UNIT 6 SHAFT COUPLING AND PIPE JOINTS

Structure
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Introduction Muff Coupling Flange Coupling Protected Flange Coupling Flexible Coupling Pipe Joints Types of Pipe Joint Copper Pipe Joint Steel Pipe Joint

Shaft Coupling and Pipe Joints

6.10 Hydraulic Pipe Joint 6.11 Summary 6.12 Answers to SAQs

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Coupling is a device that connects two shafts. The shafts which are normally coaxial are required to be connected so that power can be transmitted from one shaft to another. Figure 6.1 shows one application of coupling in which the shaft of an electric motor on the right is joined with the shaft of a worm gear reducer on the left. The essential features that two discs are mounted on two coaxial shafts and bolted to rotate together are seen from this Figure 6.1. Yet it is to be noted that in a few practical cases shafts which are parallel and not coaxial can be joined by Oldhams coupling and shafts which are inclined can be joined by universal coupling.

Coupling

Figure 6.1 : A Coupling Connecting Shafts of an Electric Motor and Worm Gear Reducer

Couplings are temporary fastening devices in the sense that they can be easily dismantled if and when required. Rigid and flexible coupling are commonly used to connect coaxial shafts. Clutches which transmit power by surface friction can be regarded as disengaging type of coupling. Rigid couplings are used between perfectly coaxial shafts.

97

Machine Drawing

6.2 MUFF COUPLING

A muff is a sleeve which can cover two ends of the shafts and in each shaft there is a key that joins muff with the shaft. The key passes through entire length of the muff and two aligned keyways in some cases.
3.5 - 4d

d 3

+ 1cm

Figure 6.2 : A Sleeve Coupling

The muff or sleeve coupling presents problem of fitting the key in the keyway whether a single key or two keys in two shaft ends are used. Split muff coupling is made in two halves which are placed on the shaft ends and keys are tightened with bolts. Proper recesses for tightening the bolts are provided. Figure 6.3 shows the example.

(a) Split Muff with Bolts

(b) Split Muff Tightened on Two Coaxial Shafts

Figure 6.3 : Split Muff Coupling

SAQ 1
Figure 6.4 shows a sleeve coupling. Draw elevation with upper half in section and side view full.
Key: 8 10 115 100

25

55

65

98

Figure 6.4 : Sleeve Coupling

SAQ 2
Figure 6.5 shows a split muff coupling. Draw elevation with upper half in section and end view with right half in section along centre line of right hand side bolt.

Shaft Coupling and Pipe Joints

100

Key : 8x10x120 15

13 30 40

15 15

32

25 39

M 10 bolt

Figure 6.5 : Muff Coupling

SAQ 3
(a) (b) Draw elevation of sleeve coupling of Figure 6.4 full section. Draw elevation of muff coupling of Figure 6.5 in full view.

6.3 FLANGE COUPLING

It is a rigid coupling used to connect two strictly coaxial shafts. Figure 6.1 shows one such coupling connecting shafts of electric motor and worm wheel reducer. The coupling consists of two flanges, usually made in cast iron. The flanges are keyed to the driving and driven shafts. The flanges are identical in all respects except that one has circular projection and other has corresponding recess to make a register. When two faces of flanges are brought in contact the projection fits into recess ensuring perfect coaxiality. The flanges are then connected with the bolts passing through holes near the periphery. The faces of the flanges are machine finished true square to shaft axis. The flange couplings are used for shaft diameters of 18 to 200 mm.

SAQ 4
Figure 6.6 shows two flanges on two perfectly coaxial shafts. Align holes and assemble the flanges and draw elevation and side views.
15
132PCD

Shaft

KEY

Figure 6.6 : Two Flanges on Two Coaxial Shafts, the Flange Bolts are not Shown

36 78 177

78 36

177

6 60 63 21

63
21

C.I. Flanges

99

Machine Drawing

6.4 PROTECTED FLANGE COUPLING

Flange coupling often refers to unprotected type as shown in Figure 6.6. The bolt heads and nuts are fully exposed and may present risk to operators. The bolts are protected by providing cover which extend circumferentially from periphery over the bolt head and nut. This is known as protected flange coupling.

SAQ 5
Figure 6.7 shows protected flanges on shafts. Assemble with the bolts and draw half sectional elevation.
114

10 13 5
20 70 90 KEY 6433

20 32

10 Holes on 74 PCD 114

Figure 6.7 : Two Flanges of Protected Type Flange Coupling. Bolts and Nuts not Shown

6.5 FLEXIBLE COUPLING

Some flexibility in coupling is introduced by surrounding the bolt by a rubber bush. In most cases the bolt is made as stepped pin which passes through the rubber bush. The bush itself fits into a longer hole in one of two flanges while the other flange has normal hole through which lesser diameter portion of the pin passes. Such a coupling can bear vibration and small misalignment. Figure 6.8 shows upper half sectioned elevation of the flexible coupling.
3

12

16

30

16

16

144

45

25 6

25

100

Figure 6.8 : Flexible Coupling

180

40

22

KEY
3

SAQ 6
Draw elevation in full view and side view with bolts removed of flexible coupling of Figure 6.8.

Shaft Coupling and Pipe Joints

6.6 PIPE JOINTS

Pipes are commonly used in engineering practice. They are used as simple structural elements to serve as columns and beams. They are used to carry fluids-gases and liquids. Whereas water pipes are common household sights, the same water is transported through huge pipes from reservoirs to city storages. They are huge diameter pipes. The piping applications in chemical industries and steam power plants is often a maze in which resistance to corrosion, strength against pressure as well maintaining structural integrity are main requirement. The pipes for the reason of manufacture as well as design of piping system are used in various lengths. These lengths are to be connected either along axial direction or along a different orientation. The joints which are created are normally subject to two requirement of strength and being leak proof. Hence special designs have evolved. These designs also depend upon pipe materials which normally are steels but may be wrought iron or copper. Plastic pipes are also being used now cost iron is another material in which pipes are made. Brass, lead and aluminium pipes are also used. The pipes are commonly designated by their nominal size which is internal diameter.

6.7 TYPES OF PIPE JOINT

Pipe joints are classified either with respect to material of pipe or with respect to purpose. They may also be classified with respect to medium carried through them. Steam piping carrying steam presents the largest and crucial use. Steam presents problems of high pressure and high temperature. Therefore the joint has to be enough strong, leak proof and resistant to corrosion. Joints for steam pipings are : (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) Joints for cast iron steam pipes, Joints for copper steam pipes, Joints for steel steam pipes, Joints for wrought iron steam pipes, Expansion joints. Socket and spigot joint, Flanged joints, Union joint.

Joints for hydraulic pipes are :

Expansion joints in steam pipings are provided to take care of linear expansion in pipe to avoid undesirable stresses and deformation. Union joints are used to connect two sockets where making and breaking of the joints is common feature. 101

Machine Drawing

SAQ 7
Figure 6.9 shows details of cast iron pipe joint created between flanges which are integral parts of respective pipe. Draw sectional elevation and side view in full. The ends in elevation are not to be sectioned.

Figure 6.9

SAQ 8
Figure 6.10 shows joint of flange type in cast iron steam pipe. Draw the elevation with lower part full in view and side view. Note thickness of pipe in joint area is increased.

Figure 6.10

6.8 COPPER PIPE JOINT

Copper pipes are used for steam passage in marine engine plant and for drains or feed in stationary steam engines. These pipes are small in diameter. The flanges are made separately either in gunmetal or steel or wrought iron. The flanges are brazed on two pipes and brazed in position. A thin disc of rubber or leather is placed between the flanges before tightening them with the bolts.

102

SAQ 9
A flange and a pipe are shown in Figure 6.11. Assemble these with another pair with a sealing rubber ring of 2mm thickness and draw elevation, half in section.

Shaft Coupling and Pipe Joints

Figure 6.11

6.9 STEEL PIPE JOINT

Flanges of cast iron or cast steel are threaded over the pipe ends and the well finished flange surfaces are placed in contact. The flanges are then bolted. The threaded portion of the flange is made wider than the flange thickness. In steel pipes at low pressure flanges are created integral to the pipe and bolted in the same way as flanges in cast iron pipe (see Figure 6.12)

Figure 6.12

SAQ 10
Figure 6.13 shows the flange of cast iron to be screwed on one end of a pipe of steel. Draw assembly of the joint with upper half of elevation in section.

Figure 6.13 : A Pair of Steel Pipe and Cast Iron Flange to be Connected Through Threads M112

103

Machine Drawing

6.10 HYDRAULIC PIPE JOINT

Hydraulic pipes are used to carry liquids such as water, oil sewage, etc. The temperature is normally atmospheric but pressure may be high, hence pipes are jointed with leak proof joints. Socket and spigot joints are used at low pressure. The socket and spigot joints provide some flexibility to take care of small axial misalignment or settlement of earth on which pipe is supported. One end of a pipe is made into a spigot and another end is made to have a socket to receive the spigot. The space between the spigot and socket is partly filled with a flexible material like rope, jute or coil and partly with molten lead to solidify and seal the joint. One such joint is shown in Figure 6.14.

35

Figure 6.14 : Spigot and Socket Hydraulic Joint

For pipes carrying fluid under relative higher pressure flanged joints are used. These are cast integral with the pipe and are oval shape. At the centre of one flange a narrow spigot is machined which fits into corresponding recess to ensure alignment. Figure 6.15 shows two pipe ends with flanges in which holes for tightening have been made.

SAQ 11
Figure 6.15 shows two pipe ends with integral oval shape flanges. Two holes of 40 have been made in each flange through which M30 bolts will pass and tighten the flanges. Draw front elevation and side view in full for the hydraulic joint.

Figure 6.15 : Two Flanged Ends of Hydraulic Pipe

6.11 SUMMARY
104 Various types of shaft coupling and pipe joint have been introduced. The various exercises bring out the construction and purpose of these joints. Drawing them improve skills, and under-standing of drawing different views after assembling of the parts.

6.12 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1

Shaft Coupling and Pipe Joints

Figure 6.16 : Elevation Upper Half Section

SAQ 2 Figure 6.17 shows the elevation and side views of the muff coupling. In the drawing the 32 length in each shaft has been assumed as 55 mm.
10

90 32

27

27

30

40 100 110

25

32

15 20

Elevation (Half Section) Figure 6.17

Side View (Half Section)

SAQ 4
84 21 21 84

15

9 177 4 18 36 60 9

4 132 PCD

(a) Elevation (Upper Half in Section)

(b) Full Side View

Figure 6.18 : Assembled Rigid Flange Coupling

15

105

Machine Drawing

SAQ 5

Figure 6.19 : Elevation Upper Half in Section of Protected Type of Coupling

SAQ 6

Elevation (Full View) Figure 6.20

Side View (Bolt Removed)

SAQ 7 The elevation and end view are shown below in Figure 6.21.

106

Figure 6.21 : Elevation Side View

SAQ 9 See Figure 6.22

Shaft Coupling and Pipe Joints

Figure 6.22

SAQ 10 The pair of pipe and flange are connected and another similar pair for right hand side of the joint is added. The joint is drawn in Figure 6.23.

Figure 6.23 : Steel Pipe Steam Joint

SAQ 11 The assembled elevation with half in section and side view in full are drawn in Figure 6.24.

Elevation (Upper Half in Section) Figure 6.24

Side View

107