A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON COAL LIQUEFACTION IN INDONESIA

Lokakarya Energi Baru dan Terbarukan LPPM ITB, January 21, 2011
D. Sasongko RESEARCH GROUP OF ENERGY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROCESSING SYSTEM FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
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INDONESIA ENERGY MIX - 2025

NRE

2005
0.0311 0.0132

Biofuels Geothermal Solar,Wind,Nuclear S l Wi d N l Liquified Coal

5% 5% 5% % 2%

2025
0.2 Oil Gas Coal

0.1534 0.5166

Oil Gas Coal Hydro Geothermal

0.17

0.2857

0.33

0.3

others (NRE)

(Source:MEMR,2007)
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COAL
an organic rocklike natural product a result of decay and maturation of floral remains a fossil fuel originated from plant material one of hydrocarbon resources of the earth

changes in C and H composition

Typical H/C ratio Gasoline 1.95 Crude oil 1.82 hvC Bituminous coal 0.76 COALIFICATION PROCESS (Speight, 1994)
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SIMPLIFIED CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON RESOURCES

ATOMIC H TO C RATIO OF VARIOUS FUELS

WORLD COAL RESERVES (mineable), PRODUCTION (Indonesia) AND WORLD EXPORTS

Country USA Russia China India Australia South Africa Poland Canada Indonesia Mineable reserve, million tons (% world) 246,643 (27.1) 157,010 (17.3) 114,500 (12.6) 92,445 (10.2) 92 445 (10 2) 78,500 (8.6) 48,750 (5.4) 14,000 (1.5) 6,578 (0.7) 4,968 (0.5)

Country Australia Indonesia China South Africa South Americas Russia USA Canada Poland Domestic Use 41.3 39.3 19.9

Export (2003), million tons 238.1 107.8 103.4 78.7 57.8 41.0 43.0 43 0 27.7 16.4 Export 107.1 129.5 69.3

Export (2004), Million tons 247.6 131.4 95.5 74.9 65.9 55.7 48.0 48 0 28.8 16.3

Year 2005 2006 2007 (Aug)

Production 152.7 178.2 83.4

INDONESIA COAL DEPOSIT DISTRIBUTION (MEMR, 2008)

Reserves = 18.8 billion tons Resources = 104.8 billion tons
28.37%
KALIMANTAN 4.07%

1.58% 7.58%

40.13%

17.7%

SULAWESI PAPUA

JAW A
Anthracite 0.3%

SubBituminous 26.7%

Lignite58.7%

Bituminous 14.3%

DIRECT COAL COMBUSTION

conversion from chemical energy to thermal energy oldest technology of coal utilization oxidation by air used in a range of application majority of consumable energy to the world j y gy creates environmental problems
What makes coal unclean ? Coal is mostly carbon Coal contains sulfur and nitrogen Coal contains ash Coal contains other materials 2 Ccoal + O2 2 CO 2 CO + O2 2 CO2 Ccoal + O2 CO2 Scoal + O2 SOx Ncoal + O2 NOx

process performan in an nce environmentally ac cceptable manner

coal particle size

fixed bed fluidized bed pulverized bed

cm mm m
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POWER PLANT

INDIRECT COAL COMBUSTION

GASIFICATION (CTG) Solid to gas containing mainly CO and H2 (synthesis gas) that produces less emission than coal if burnt. Gas can be distributed to end users. Ash d A h and unwanted materials can b contained at t d t i l be t i d t gasification plant site. solid LIQUEFACTION Direct (e.g. BCL, NEDO): Coal to liquid fuel (CTL) equivalent to crude petroleum oil or end petroleum products (refinery). Indirect (e.g. Sasol): Via gasification (e g Lurgi) to produce synthesis (e.g. gas and subsequent conversion of gas to liquid fuel (GTL) (e.g. Fischer -Tropsch). Biological (research)

gas

liquid

THERMAL CONVERSION

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Steam Gasification Indirect

Oxygen Fischer Tropsch

Methanol Synthesis Methanolto Gasoline

COAL
Hydrogen Direct Hydrogenation

Liquid Fuels
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CHEMISTRY OF COAL LIQUEFACTION (DIRECT)

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Country
South Africa China

Owner/Developer
Sasol Shenhua

Capacity (bpd)
150,000 20,000 (initially)

Status
Operational Construction Operational in 20072008 Construction Construction Planning Planning Planning Planning Planning Planning Planning
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China China China China China Australia Australia Philippines New Zealand

Luan Group Yankuang Sasol JV (2 studies) Shell/Shenhua Headwaters/UK Race Investment Anglo American/Shell Altona Resources plc, Jacobs Consultancy, MineConsult Headwaters L&M Group

~3,0004,000 40,000 (initially) 180,000 planned 80,000 (each plant) 70,00080,000 Two 700-bpd demo plants 60,000 45,000 50,000 50,000

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Slurrydewateringstage
Wherewaterisefficientlyremovedfrom lowrankcoal.

Liquefactionstage
Whereliquefiedoilproductionyieldisincreased byusingahighly activelimonite catalystandbottomrecyclingtechnology.

Inlinehydrotreatmentstage
Wheretheheteroatoms(sulfurcontainingcompounds,nitrogen containingcompounds,etc.)inthecoal containingcompounds etc )inthecoal liquefied oilareremovedto obtainhighqualitygasoline,diesel oil,andotherlightfractions.

Solventdeashingstage
Wheretheashincoalandtheaddedcatalystsareefficiently dischargedfromtheprocess.
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ITB, BPPT, tekMIRA: Rusnas (1997-1998) RUT (1998-2001) etc

Auto clave 0.03 liter/day Indonesia, Japan

SCALE UP ????

Bench scale 28 liter/day Japan

Semi commercial plant 13,500 bbl/day (Indonesia?) Pilot plant 200 bbl/day Australia Commercial plant 27,000 bbl/day (Indonesia?)

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Cancelled !!!
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Gasification of to produce syngas. Fischer Tropsch for conversion of gas to liquid. SASOL.

Secunda,SouthAfrica 135,000bpd

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GASIFICATION
Partial oxidation of coal to produce gaseous fuel frequently referred to as producer gas
OXYGEN/AIR Ccoal + 1/2 O2 CO

CARBON DIOXIDE Ccoal + CO2 CO STEAM Ccoal + H2O CO + H2

Energy and Chemicals

HYDROGEN Ccoall + 2H2 CH4

synthesis gas (CO and H2) CHEMICALS (methanol, ammonia, etc)

potential
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GASIFICATION
conversion of coal to produce combustible gases
REACTIONS 2 C + O2 2 CO C+ O2 CO2 C + CO2 2 CO (Boudoards reaction) CO + H2O CO2 + H2 (shift reaction) C + H2O CO + H2 (water gas reaction) C + 2 H2 CH4 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O CO + 2 H2 CH3OH CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O (methanation reaction) CO2 + 4 H2 CH4 + 2 H2O C + 2 H2O 2 H2 + CO2 2 C + H2 C2H2 CH4 + 2 H2O CO2 + 4 H2
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SASOL FOR CTL IN INDONESIA

Capacity 39 million tons/year lignite for 80,000 bpd Planned 200,000 bpd in 2025 (2% of energy mix) Estimated 2 billion tons in 40 years Sumatera Bagian Selatan

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MOST RECENT NEWS SASOL FOR CTL IN INDONESIA

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BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION BY BIOSOLUBILIZATION On going work by a research team ( g g g y (Pingkan Aditiawati, Dwiwahju Sasongko, Dea Indriani Astuti, Irawan Sugoro) Lignite solubilization by indigeneous microbes (Stranas, 2010-2012)
Isolation of microbes Selection of microbes Optimization of lignite biosolubilization

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END

Thank you for your attention

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