Turnitin Originality Report

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Turnitin Originality Report mang by Mang Mang

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From Quick Submit (Quick Submit) Processed on 09-May-2012 5:42 AM PDT ID: 248361119 Word Count: 1843 Similarity Index 63% Similarity by Source Internet Sources: 11% Publications: 62% Student Papers: 12%

sources: 1
51% match (publications) C.H. Lin. "A new public-key cipher system based upon the diophantine equations", IEEE Transactions on Computers, 1995

2% match (student papers from 06/10/03) Submitted to CSU, San Jose State University on 2003-06-10

2% match (Internet) http://hades.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/Internal/PHServices/Documentation/MathWorld/math/math/a/ a137.htm

1% match (publications) Morgos, Lucian. "Considerations about the Modeling of Software Defined Radio for Mobile Communications Networks", Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering/18446035, 20090601

1% match (Internet from 11/3/05) http://intro.gemplus.com/smart/rd/publications/ps/Pai99phd.ps.gz

1% match (Internet from 4/8/12) http://arxiv.org/pdf/1005.0781.pdf

1% match (Internet from 10/28/10) http://fsl.cs.uiuc.edu/pubs/rosu-2007-tr.pdf

1% match (student papers from 05/04/11) Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2011-05-04

1% match (Internet from 6/20/03) http://valle.fciencias.unam.mx/libros/criptografia/references.pdf

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1% match (Internet from 2/13/07) http://www.azbet.com/sttot/topbets.aspx?id=7020

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1% match (publications) Shaarawy, M.. "An improved public-key cipher system based upon diophantine equation",

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Shaarawy, M.. "An improved public-key cipher system based upon diophantine equation", Computers & Industrial Engineering, 199812

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< 1% match (publications) Zhong Hong. "An Efficient (t, n)-Threshold Multi-Secret Sharing Scheme", First International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (WKDD 2008), 01/2008

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< 1% match (Internet from 10/10/10) http://oak.cs.ucla.edu/~cho/papers/cho-sampling.pdf

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< 1% match (publications) Cusick, T.W.. "Cryptanalysis of a public key system based on Diophantine equations", Information Processing Letters, 19951027

paper text:
PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM BASED ON THE DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS Ioan Mang, Erica Mang

4Department of Computers, University of Oradea, Faculty of Electrical

Engineering and Information Technology, 1, Universitatii St., 410087 Oradea, Romania, E-mail: emang@keysys .ro Abstract This study analyses the
mathematical aspects of diophantic equations and the

potential of using them in cipher public-key systems. There are also presented the algorithms written in C language that were used for implementing such a system Keywords: public-key algorithms, Diophantine equation, cryptosystem, encryption. I. INTRODUCTION

1In this paper, a new public-key cipher scheme is proposed. By the use of

our scheme, the generating steps of keys are simple. Both the encryption and decryption procedures can be completed efficiently. Our cipher scheme is based upon the Diophantine equations. In general, a Diophantine equation is defined as follows: We are given a polynomial equation f(x

1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ) -

10 with integer coefficients and we are asked to find rational or integral

solutions [6]. Throughout this paper, we shall assume that the solutions are nonnegative. For instance, consider the following equation: 3x 1

+ 4x 2 + 7x 3 + 5x 4 = 78. (1) The

1above equation is a Diophantine equation if we have to find a nonnegative

solution for this equation. In fact, our

solution is (x

101 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 )=(2, 5, 1, 9). (2)

1A famous Diophantine equation problem is Hilbert's tenth problem, which

is defined as follows: Given a system of polynomials Pi(

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1A famous Diophantine equation problem is Hilbert's tenth problem, which

is defined as follows: Given a system of polynomials Pi(

x1, x2, ..., xn), 1 i m,

1with integer coefficients, deter-mine whether it has a nonnegative integer

solution or not. In and, it was shown that the Hilbert problem is undecidable for polynomials with degree 4. It was shown in that the Hilbert problem is undecidable for polynomials with 13 variables [1]. Gurari and Ibarra also proved that several Diophantine equations are in NP- complete class.

II. THE UNDERLYING MATHEMATICS

1Let w be some positive integer and the domain D be a set of positive

integers in the range of [0, w]. Let w = 2 b - 1, where b is some positive integer. Assume that a sending message M with length NB bits is broken up into n pieces of submessages, namely m1, m2, and mn. Each submessage is of length b bits. In other words, we can represent each submessage by a decimal number mi and mi in D. Suppose that n pairs of integers (q 1 , k 1 ), (q 2 , k 2 ), ... and (q n , kn) are chosen such that the following conditions hold: 1) qi's are pairwise relative primes; i.e. 1. (q i ,q j ) = 1 for

i j. 2. 2) k 1 >

2w for i = 1,2, ..., n. 3. 3) qi > kiw(qi mod ki), and qi mod ki 0, for i

11, 2, ..., n. These n integer pairs (qi, ki)'s will be kept secret and used to

decrypt messages. For convenience, we name the above three conditions the DK-conditions since they will be used as deciphering keys. Note that for the generating of pairwise relatively primes, one can consult. Furthermore, the following numbers are computed. First, compute Ri = qi mod ki and compute Pi's such that two conditions are satisfied: 1) Pi mod qi = Ri, and 2) Pj mod qi = 0 if i = j. Since qu's are pairwise relatively primes, one solution for Pi's satisfying the above two conditions is that Pi = Qibi with Qi

qi i j and bi

1is chosen such that Qibi modqi =Ri. Since Qi and qi are relatively prime, bi's

can be found by using the extended Euclid's algorithm. Note that the average number of divisions performed by the extended Euclid's algorithm for finding bi is approximately 0.843. ln (qi) + 1.47. Secondly, compute

Ni = qi /(kiRi )

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1for i = 1, 2, ..., n. Finally, compute n si = PiNi mod Q

where Q qi (3) i 1

1That is, we have a vector S = (s1, s2, ..., sn) with each

component computed as above. After this, S

2can be used as the enciphering key for encrypting messages. By

conducting a vector product between M = (m1, m2, ..., mn) and S = (s1, s2, ..., sn); i .e., n C = E(S ,M) = M*

S = misi (4) i 1

1a message M is transformed to its ciphertext C, where * denotes the vector

product operation. Conversely, the ith component mi, in M can be revealed by the following operation: mi = D(( qi,ki ),C)

= kiC/ qi

1for i = 1, 2, ..., n (5) Theorem 2.1 shows that (5) is the inverse function of (4).

The following lemmas are helpful in the proof of the theorem. Lemma 2.1: Let a and b be some positive integers where b > a. Then for all

x,

8a x / b < x if x ab/(b -a). Proof: Let Then x/b x / b

1c for some integer c. c <(x/b

+ 1). We have ac < ax/(b + a). (6) On the other hand, if x ab / (b-a), then (b-a) x ab; that is,

1Let mi's, ki's and qi's be chosen such that the DK - conditions are satisfied. Let Ri = qi mod ki. Then

k =mi. (11) iRimi qi /(kiRi) / qi Proof: Let = k iRimi qi /(kiRi) / qi = mi.

1It can be easily seen that the following two inequalities hold: and < iRim i(qi /

(kiRi)

1)/ qi k = mi (12) k = mi. (13) iRim i (qi /(kiRi ))/ qi

1Furthermore, the right-hand side of (13) is identical to m i and that of (12) is mi kiRimi / qi . On the other hand, since mi is an integer and kiRimi / qi <1, the

right-hand side in

=mi.

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1Furthermore, the right-hand side of (13) is identical to m i and that of (12) is mi kiRimi / qi . On the other hand, since mi is an integer and kiRimi / qi <1, the

right-hand side in (12) becomes m =mi.

(14) i kiRimi / qi

1Combining these two inequalities. we obtain that m i mi. Finally, we have =

mi, since is an integer.

Theorem 2.1: Let (q 1 , k 1 ),

1(q 2 , k 2 ), ..., and (q n ,k n ) be n pairs of positive integers satisfying the DK-

conditions. Let the vector S be computed by applying (1). Then (3) is the inverse function of (2). that is, a

message enciphered by (2) can be decrypted by (3). Proof:

1Let us prove the theorem by the following two

steps. First, from (1), define si = PiNi' we have a vector Let s = (s1,s2,...,sn); i.e., si =

12si mod Q, for i = 1,2,...,n. (ax/b + a)

x. (7) C' = M*S = m m i 1 misi i1 miPiNi. (15) Combining (6) and (7), we have that a Lemma 2.2: Let Ri = qi mod ki. Then x / b < x if x ab / (b-a). (8) kiRimi qi /(kiRi) mod kiqi = kiRimi qi /(kiRi) (9) Proof: Let a = Ri mi, b + ki Ri,

1and x = qi. Since qi > ki Ri w, we know that qi > ki Ri2 mi / (Ri (ki - mi)). That is, x

ab / (b- a) is satisfied. By applying Lemma 2.1, it can be seen that

Rimi qi /(kiRi) < qi. Therefore, ki Ri mi qi /(kiRi) mod ki qi = ki Ri mi qi /(kiRi) (10) Lemma 2.3: Since

1Pi's satisfy the following two conditions: 1)

Pimodqi=qimodki=Ri;and

12) Pj mod qi = 0 if i j j, n kiC' mod

kiqi = (ki i 1 mi Pi Ni )mod kiqi= =kimiRi qi /(kiRi )modkiqi. (16) Furthermore, by Lemma 2.2, kimiRi qi /(kiRi ) mod kiqi = kimiRi qi /(kiRi ) (17) That is, kiC mod kiqi = kimiRi qi /(kiRi )

1for i=1,2,...,n. In other words,

kiC=yikiqi+kimiRi qi /(kiRi ) . (18) for some integers yi. Moreover, Hence kiC'/ qi yiki kiC/qi=yiki+kimiRi qi / (kiRi ) /qi. (19) yiki kimiRiqi/(kiRi) kimiRi qi/(kiRi) /qi By applying Lemma 2.3, we have Thus Second, let then iC' / q i / q i (20) k = yiki + mi. (21) mi=modki. (22) n Qqi. (23) i 1 n C mod Q = ( i 1 m i si ) mod Q = ((m 1 s 1

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kiC=yikiqi+kimiRi qi /(kiRi ) . (18) for some integers yi. Moreover, Hence kiC'/ qi yiki kiC/qi=yiki+kimiRi qi / (kiRi ) /qi. (19) yiki kimiRiqi/(kiRi) kimiRi qi/(kiRi) /qi By applying Lemma 2.3, we have Thus Second, let then iC' / q i / q i (20) k = yiki + mi. (21) mi=modki. (22) n Qqi. (23) i 1 n C mod Q = ( i 1 m i si ) mod Q = ((m 1 s 1

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1mod Q) + ... + (mnsn mod Q)) mod Q = (m1 (s1 mod Q)

+ ... n + mn(sn

1mod Q))mod Q = ( m i s i ) mod Q

= C mod Q. i 1 That

1is, C = C(mod Q). Let C = C + zQ, for some positive

1integer z. We have k iC/ q i mod ki =( k i (C'

zQ)/ qi mod ki = = ( k iC' / qi kizQi ) mod ki = mod ki (24) Therefore, a vector n Q qi (27) i

131 S=(s 1 ,s 2 , . . . ,s n

) is obtained. There the

1n-tuple S of intgers is published and used as the public key

of the cryptosystem for enciphering messages. The chosen parameters

7(q 1 ,k 1 ), (q 2 ,k 2 ), ..., (q n ,k n

) are

1kept and used as the private key to decipher messages received.

1Specifically, let user A be the sender and user B be the

1receiver, and let A be sending a message represented by

M = (m 1 , m 2 ,...,m n ), where mi

1is a b-bits submessage represented by a decimal

1number in the range of [0, 2b -1]. Then (m 1 ,m 2 ,...,m n ) is enciphered by (4)

into an integer C. Afterward, the integer C

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1number in the range of [0, 2b -1]. Then (m 1 ,m 2 ,...,m n ) is enciphered by (4)

into an integer C. Afterward, the integer C

1is sent to user B as the ciphertext of the original message M.

1On the receiving of integer C user B is able to convert C into (m

1 ,m 2 ,...,m n ) by applying (5). IV. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

1A new public-key cryptosystem is investigated in this paper. The

motivation of this attempt is trying to use real numbers for its dense property. However, if real numbers are used as keys, several disturbing problems, such as representation and precision will be encountered. With the help of integer functions, the possibility of using an integer as a key is increased significantly. That is, for a cryptanalyst who tries to break the cipher, he has to conduct an exhaustive search on a long list of integer numbers.

In other words, mi= k modki. iC' / qi III. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CRYPTOSYSTEM In this section, the

1algorithms for constructing the cryptosystem, encrypting

messages, respectively, are presented.

1First, each user picks n pairs of parameters

6(q 1 ,k 1 ), (q 2 ,k 2 ),..., and (q n ,k n ) such that the

DK-conditions are satisfied. Afterward, and Q (25) q j j i Ni qi /(ki (qi modki )) (26) are computed, and bis are integers chosen

11such that Qibi mod qi = qi mod ki, for i = 1,2, . . . n.

Let Pi = Qibi and si = PiNi

14mod Q, for i = 1,2,...,n, where

Fig.

11. Key Generating for Each User

Fig.

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12. - Encryption Procedure for Sender A

Fig. 3. - Decryption Procedure for Receiver B REFERENCES [1]

3D.E. Knuth: The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 1: Fundamental

Algorithms, second ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, (1980). [2] D.E. Knuth: The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 2: Seminumerical Algorithms, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, (1981).

[3] S

1.P. Tung: Computational complexities of diophnatine equations with

parameters, J. Algorithms, vol. 8, pp. 324- 336,

(1987). [4]

5H.C. Williams: A modification of the RSA public-key encryption procedure,

IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 26, pp. 726-729 (1980).

[5]

9L.J. Hoffman: Modern Methods for Computer Security and Privacy, second edition, Printice -Hall,

(1987) [6] Waclaw Sierpinski, Elementary Theory of numbers, Warszawa (1964)

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