern direction form the center of the development.

2.1.3. Internal street system:

The main objective of the streets in this subdivision is to connect the utilities to each other and to the outside facilities. There are two accesses: one for entering and the other for exiting. In terms of functional classification of streets there are two types has been selected: Local: for the internal traffic, with very low design speed of 60 km/h. They have a bicycle lane and walkway lane bounded by line of native trees to reduce the traffic noise. Collector: for the main road outside the development with medium design speed of 80 km/h.

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2.1.4. Villas and multi stories buildings:

There are two types of villas: 43 villas with area of 242m2 for each. 2 villas with area of 540 m2 for each. Villas are distribution in eastern side of the development In addition to that there is two multi stories buildings with (G+4) one with area equal to 1388.5m2 and the other with area equal to 1628.4 m2 and located in the western side of the development.

2.2. Surroundings:
The subdivision design, which we are going to develop, is in tradition with surrounding neighborhoods. The development is almost close to the main city of sharjah. And At the boundaries major streets provide good access to other nearest neighborhood. its connected to the main city by several arterials road such as Sh. Khalifa ben Zaiyed road, Emirates road and airboat road. Also the development is very close to the university city and there are many schools close to the development in addition to many restaurants and shopping markets close to the unit. Those facilities reduce the traffic movement and then the residents will depend on public trans and unmortised trans to reach to their destination and services.

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3. Environmental Impact Study

An environmental impact study is a study of the possible positive or negative impact that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects. The purpose of the study is to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project. So it could be said that this process for identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made.

There are different positive and negative impacts on the environmental either before or after construction. But the Environmental Impact of Building Construction can now be predicted. For example, the effects of environmental pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NO2) and sulfur oxides (SO2) are known to be detrimental to human, health, nature and to the air. The factors which may effect on the environment of the land are: Fauna. Flora. Air pollution. Noise pollution. Underground water. Soil. Disposed area. These factors will be explained afterward.

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3.1. Flora

Figure 6: Native plants

Flora indicates the plants that are in a specific area and what are the types of those plants. The word "flora" refers to the plants occurring within a given region as well as to the publication of scientific descriptions of those plants. In order to distinguish between the two, the word is often capitalized when a publication is meant. A Flora may contain anything from a simple list of the plants occurring in an area to a very detailed account of those plants. Floras are different from popular manuals in that they attempt to cover all of the plants, rather than only the most common or conspicuous ones. In this site a survey has been made to get more information about the types of plants which exist how can they vary. The result found that these are numerous kinds of them and they depend on the underground water to still alive and also on the sun to get the energy they need to produce their food. In addition to that the temperature and the moisture are high however those types of plants can adopt with that weather. While making our land development and our layouts and design we should take that under consideration and to ensure that we are preserving those plants because plants are very useful in this environmentally friendly development they will take off the CO2 and it will emit O2 which will makes our climate more clear and more healthy, thats why we should preserve and maintain those areas in our layout and also to increase the green areas due to its benefits.

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3.2. Fauna
Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time; Fauna includes all the types of species of animals (i.e. mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians and fish) that exist in one particular place. In this site also a survey has been made and it is concluded that there is no existence of dangerous species in this locations, especially if it was used to be an old land fill. Regarding to the other species such as insects and jerboas the locality of the development considered this issue in order not to affect their existence.

3.3. Air Pollution

Figure 7: Sources of air pollution

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odor in harmful amounts. Those amounts could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animals or which could cause damage to plants and materials. In this site the major source of the air pollution are Gases emissions caused by cars or buses exhaust and gas outside the nearby industrial area of the region such as carbon nitrogen and sulfur oxides. In this development, the reduction of air pollution will be taken into consideration green areas and gardens cultivation, and by separating residential areas from the street by a suitable space to reduce the arrival of toxic gases from cars and buses.

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3.4. Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is a mixture of discordant sounds of continuity is desirable, and usually occurs due to industrial progress, linked to noise pollution or noise is closely linked to places in the advanced industrial and private places. And it is usually measured sound level measurements, and dB (decibel) unit is known worldwide for measuring the intensity of sound and noise. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress [and vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood pressure noted above as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In this site the major source of the Noise pollution is Sound resulting from the aircraft movements "Aircraft noise" because of the near airport. Also the other source for noise pollution is "car and buses noise" because of the near main street from our area. However, there is noise resulting from the industrial zone near to the area but still very low. In this development, the noise reduction has been taken in consideration by providing buildings with sound insulation system such as dual-layer glasses for windows and sound insulator blocks. Also a green tree belt will be grown around the buildings that needed to be calm.

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3.5. Disposed area

Figure 8: Disposal areas

Soil is a natural body consisting of layers of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. Strictly speaking, soil is the depth of regolith that influence and have been influenced by plant roots. Soil is composed of particles of broken rocks which have been altered by chemical and mechanical processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil differs from its parent rock due to interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the biosphere. It is a mixture of mineral and organic constituents that are in solid, aqueous and gaseous states. Soil is commonly referred to as earth or dirt. Soil forms a structure that is filled with pore spaces, and can be thought of as a mixture of solids, water and air. This site was used to be as a disposal area in the past because it was far from the city, but now due to expansion of urban ,this made the area desirable to be build & used. As a result, the soil & the underground water were polluted by chemicals & solids came from the wastes.

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3.6. Soil contamination

Soil contamination is caused by the presence of human-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.

Figure 9: Contaminated soil

There are several principal strategies for remediation: 1. Excavate soil and take it to a disposal site away from ready pathways for human or sensitive ecosystem contact. 2. Aeration of soils at the contaminated site (with attendant risk of creating air pollution). 3. Bioremediation, involving microbial digestion of certain organic chemicals. 4. Containment of the soil contaminants (such as by capping or paving over in place). 5. Phytoremediation, or using plants (such as willow) to extract heavy metals.
Figure 11: Soil Containment Figure 10: Bioremediation

Figure 12: Phytoremediation

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3.7. Underground water contamination:

Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, and chemicals get into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use. So the site has contaminated underground water from the wastes which might rise to a level that will affect the foundations of the buildings that will be built in the project.

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4. Water Systems Design

4.1. Theory:
Water pipes systems could be divided into two main types: 1. Pressurized systems 2. Gravity systems Pressurized systems are depending on the head pressure between the system components in order to maintain a steady-state flow. It is used mainly in water supplement systems. On the other hand, the gravity systems are depending on the gravitational force to maintain the flow. It is mainly used in drainage systems such as sanitary and storm water.

4.2. Pressurized Systems (Water Supply):

The water network pipes distribution was designed as a loop, in order to perform maintenance, if needed without disconnecting any part in the network. The water demand is calculated by determining the number of houses, number of multistory buildings, then calculating the number of persons and the water need per person on each junction. And by inputting the demand and the elevation of the junctions, then assuming the diameters of the pipes and the elevation of the reservoir on the waterCAD, then the waterCAD calculated the velocity in the pipes and the pressure on the junctions.
4.2.1. Design Criteria:

The Constraints were to make the pressure on the junction at least 1 bar. 1. The pipes are 150 mm diameter. 2. Maximum pipe velocity is: 2.37 m\s. 3. Minimum pipe velocity is: 0.2 m\s. 4. Maximum junction pressure is: 143.55 Kpa. 5. Minimum junction pressure is: 249.59 Kpa. 22

6. Reservoir level: 165 m.

4.2.2. Calculations Methodology:
Table 1: Hazen Coefficients for typical pipes

To calculate the diameter of the pipes in water supplement system there are two equations: 1. D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation for Pressure and Head Loss. 2. Hazen-Williams Equation - calculating Friction Head Loss in Water Pipes. DArcys low stated that the pressure loss in a pipe is calculated by: ( ) ( ), where: p = pressure loss

Material Asbestos Cement Brass Brick sewer Cast-Iron - new unlined (CIP) Cast-Iron 10 years old Cast-Iron 20 years old Cast-Iron 30 years old Cast-Iron 40 years old Cast-Iron, asphalt coated Cast-Iron, cement lined Cast-Iron, bituminous lined

Hazen-Williams Coefficient 140 130 - 140 90 - 100 130 107 - 113 89 - 100 75 - 90 64-83 100 140 140

Concrete 100 - 140 (Pa, N/m2), = D'Arcy-Weisbach friction Copper 130 - 140 coefficient, l = length of duct or pipe (m), dh = Fiber Glass Pipe - FRP 150 hydraulic diameter (m), and = density (kg/m3). Galvanized iron 120 The D'Arcy-Weisbach equation is valid for fully Polyvinyl chloride, PVC, 150 CPVC developed, steady state and incompressible flow. The friction factor or coefficient - -depends on the flow, if it is laminar, transient or turbulent (the Reynolds Number) - and the roughness of the tube or duct. The friction coefficient can be calculated by the Colebrooke Equation or by using the Moody Diagram. The disadvantage of this equation is that it needs to do iterations to reach to the optimum diameter unlike Hazens equation but it still more accurate.

Hazen-Williams Equation is an empirical and straight forward equation to calculate and avoid the iteration and, trial and error process. It is states that the head loss is calculated by: , where p = pressure loss over a length of pipe (m), L = length of pipe (m), Q = volumetric flow rate (m3/s), and d = inside pipe diameter, m (meters). To calculate the flow, the demand per person per day should be known depending on statistics and surveys done on similar areas.

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4.2.3. Results:
Table 2: Pipes Data as given by Bentley waterCAD
Length (m) 22.56 165.2 121.31 78.33 117.96 209.7 143.87 120.7 198.12 78.64 Diameter (mm) 50 50 20 20 20 20 50 50 20 20 Discharge (m/day) 402 176 30 18 -8 -23 -59 -226 -5 41 Upstream Downstream Structure Hydraulic Structure Hydraulic Grade Grade (m) (m) 165 162.66 162.66 158.97 158.97 149.95 149.95 147.81 147.81 148.49 148.49 157.92 157.92 158.35 158.35 162.66 158.35 158.97 158.97 148.49 Pressure Pipe Headloss (m) 2.34 3.69 9.02 2.14 0.69 9.43 0.42 4.32 0.62 10.48 Headloss Gradient (m/km) 103.62 22.36 74.37 27.33 5.83 44.97 2.94 35.76 3.14 133.21 Velocity (m/s) 2.37 1.03 1.11 0.65 0.28 0.85 0.35 1.33 0.2 1.52

Label P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5 P-6 P-7 P-8 P-9 P-10

Material PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC

Table 3: Junctions Data

Label J-1 J-2 J-3 J-4 J-5 J-6 J-7

Elevation (m) 137.16 131.06 128.02 128.02 131.06 143.26 141.73

Type Demand Demand Demand Demand Demand Demand Demand

Demand (Calculated) (m/day) 0 99 13 25 57 36 173

Calculated Hydraulic Grade (m) 162.66 158.97 149.95 147.81 148.49 157.92 158.35

Pressure (kPa) 249.59 273.1 214.63 193.68 170.57 143.55 162.6

Table 4: Reservior Data

Label R-1

Elevation (m) Inflow (m/day) Calculated Hydraulic Grade (m) 165 -402 165

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4.3. Gravity systems (Sanitary and Storm Water):

Sanitary and storm water drainage systems are dependent on slop of the pipes systems which allow the gravity force to function to move the flow. The task here as engineers is to design for the pipes diameter and slops according to a specified design
Surface Material Asbestos cement Asphalt Brass Cast-iron, new Earth
Table 5: Manning Coefficient for Typical pipes

Manning's Roughness Coefficient 0.011 0.016 0.011 0.012 0.025 0.022 0.016 0.01 0.029 0.011 0.025 0.022 0.03 0.009 - 0.011 0.01 0.012

criteria. Discharge flow in sanitary water Earth channel - clean systems depends on water consumption in Galvanized iron different buildings. While the flow in storm water systems depends in the catchment areas and land topography, rainfall intensity, and land runoff factors.
4.3.1. Sanitary Water:
4.3.1.1. Design Criteria:
Glass Gravel Lead Masonry Metal - corrugated Natural streams clean and straight Polyvinyl Chloride PVC - with smooth inner walls Steel - Coal-tar enamel Steel - smooth

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Pipe cover:1.2m. Maximum velocity :5m/s. Minimum velocity: 0.6 m/s. Part full design:75%. Maximum slope:0.06 m/m. Minimum slope:0.007 m/m. Pipe matching: Crowns.
Calculations Methodology:

4.3.1.2.

Manning equation is used for calculating the gravity pipes parameters. It states that the speed of the flow is given by: , and the flow is equal to , where = cross-sectional average velocity (ft/s, m/s), kn = 1.486 for English units and kn = 1.0 for SI units, A = cross sectional area of flow (ft2, m2), n = Manning coefficient of roughness, R = hydraulic radius (ft, m), and S = slope of pipe (ft/ft, m/m).

25

Manning coefficients are represented in table-5. Hydraulic radius can be expressed as perimeter (ft, m). To calculate the discharge flow , where: h = number of buildings which has the same consumption, C = consumption per each person, P = number of population per each building, and PF = consumption peak factor. For subsequent pipes the cumulative flow rate should be considered in the calculations
4.3.1.3. Sample of Calculations:

, where: A = cross sectional area of flow (ft2,m2), and P = wetted

Consider the first pipe which connects manhole 1 with manhole 2 Number of houses h = 10 Number of population per house = 8 Consumption per person per house = 350 (L/d) Peak Factor = 1.5 o

Ground slop = 6.1% Manning coefficient = 0.013 for Asbestoses Concrete o Using manning equation: ( )

o Calculate velocity for full flow (i.e. when D = 2.93 cm) o o Determine the flow rate Q2 and flow speed 2 for D = 20 cm. o o Calculate partial flow Use the partial flow-velocity graph to find . 26 .

 Determine
4.3.1.4. Results:

Table 6: Pipes Data taken from sewerCAD

Label P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5 P-6 P-7 P-8 Upstream Upstream Invert Downstream Downstream Invert Constructed Bend Angle Node Elevation (m) Node Elevation (m) Slope (m/m) (radians) MH-1 140.63 MH-2 136.95 0.045367 0.01 MH-2 136.95 MH-3 132.1 0.06 0.02 MH-3 132.1 MH-4 131.19 0.007724 1.59 MH-4 131.19 MH-5 130.59 0.007724 1.64 MH-6 132.1 MH-5 130.59 0.012812 0.04 MH-7 136.83 MH-6 132.1 0.06 0.06 MH-8 140.63 MH-7 136.83 0.048517 0.02 MH-5 130.59 O-1 128.9 0.050748 0 Length (m) 81.06 80.95 117.68 76.77 117.23 78.94 78.28 33.41 Section Section Material Shape Size Circular PVC 100 mm Circular PVC 100 mm Circular PVC 100 mm Circular PVC 100 mm Circular PVC 100 mm Circular PVC 100 mm Circular PVC 100 mm Circular PVC 100 mm

Table 7: Manholes Data taken from sewerCAD

Label MH-1 MH-2 MH-3 MH-4 MH-8 MH-7 MH-6 MH-5

Ground Elevation (m) 141.43 136.55 131.98 132.89 128.02 131.06 136.55 141.12

Total Flow Hydraulic Grade Hydraulic Grade Velocity Velocity (l/d) Line In (m) Line Out (m) In (m/s) Out (m/s) 41,990.40 140.24 140.24 0.34 0.34 79,833.60 135.37 135.37 0.41 0.41 121,824.00 130.81 130.81 0.45 0.45 121,824.00 129.75 129.75 0.45 0.45 1,160,352.00 126.92 126.92 0.77 0.77 1,038,528.00 129.95 129.95 0.83 0.83 1,017,532.80 135.44 135.44 0.83 0.83 179,366.40 139.96 139.96 0.51 0.51

Table 8: Hand Calculations Results

Pipe 1 2 3 From To MH1 MH2 MH3 MH5 MH5 MH5 MH6 MH6 MH6 MH7 MH4 MH8 MH2 MH3 MH4 MH6 MH6 MH6 MH7 MH7 MH7 MH8 MH8 Final # of # people / Consumption / d / P houses house (L/d) 10 8 350 9 8 350 10 8 350 7 8 350 Center 500 200 Total 4 8 350 2 64 350 Total 5 8 350 P.F. Q (m3/s) 1.5 0.00048611 1.5 0.00092361 1.5 0.00140972 1.5 1.5 0.00207639 1.5 1.5 0.01177778 1.5 0.01202083 0.00140972 0.01343056 S 6.10% 5.72% 0.91% D (cm) 2.936933 3.781657 6.248507 v (m/s) 0.718 0.822 0.460 New Slop for v = 0.6 m/s 6.10% 5.72% 1.56% D2 Q2 v2 Q1/Q2 V p/V 2 Vp

20 0.0810 2.5780 0.0060 0.1 0.258 20 0.0784 2.4961 0.0118 0.29 0.724 20 0.0409 1.3031 0.0344 0.46 0.599

1.91%

6.296144

0.667

1.91%

20 0.0453 1.4411 0.0459 0.57 0.821

5 6 7 8

3.81% 5.49% 5.72% 0.30%

10.5996 9.975238 4.431479 17.93329

1.335 1.538 0.914 0.532

3.81% 5.49% 5.72% 0.38%

20 20 20 20

0.0640 0.0768 0.0784 0.0203

2.0381 2.4457 2.4961 0.6453

0.1839 0.1565 0.0180 0.6625

0.77 0.74 0.36 0.75

1.569 1.810 0.899 0.484

27

4.3.2. Storm Water:

4.3.2.1. Design Criteria:

pipe cover: 1.2m. Maximum velocity: 2.5 m\s. Minimum velocity: 0.6 m\s. Part full design: 100%. Maximum slope: 0.06. Minimum slope: 0.006. Pipe matching: Crowns. Intensity: 5 years- 10 minutes 100mm. Runoff coefficient: 0.5
4.3.2.2. Calculations Methodology:

Manning equation is used for calculating the gravity pipes parameters. It states that the speed of the flow is given by: , and the flow is equal to , where = cross-sectional average velocity (ft/s, m/s), kn = 1.486 for English units and kn = 1.0 for SI units, A = cross sectional area of flow (ft2, m2), n = Manning coefficient of roughness, R = hydraulic radius (ft, m), and S = slope of pipe (ft/ft, m/m). Manning coefficients are represented in table-5. Hydraulic radius can be expressed as perimeter (ft, m). To calculate the discharge flow , where: C = runoff factor, which is dependent on the land type and pavement material, I = Rainfall intensity in specified period, and A is the catchment area of the drainage inlet. For subsequent pipes the cumulative flow rate should be considered in the calculations. , where: A = cross sectional area of flow (ft2,m2), and P = wetted

28

4.3.2.3.

Sample of Calculations:

Consider the first pipe which connects manhole 1 with manhole 2 Runoff coefficient = 0.5 Intensity = for 10 min. in five years. Catchment area = 7954.6 m2. o Ground slop = 5.04% Manning coefficient = 0.013 for Asbestoses Concrete o Using manning equation: ( ) .

o Calculate velocity for full flow (i.e. when D = 2.93 cm) o o Determine the flow rate Q2 and flow speed 2 for D = 20 cm. o o Calculate partial flow Use the partial flow-velocity graph to find Determine . . .

29

4.3.2.4.

Results:

Table 9: Pipes Data given by stormCAD

Downstr Upstream Upstrea Construct Downstream Maximum Minimum Section Size Velocity Velocity eam Inlet Area m Inlet ed Slope Invert Slope Slope Description In (m/s) Out (m/s) Node (m) CA (m) (m/m) Elevation (m) (m/m) (m/m) O-1 1,549 775 0.06 122.55 0.06 0.006 315 4.05 4.9 I-6 8,000 4,000 0.034441 134.18 0.06 0.006 250 mm 2.22 2.22 I-7 5,600 2,800 0.041469 131.08 0.06 0.006 315 2.61 2.59 I-8 4,200 2,100 0.006 130.78 0.06 0.006 315 3.39 3.39 I-8 5,289 0 0.03 130.88 0.06 0.006 200 mm 0 0 I-12 1,946 973 0.059664 126.51 0.06 0.006 315 3.76 4.93 I-15 9,800 4,900 0.04593 132.03 0.06 0.006 250 mm 2.7 2.69 I-17 6,400 3,200 0.06 127.12 0.06 0.006 315 4.15 5.01 O-2 2,800 1,400 0.06 122.55 0.06 0.006 315 4.96 4.96 I-15 2,200 1,100 0.03806 132.03 0.06 0.006 250 mm 1.65 1.54 I-19 3,400 1,700 0.01051 134.18 0.06 0.006 250 mm 1.26 1

Label P-11 P-2 P-4 P-8 P-14 P-16 P-13 P-15 P-17 P-18 P-20

Upstream Node I-12 I-2 I-6 I-7 I-23 I-8 I-14 I-15 I-17 I-19 I-21

Table 10: Inlets Data given by stormCAD

Label I-12 I-17 I-8 I-7 I-15 I-23 I-6 I-19 I-21 I-14 I-2

Calculated Ground Sump Inlet CA (m) Station (m) Elevation (m) Elevation (m) 0+37 128.02 124.77 775 0+41 128.63 124.98 1,400 1+09 132.59 130.78 973 1+60 132.59 131.08 2,100 1+22 134.11 131.98 3,200 1+70 134.11 132.71 0 2+33 135.64 134.13 2,800 1+78 135.64 134.18 1,100 2+36 136.25 134.79 1,700 2+02 137.16 135.71 4,900 3+22 138.68 137.23 4,000

30

5. Traffic Impact Study

5.1. Purpose of the study
To provide a suitable subdivision design we should take in considerations all the current issues. In this report we will concern in the traffic analysis part. Our goal is to attempts all possible means to relieve traffic congestion in that road after the development. Different road characteristics affect the service level of the road, Planning and implementing a suitable design solution for traffic problems involves collecting required data and selecting the proper design that fits the need. This report focuses on the traffic congestion problems at that current road, we will attempt different alternatives that could eliminate the excessive delays and move traffic smother.

5.2. Existing Traffic

Currently, there is a huge demand of traffic going through the main road due to its strategic location and importance, and this huge demand exceeds the capacity of the intersection, as a result traffic jams occurs. In addition, more delay is caused by vehicles traveling through that road due to the fact that it is connecting University City by schools and buildings surrounding. The current road conditions are consisting of four lanes (2 lanes/directions). After the development is been ready we will expect more volumes in the main road so adjustments are needed to be done.

5.3. Evaluation of a road

Level of Service: Is a qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream and their perception by motorists and/or passengers. There are six level of service used to describe any facility in the road, Listed below the definition of each LOS: 1. LOS A: free-flow operation and high maneuverability. 2. LOS B: Reasonably free flow, Ability to maneuver is only slightly restricted and Effects of minor incidents still easily absorbed.

31

3. LOS C: Speeds at or near FFS, Queues may form behind any significant blockage. 4. LOS D: Speeds decline slightly with increasing flows, Density increases more quickly. And Freedom to maneuver is more noticeably limited. 5. LOS E: Operation near or at capacity, No usable gaps in the traffic stream. 6. LOS F: Traffic Jam Scenario, Demand > capacity.
5.3.1. Factors that that affect Level of service:

1. Speed. 2. Lane width. 3. Lateral obstructions. 4. Grade. 5. Traffic composition. 6. Driver Population.

5.4. Trip Generation:

For Estimating how many trips can be generated from this development there is a Trip generation manual that specifies each category and estimating how many trips can be generated, For example in this development we are having three categories to estimate the daily traffic which are:
Table 11: Number of expected trips at peak hours

Category Expected Unit Daily Trips PM Peak trips PM-IN PM-Out Single Family house 45 431 45 29 17 Low Rise Apartments 128 844 74 48 26 Shopping Center 31.3 1344 105 52 54 Total 129 97

32

5.5. Sample of Calculation

1. For Low rise expected units: We have 2 buildings each is 4 story buildings, each floor with 4 flats, each Apartment with 4 people (total= 2 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 128). 2. For single family house(Villa) we have a total of 45 villa 3. For the shopping center the area is 31300 ft2 but in the excel sheet we should enter per thousand feet.

5.6. Traffic Volumes

Development Volume: The required peak our volume is now specified. For the entry to the development we have total of 129 veh/hr. and for the exit Approach we have 97 veh/hr. Those numbers are estimated from the Trip generation excel sheet. NB Towards University City Volume: Based on the traffic counts we have a total of 900 veh/hr towards the university in the peak times. SB Exiting from the University City: Its estimated based on some conditions. In this situation its estimated to be 600 veh/hr, since majority of drivers travel to different alternative which has no roundabout and signals.
Table 12: Traffic Distribution

Road Approach University City Rd,SB University city NB Development IN AND OUT Traffic Direction NBT SBT IN OUT Peak hour Volume 900 600 129 97

5.7. Alternatives
Choosing one Access only for IN AND OUT Vehicles (moved in the same Access):
5.7.1. Signs Control Solution:

Through volume: 900vph Right turn from the shared lane: 129vph

33

 We found by Simulations in Synchro 7 that the Level of service For NB Approach that will consist of 2 lanes per direction, one of them is a shared lane will give us LOS A, with a link speed 50 mph (allowed to enter the development from the shared lane). Through Volume: 600vph We found by Simulations in Synchro 7 that the Level of service For SB Approach that will consist of 2 lanes per direction, will give us LOS A, with a link speed 50 mph.(Not allowed to enter the development it should follow the existing roundabout to turn to the development)since the distance is close to the roundabout. Right turn volume: 97 vph We found by Simulations in Synchro 7 that the Level of service for the development lane (consist of 2lanes, One lane per direction) since the volume is not a critical volume ones will give us LOS B, with a link speed 40 mph. Sign Solution will work at this particular section but for the long term solution we are expecting more volumes than the current ones, so it will not handle the traffic in the future. Choosing two Accesses one for IN and the other for OUT Vehicles:
5.7.2. Un-signalized Intersection:

We Found by simulations that the level of service for the development road will approach to D because we have permitted the left exclusive turn lane and the right exclusive turn lane by using stop sign and that will cause much delay since they will wait until there is no vehicle then they can move right or left using stop sign. This solution is not applicable because most drivers might not obey the rules and may make uterus at this particular intersection. Its not applicable in Arabs Countries since drivers are not educated in the proper way. 34

5.7.3. Signalized Intersection ( only one approach is signalized )

We found again by simulations that the level of service using a traffic signal will lead to A service which is perfect since we allowed for protected phases that vehicles can travel smoothly. The intersection delay was around 11 seconds which is good. This type of signals called semi Actuated, it means that it will allow the through vehicle to pass through unless there is a call for left and right turn vehicles. Here is this section we allowed the 129 vehicle to enter from one approach of a shared lane which is the NB, But for Exit vehicles we have total of 97 vehicles so we have to divide them into two groups based on who will turn left or right. This one is done by assumption, Here in this situation the volume left turn vehicles are much more than the right so we took for the left turning vehicles a total of 60 vehicles. And for the right a total of 37 vehicles. The level of service was A for this particular intersection.
5.7.4. Roundabout Solution

The roundabout has been an attempted solution and it works and gives preferable level of service but the problem is that in the main road itself there is currently 2 roundabouts if we increase them this will increase in cost and delay.
5.7.5. Signalized intersection(Both approaches are signalized)

Figure 13: Synchro simulator

Both signals are taken as a semi Actuated Un-coordinated

35

As there in Node#1 there are 3 approaches that will be held on that particular intersection. The NB approach towards the University City will exist of 2 lanes through vehicles and 1 exclusive right turn lane. However for the south bound there will be 2 lanes for through vehicles and 1 lane for left turn channelized lane 200 ft. storage length. For the development Lane there will be 2 lanes in it not allowed to Exit only they are entrance lanes for the NB & for SB. Regarding to Node#2 there are 3 approaches that will be held on that particular intersection. The NB approach towards the University City will consist of 2 through lanes. The south bound approach will consist of 2 through lanes .For the development lane there will be 2 exclusive left turn lanes and 1 exclusive channelized right turn lane. Volume will equal to 60 vph for the left turn and 37 vph for the right turn. It is found by Simulations in synchro 7 that the Level of Service is A for both nodes. And thus this is an ideal solution and will count for the long term. The type of signal used is semi Actuated signal

5.8. Preferred Solution

Its preferred to use a signalized intersection for both Nodes. Since it counts the long term problems in increasing the volumes of traffic. The total delay for Node #1 is 2.3 sec and the total delay for node# 2 is 4.2sec. The Level of service for both nodes was A.

5.9. Conclusion
In conclusion, To provide a safe and easy way of movement we have to think deeply, Many benefits such as reduction of energy consumption and relieving traffic congestion will be gained if we install the devices truthly and in a perfect conditions. So our Aim to build a sustainable division layout is met and its now environmentally friendly. Our goal is always is to serve our people and avoid any traffic delay.

36

6. Geometric Design
6.1. Theory:
6.1.1. General Concepts:

The design process was according to AASHTO 2001 using AutoCAD Civil 3D 2012 software program. Geometric Design of a road is the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and constrains, so that smooth-flow and crash-free facilities are provided. (Wikipedia definition) Before starting any design problem the design criteria should be defined in order to have a correct and safe design. In road geometric design there are specific control criteria which puts a guide lines to start the design process. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is one of the most common used codes in America and in the middle eastern region. Road geometric design is divided into three main components: 1. Horizontal Alignment 2. Vertical Alignment 3. Cross Section They will be explained in details bellow.

6.1.2. Horizontal Alignment:

Is a series of straight segments called (tangents) and connecting horizontal curves. Curves are controlled by the functional classification, design speed, and superelevation of the road. There are two typed of horizontal curves: Circular curves. Spiral (transition) curves.

6.1.2.1.

Definitions:

Circular curve: curves with constant radius along its length. Spiral curve: curves with variable radius along its length. 37

 Superelevation: is tilting the roadway to help offset centripetal forces developed as the vehicle goes around a curve. PC: Point of curve, where the curve starts. PI: Point of intersection of two tangents. PT: Point of tangent, where tangent starts. Deflection Angle: is the angle formed between two tangents (see fig-1). Stopping Sight Distance (SSD): Distance required by the driver to stop his vehicle.

6.1.2.2.

Design Process:

1. Select tangents, PIs, and general curves making sure you meet minimum radius criteria. 2. Determine radius of the curve (R). 3. Measure angle () between tangents. 4. Determine length of the curve (L) and Tangent (T). 5. Determine station alignment: stations for PC, PI, PT. 6. Calculate spiral (transition) lengths (Ls), if needed. 7. Check for widening of curves (Check SSD requirements). 8. Develop edge profiles (superelevation runoffs). 9. Add information to plans.

Figure 14: Horizontal Curve Parameters

6.1.2.3.

Calculations:

Minimum radius of curve

, where v:

design speed, g: gravitational acceleration, e: superelevation value, and f: side friction coefficient. Tangent length given by: Curve length given by: , where t: perception
Figure 15: Horizontal curve parameters

reaction time, and G: the cross slope of the road.

38

6.1.2.4.

Superelevation:

Curve superelevation is divided into two parts: 1. Tangent Runout: Length of roadway needed to accomplish a change in outside lane crosssection from normal crown to flat (zero slope), or vice versa. It is given by: , where eNC: normal cross slope rate in percent, ed: design superelevation rate in percent, and Lr: superelevation runoff. 2. Superelevation Runoff: Length of roadway needed to accomplish a change in outside lane crosssection from flat (zero slope) to full superelevation, or vice versa. It is given by:

Where w: is the lane width, n1: is the number of lanes, and bw: is the adjustment factor for number of lane rotated. (see fig-2)

Figure 16: Superelevation transition

6.1.2.5.

Curve Widening:

Curve widening is needed duo to the following reasons: Wheels off-tracking, rear wheels do not follow exactly the same path/trajectories of front wheels. Vehicles front overhang requires an additional lateral space. 39

 Difficulty of driving on curves justifies wider lateral clearance. Tendency of drivers to steer away from the pavements edge.

6.1.3. Vertical Alignment:

Is a straight segments of the road called grades connected by vertical curves. It controlled by land topography, design vehicles, and sight distances such as: stopping sight distance (SSD), passing sight distance (PSD), and decision sight distance (DSD). There are two types of vertical curves: Sag Curves. Crest Curve.

6.1.3.1.

Definitions:

Sag Curves: concave-up curve. Crest Curve: concave-down curve. PVI = Point of Vertical Intersection. PVC = Point of Vertical Curvature. PVT = Point of Vertical Tangency. L = Length of vertical curve measured as straight line from PVC to PVT. Y = Offset of curve from initial grade line. Ym= mid-curve offset. Yf= end-curve offset. G1= Grade of initial tangent, %. G2= Grade of final tangent, %.

Figure 17: Crest curve parameters

40

Figure 18: Crest curve parameters

6.1.3.2.

Design Procedure:

1. Determine the minimum length of curve to satisfy sight distance requirements and other criteria. 2. Determine from the layout plans the station and elevation of the PVI (the point where the grades intersect). 3. Compute the elevations of the PVC (or BVC) and end of vertical curve (EVC or PVT). 4. Compute the offsets, Y, from the tangent to the curve at equal distances or stations. 5. Compute elevations on the curve for each station as: elevation of the tangent offset from tangent, Y. For crest curves the offset is (-) and for sag curves the offset is (+). 6. Compute the location and elevation of highest/lowest point on curve.

6.1.2.3.

Calculations:

To determine length of the crest curve:

| | ( | | ( ) )

, where

|, S: sight distance, h1:

Height of drivers eye, and h2: Height of object. .

41

 Elevation at any point given by: and .

, where:

, . .

High point (on crest curve) and Low point (on sag curve) given by: Offset of G1 tangent from the curve at any point x is given by: . .

6.2. Design Criteria:

6.2.1. University Road:
Table 13: Design criteria for the main road

Criteria Functional Classification Design Speed LOS Lane Width Design Vehicle Maximum Grade Maximum Superelevation

Value Collector 80 km/h D 3.6 m WB-12 (Intermediate Semitrailer) 8% 4%

42

6.2.2. Local Streets:

Table 14: Design criteria for the local roads

Criteria Functional Classification Design Speed LOS Lane Width Design Vehicle Maximum Grade Maximum Superelevation

Value Local 60 km/h D 3.6 m SU (Singe-Unit Truck) 8% N/A

6.3. Results and Tables:

Design has been done using Autodesk AutoCAD Civil 3D 2012 and the following results imported from the program.
6.3.1. University Road:
Table 15: Horizontal Alignment Data

Type Line Curve Line

Length Radius Minimum Radius Start Station 100.997m 0+000.00m 167.658m 350.000m 280.000m 0+101.00m 42.001m 0+268.66m

End Station Delta angle Chord length PI Station 0+101.00m 0+268.66m 27.4460 (d) 166.060m 0+186.47m 0+310.66m

Table 16: Superelevation Data

Superelevation Curve Curve.1 Transition In Region End Normal Shoulder Runout End Normal Crown Level Crown Runoff Level Crown Reverse Crown Begin Curve Begin Full Super Transition Out Region Runoff End Full Super End Curve Reverse Crown Level Crown Runout Level Crown Begin Normal Crown Begin Normal Shoulder Start Station End Station Length Left Outside Rate of Left Outside Shoulder Change(LOS) Lane Rate of Change(LO) Left Inside Lane Rate of Change(LI) Right Inside Lane Rate of Right Outside Rate of Right Outside Change(RI) Lane Change(RO) Shoulder

0+018.58m 0+115.33m 96.750m 0+018.58m 0+050.83m 0+072.33m 21.500m 0+050.83m 0+072.33m 0+072.33m 0+115.33m 43.000m 0+072.33m 0+093.83m 0+101.00m 0+115.33m 0+254.32m 0+351.07m 96.750m 0+254.32m 0+297.32m 43.000m 0+254.32m 0+268.66m 0+275.82m 0+297.32m 0+297.32m 0+318.82m 21.500m 0+297.32m 0+318.82m 0+351.07m 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% 0.00% -2.00% -5.00% 0 -0.093 -0.093 -0.093 -0.093 -0.093 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% 0.00% -2.00% -2.00% 0 -0.093 -0.093 -0.093 -0.093 0 -4.00% -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% 0 0.093 0 0 0 0 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% 0.00% -2.00% -2.00% 0 -0.093 -0.093 -0.093 -0.093 0 -4.00% -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% 0 0.093 0 0 0 0 -5.00% -5.00% -5.00% -5.00% -5.00% -5.00% -2.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 0.093 0.093 0.093 0.093 0.093 -2.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 0 0.093 0.093 0.093 0.093 -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% -4.00% 0 0 0 0 -0.093 -2.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 0 0.093 0.093 0.093 0.093 -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% -2.00% -4.00% 0 0 0 0 -0.093 -5.00% -5.00% -5.00% -5.00% -5.00% -5.00% 0 -2.00% 0 -2.00% 0 -2.00% 0 -2.00% 0 -5.00%

43

Table 17: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data

No. PVI Station PVI Elevation Grade In Grade Out 1 2 3 4 0+000.00m 0+069.48m 0+188.85m 0+310.66m 134.838m 135.677m 141.648m 142.997m 1.21% 5.00% 1.11% 1.21% 5.00% 1.11% 3.79% 3.89% Sag Crest 120.000m 101.232m 31.631 26 26 338 30 3163.089m 80 km/h 2600.000m 80 km/h A (Grade Change) Profile Curve Type Profile Curve Length K Value Minimum K for Minimum K for Minimum K for Stopping Sight Passing Sight Headlight Sight Distance Distance Distance Curve Radius Design Speed

6.3.2. First Street:

Table 18: Horizontal Alignment Data

Type Line Line Curve Line Line

Length Radius Start Station 48.245m 0+000.00m 27.393m 0+048.24m 61.352m 60.000m 0+075.64m 27.839m 0+136.99m 78.730m 0+164.83m

End Station Delta angle Chord length PI Station 0+048.24m 0+075.64m 0+136.99m 58.5869 (d) 58.714m 0+109.30m 0+164.83m 0+243.56m

Table 19: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data

No. PVI Station PVI Elevation Grade In Grade Out 1 2 3 4 0+000.00m 0+052.66m 0+182.69m 0+243.56m 135.408m 134.958m 131.713m 132.511m -0.85% -2.50% 1.31% A (Grade Profile Change) Curve Type 1.64% 3.81% Crest Sag Profile Curve Length 82.036m 76.140m K Value Minimum K for Minimum K for Minimum K for Stopping Sight Passing Sight Headlight Sight Distance Distance Distance 4 84 9 Curve Radius Design Speed

-0.85% -2.50% 1.31%

50 20

5000.000m 40 km/h 2000.000m 40 km/h

6.3.3. Second Street:

Table 20: Horizontal Alignment Data

Type Line Line Line Curve Line

Length Transition Length Table Radius 108.370m 81.792m 47.523m 46.129m 2 Lane 60.000m 25.612m

Start Station 0+000.00m 0+108.37m 0+190.16m 0+237.69m 0+283.81m

End Station Delta angle Chord length PI Station 0+108.37m 0+190.16m 0+237.69m 0+283.81m 44.0500 (d) 45.001m 0+261.96m 0+309.43m

44

Table 21: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data

A (Grade Profile Profile Curve K Value Change) Curve Type Length Minimum K for Minimum K for Stopping Sight Passing Sight Distance Distance 4 84 Curve Radius Design Speed

No. PVI Station PVI Elevation Grade In Grade Out 1 2 3 0+000.00m 0+150.00m 0+309.43m 126.879m 134.100m 138.000m 4.81% 2.45% 4.81% 2.45%

2.37%

Crest

201.262m

85

8500.000 40 km/h m

6.3.4. Third Street:

There are no horizontal alignment data for this street since it does not have any curves.
Table 22: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data
No. PVI Station PVI Elevation Grade In Grade Out 1 2 3 0+000.00m 0+142.21m 0+259.55m 132.183m 134.334m 141.848m 1.51% 6.40% A (Grade Change) 4.89% Profile Curve Type Sag Profile Curve Length 146.737m K Value Minimum K for Minimum K for Minimum K for Stopping Sight Passing Sight Headlight Sight Curve Radius Distance Distance Distance 9 3000 m Design Speed 40 km/h

1.51% 6.40%

30

6.3.5 Mall Street:

There are no horizontal alignment data for this street since it does not have any curves.

Table 23: Vertical Alignment (Profile) Data

No. PVI Station PVI Elevation Grade In Grade Out 1 2 3 0+000.00m 0+041.75m 0+099.71m 136.988m 135.637m 135.142m -3.24% -0.85% -3.24% -0.85% 2.38% Sag Symmetric Parabola 71.484m 30 30 3000 m 80 km/h A (Grade Profile Curve Sub-Entity Profile Curve K Value Change) Type Type Length Minimum K for Minimum K for Minimum K for Stopping Sight Passing Sight Headlight Sight Distance Distance Distance Curve Radius Design Speed

45