SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (SARAWAK CAMPUS)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE

HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1
Semester 1, 2012






ASSIGNMENT 2





By





Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)





Lecturer: Professor Alexander Gorin





Due Date: Week 12










ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 2 of 13
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM

Two big reservoirs A and C having a difference level of 15.5 m are connected by a pipeline ABC
and the elevation of point B being 4.0 m below the level of water in reservoir A. The length AB of
the pipelines is 250 m, the pipe being made of mild steel having a friction coefficient of f
1
, while the
length of BC is 450 m, the pipe is made of cast iron having a friction coefficient of f
2
. The pressure
head at B is 0.5 m. Both the lengths AB and BC have a diameter of 200 mm. A partially closed
valve is located in the length BC at a distance of 150 m from reservoir. Taking into account head
loss at entrance and exit points of the pipeline:

(a) Find the friction coefficients f
1
and f
2
if the discharge through the pipeline is 3m
3
/min, and the
head loss at the valve is 5.0 m.

(b) Calculate the value of K for the valve if the discharge from task (a) above is reduced by one
half.

Draw the hydraulic and energy grade lines of the pipeline and indicate on the diagram head loss
values at significant points for both tasks, (a) and (b).



All your assumptions and information from external texts, books, handbook and etc. should be
listed and commented in the report with relevant references. Your report with all schematics and
diagrams must be prepared by your own using a computer. For part (b), you can use whether the
Moody Chart or any other relevant experimental correlation (clear explain and show in your report
what and how you use them). If you use the Moody Chart, it is allowed the chart to be copied from
texts.










ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 3 of 13
SOLUTION

Problem Statement: The properties (diameters & materials) of pipes AB and BC, the elevations of
water level in reservoir A and C, and the discharge are given, the friction coefficient f
1
, f
2
, and the
loss coefficient, K, of the partially closed valve are to be determined.

Schematic Diagram:



Assumptions:

1. The flow is steady and the fluid is incompressible and Newtonian with constant properties.

2. The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow is fully developed and turbulent (to be
verified) with kinetic energy correction factors of
1
=
2
= 1.

3. The flow in each sections of the pipeline is adiabatic and thus there is no heat transfer.

4. Turbine and pump are not involved in piping system.

5. Water levels at the reservoirs and the discharge remain constant.

6. Both the reservoirs are open to atmosphere.

7. The pipe inlet at point A is a sharp-edged entrance with loss coefficient of 0.50 (Cengel, Y. A.
& Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 350).

8. The pipe exit at point C is a sharp-edged exit with loss coefficient of (Cengel, Y. A. &
Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 350).

9. The horizontal sections of the pipeline (AB and the section from the partially closed valve to
point C) are connected with an oblique pipeline by two 45 threaded elbow with loss
coefficient of 0.4 (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 351).
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 4 of 13
Physical Laws: The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy Principle):

E
in
E
out
= E

Properties

Properties of Water at 20 C:

According to TABLE A-3: Properties of Saturated Water (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006,
pp. 888), the properties of water at temperature of 20 C are:

Density: = 998.0 kg/m
3

Dynamic Viscosity: = 1.002 10
-3
kg/ms

Properties of Piping System:

Pipe Length

Length of Pipe AB L
AB
= 250 m
Length of Pipe BC L
BC
= 450 m + 150 m = 600 m

Loss Coefficients of Various Pipe Components

A sharp-edged entrance at point A K
L
= 0.50
A sharp-edged exit at point C K
L
= = 1
Two 45 threaded elbow K
L
= 0.40

According to TABLE 8.1: Typical Values of Absolute Roughness for New, Clean Pipe (Rennels, D.
C. & Hudson, H. M., 2012, pp. 83), and TABLE 8-2: Equivalent Roughness Value for New
Commercial Pipes (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 341), the roughness height for mild
steel (or carbon steel) and cast iron are:

Roughness Height for Mild Steel (Carbon Steel) = 0.045 mm = 0.045 10
-3
m
Roughness Height for Cast Iron = 0.26 mm = 0.26 10
-3
m

Analysis:

(a) The discharge through the pipeline is given by:

s m 0.05
3
= =
s 60
min 1
min
m
3
3
V
&


Since the diameters of pipe AB and pipe BC are the same, D
AB
= D
BC
= D = 200 mm, therefore,
they have the same cross sectional area. Hence, the average velocity can be determined as
follows:

s m 1.5915 = = = = = = = s m
5
m) 2 . 0 (
) s m 05 0 ( 4 4
4
2
3
2 2

.
D
V
D
V
A
V
V V A V
C
C
& & &
&



ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 5 of 13
(a) (Continued)

Based on the average velocity computed above, the Reynolds number is given by:

3 317029.341 =

= =

s m kg 10 1.002
m) 2 . 0 )( s m 5915 1 )( m kg 0 . 998 (
Re
3
3
. D V

Since Re > 4000, therefore, the flow is fully turbulent. The friction factors f
1
and f
2
for pipe AB
and BC respectively can be determined by using an approximate explicit relation for f which
was given by S. E. Haaland in 1983 (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 341):

(
(

+ |

\
|

Re
9 . 6
7 . 3
log 8 . 1
1
11 . 1
D
f

Making f the subject yields:

2
11 . 1
Re
9 . 6
7 . 3
log 8 . 1
1

(
(

+ |

\
|

D
f

The friction factor, f
1
for pipe AB can be calculated by substituting
AB
= 0.045 10
-3
m, D
AB
=
0.2 m into the explicit form of Colebrook equation above:

0.01616

(
(

+
|
|

\
|

2
11 . 1
3
1
3413 . 317029
9 . 6
7 . 3
m 2 . 0 m 10 045 . 0
log 8 . 1
1
f

Likewise, for pipe BC,
BC
= 0.26 10
-3
m, D
BC
= 0.2 m, thus the friction factor f
2
is:

0.02167

(
(

+
|
|

\
|

2
11 . 1
3
2
3413 . 317029
9 . 6
7 . 3
m 2 . 0 m 10 26 . 0
log 8 . 1
1
f














ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 6 of 13
(b) If the discharge in part (a) is reduced by one half, then the new volumetric flow rate becomes:

s m
24
1
3
= = = =
s 60
min 1
min
m
5 . 2 min m 5 . 2 min m 5 . 0 min m 3
3
3 3 3
V
&


Likewise, the average velocity for the fluid flow through the pipeline is determined as follows:

s m 1.3263 = =
|

\
|
= = = = s m
6
25
) m 2 . 0 (
s m
24
1
4
4
4
2
3
2 2
D
V
D
V
A
V
V
C
& & &


Based on the average velocity obtained above, the Reynolds number is:

8 264201.077 =

= =

s m kg 10 1.002
m) 2 . 0 )( s m 3263 . 1 )( m kg 0 . 998 (
Re
3
3

D V


Since Re > 4000, thus, the flow is turbulent. The friction factor f
1
and f
2
for pipe AB and BC
are determined by the explicit relation for f used in part (a):

0.01648

(
(

+
|
|

\
|

2
11 . 1
3
1
0778 . 264201
9 . 6
7 . 3
m 2 . 0 m 10 045 . 0
log 8 . 1
1
f

Likewise, for pipe BC,
BC
= 0.26 10
-3
m, D
BC
= 0.2 m, thus the friction factor f
2
is:

0.02179

(
(

+
|
|

\
|

2
11 . 1
3
2
0778 . 264201
9 . 6
7 . 3
m 2 . 0 m 10 26 . 0
log 8 . 1
1
f


From the First Law of Thermodynamics, the general form of energy equation is given by:

e L u
h h z
g
V
g
p
h z
g
V
g
p
, Turbine Total , 2
2
2
2
2
, Pump 1
2
1
1
1
2 2
+ + + + = + + +

Term-by-term analysis:

0
2 1
= = p p because the pressure at top of reservoirs A and C is p
atm
= 0 gage.
V
1
= V
2
0 because the level of the reservoirs is constant or changing very slowly.
0 = =
t p
h h because there are no pumps or turbines in the system.
m 5 . 15
1
= z and 0
2
= z

Through term-by-term analysis, the energy equation above becomes:

Total , 1 L
h z =
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 7 of 13
Part (b) (Continued)

The term h
L, Total
in the energy equation above is the total head loss due to friction and pipe
fittings and it can be computed as follows:


+ = + =
j
j
j L
i
i
i
i
i L L L
g
V
K
g
V
D
L
f h h h
2 2
2
,
2
Minor , Major , Total ,


Since the average velocity of the fluid flow throughout the entire pipeline are constant due to
constant diameters of pipes AB and BC, therefore, the head loss equation above can be
expressed as:

|
|

\
|
+ =

j
j L
i i
i
i L
K
D
L
f
g
V
h
,
2
Total ,
2


Since the piping system consists of a sharp-edged entrance and sharp-edged exit at the inlet and
outlet of pipe AB and BC respectively, and the oblique section is connected to the horizontal
sections by two 45 elbow, and there is a partially closed valve located in the length BC at a
distance of 150 m from pipe outlet, therefore, the equation for head loss above can be written
as:

(

+ + + +
|
|

\
|
+ =
Valve , Elbow@45 , Exit , Entrance ,
BC
BC
2
AB
AB
1
2
Total ,
2
2
L L L L L
K K K K
D
L
f
D
L
f
g
V
h

Substituting the values of the loss coefficients of various pipe components listed in the
properties above yields:

( )
Valve ,
Valve ,
2
2
Total ,
88.27 m 08966 . 0
) 4 . 0 ( 2 1 50 . 0
m 0.2
m 600
02179 . 0
m 0.2
m 250
01648 . 0
) s m 81 . 9 ( 2
) s m 3263 . 1 (
L
L L
K
K h
+ =
)
`

+ + + +
(

\
|
+ |

\
|
=


Substituting ( )
Valve , Total ,
88.27 m 08966 . 0
L L
K h + = into the simplified energy equation above
gives:

( )
Valve , 1
88.27 m 08966 . 0
L
K z + =

Since z
1
= 15.5 m, thus, the value of K of the valve is

79.0287 = = 27 . 88
m 08966 . 0
m 5 1
Valve , L
K








ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 8 of 13
The Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines of the piping system are plotted and as shown in Figure
below:



Figure: HGL and EGL of the piping system





























ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 9 of 13
APPENDIX



Table 8-4: Loss Coefficients for Various Pipe Components (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006,
pp. 350)

ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 10 of 13


Table 8-4 (CONCLUDED) (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 351)





ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 11 of 13


Table A-3: Properties of Saturated Water (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 888)

ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 12 of 13


TABLE 8-2: Equivalent roughness value for new commercial pipes* (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J.
M., 2006, pp. 341)



TABLE 8.1: Typical Values of Absolute Roughness for New, Clean Pipe (Rennels, D. C. &
Hudson, H. M., 2012, pp. 83)


ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 13 of 13
REFERENCES

Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M. (2006), Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications,
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Singapore.

Cengel, Y. A. & Boles, M. A. (2007), THERMODYNAMICS An Engineering Approach (SI
Units), 6
th
Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Singapore.

Crow, C. T., et. al., (2010), Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9
th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Pte Ltd, Asia.

Munson, B. R., et. al., (2008), FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS, 6
th
Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., United States of America.

Rennels, D. C. & Hudson, H. M. (2012), PIPE FLOW A Practical and Comprehensive Guide, pp.
83, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Canada.