MICRO PILE REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS and CORROSION PROTECTION.

Horst Aschenbroich, Dipl. Ing. President and CEO CON-TECH SYSTEMS LTD, Delta BC, Canada

Introduction:
Since mankind started to design and build structures for different usages and environments, foundation systems to support such structures had to be developed in order to match the architectural and structural needs. With the ever-increasing urban expansions, it is not always possible to find good supporting ground at or close to surface level. Therefore, foundations other than spread footings were designed to transfer compression loads down to a suitable load-bearing stratum. Higher and slender structures subjected to wind and seismic loads need foundations capable to support compression as well as uplift and lateral forces. Instead of large, mass concrete foundations, which require large areas and mass excavations, smaller and deeper drilled shaft or pile foundations became a more economical alternative, in which steel reinforcing systems embedded in concrete and cement grout are the major component. Micro Piles belong in this category of foundation elements. They are very simple but unique in design and construction and are becoming more and more popular. The evolution of Micro Piles Since its original conception in the 1950s by Dr. Fernando Lizzi, a number of micro pile systems using steel-bar reinforcement / cement grout combinations with or without steel pipe casing, have been developed. Lizzis idea was, to produce a foundation system consisting of small pile groups, which form a reinforced soil mass like the root system of a tree. He called these PALI RADICE or ROOT PILES (see Figure 1). Further developments using different installation methods and reinforcing systems made it necessary to capture them all under a general heading, first MINI-PILES, which was later changed to MICRO PILES. With the creation of the International Workshop for Micro piles (IWM), first in North America and later internationally, MICRO-PILE became a household name in the Geotechnical and foundation industry. They are mainly used as Friction Piles to take tension and / or compression loads.

Figure 1: Pali Radice or Root Pile foundation examples (after FHWM-SA-97-070, 2000) What is a Micro Pile? A generally up to 300mm diameter, drilled and grouted pile with a centrically placed steel reinforcing member consisting of single or multiple bars. Why are Micro Piles such a unique foundation system? They can be placed with relatively small drilling equipment, single or in groups, under limited access and low headroom conditions. They can be installed, for instance as the Titan IBO system, using rotation boring only. This reduces or eliminates the risk of structural damages caused due to vibrations, by otherwise used heavy percussion and pile driving methods, especially inside or in close vicinities of buildings.

Figure 2: Typical micro pile sections, left with solid bar reinforcing, right with hollow bar reinforcing or casing (after FHWM-SA-97-070, 2000). 2
ADSC Micro-Pile Seminar, Charlotte NC, November 13, 2001

Figure 3: Threadbars, All-Thread Bars and hollow bars (left to right). The reinforcing materials are simply single solid or hollow bars with continuous outside threads, which can easily be spliced and coupled to any required length. The intent of this presentation is to introduce, to designers and specialized foundationengineering contractors, the different types of reinforcing systems and corrosion protection methods available for drilled and grouted Micro Piles.

Pile Types and Reinforcing Systems

During the evolution process of developing Micro-Piles over the past 40 years, besides different drilling equipment, a variety of continuously threaded reinforcing bars and grouting systems have been successfully introduced. The GEWI PILE System When I first introduced the Dywidag Threadbar System in North America (in 1967), I had the opportunity to propose this bar as a post-tensioned single bar reinforcement in Tension Piles for the Bonnybrook Sewage treatment plant extension in Calgary Alberta, Canada. Approximately 1500 piles were required to support large sewage aeration tanks against uplift. This became the first application (worldwide) for Dywidag bars in Piles and in the geosupport industry. A drill-through Diesel Hammer was used driving casing through the overburden, cleaning out the casing with an inner drill steel and advance-drilling the same into the underlying bedrock. In the free stressing length, the bars were corrosion protected by a shop applied heat-shrink sleeve with inner asphalt coating (Yellow Jacket). As an additional bond breaker, a metal sheath was placed over the coated bar. The drill hole and casing was tremie-grouted with cement grout. Each pile was stressed to a test load and locked off at a design load equivalent to the uplift force. Soon after, in the early 1970s,, Dywidag started to market the grade 60 and grade 75 reinforcing steel thread-bar system, called GEWI Bars, which lead to the development of the
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GEWI Bar Steel Properties ASTM A615 (Grade 75) CAN/CSA(G3018-M1982)

THREADBAR Designation in-lb #10 Grade 75 #11 #14 #18 63mm

Yield Stress mm 32 36 43 57 MPa 517 517 517 517 552

Cross Sectional Area mm 819 1006 1452 2581 3168

Yield Strength kN 423 520 751 1335 1747

Nominal Weight kg/m 6.41 7.91 11.39 20.24 24.86

Maximum THREADBAR Diameter mm 36.3 40.9 47.2 63.5 69.1

Coupler Length C mm 144.8 161.8 198.6 237.5 245.7

Coupler Diameter D mm 51.2 57.0 64.8 88.9 98.0

Hex Nut Length A mm 65.0 73.0 90.2 107.4 114.3

Hex Nut Width2 E mm 48.8 54.4 64.0 84.8 93.2

All couplers and hex nuts develop 100% of the ultimate strength of the bar 1) 63 mm bars and hardware available in grade 80 material only 2) Measured across flats

Imperial Sizes GEWI Bar Steel Properties ASTM A615 (Grade 75) CAN/CSA(G3018-M1982)
THREADBAR Designation in-lb #10 Grade 75 #11 #14 #18 63mm

Yield Cross Yield Stress Sectional Strength Area ksi 75 75 75 75 80 in 1.27 1.56 2.25 4.00 4.91 Kips 95.3 117.0 168.8 300.0 392.8

Nominal Weight lbs/lf 4.30 5.31 7.65 13.60 16.70

Maximum THREADBAR Diameter in 1.43 1.61 1.86 2.50 2.72

Coupler Length C in 5.70 6.37 7.82 9.35 9.68

Coupler Diameter D in 2.02 2.25 2.55 3.50 3.86

Hex Nut Length A in 2.56 2.88 3.55 4.23 4.50

Hex Nut Width2 E in 1.92 2.14 2.52 3.34 3.67

mm 32 36 43 57

All couplers and hex nuts develop 100% of the ultimate strength of the bar 1) 63 mm bars and hardware available in grade 80 material only 2) Measured across flats

Table 1: GEWI pile bar steel properties (courtesy DSI).

GEWI PILE by Dr. Thomas Herbst, who was at that time chief of the geotechnical development department. GEWI originates from the German word GEWINDE or THREAD. These piles are installed using open or cased hole drilling methods. The GEWI BAR forms the concentric reinforcing element. The drill hole is filled with cement grout. In order to increase the grout to soil bond capacity of the pile, especially in cohesive soils, post-grout tubes are installed at the outer perimeter of the grout body. Post-grouting can be repeated several times until the required pressure or skin-friction is achieved.

ADSC Micro-Pile Seminar, Charlotte NC, November 13, 2001

Figure 4: GEWI Pile (typical) with standard and double corrosion protected reinforcing bar (after FHWA-SA-97-070, 2000)

Figure 5: Typical post-grouting system (after FHWA-SA-97-070, 2000)

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The PIN PILESystem The PIN PILE is a development in the 1970s by the Nicholson Construction Company USA. This method uses an outer pipe casing to stabilize the drill hole and an inner drill rod for cleaning out the casing or drilling further into harder ground. After placing the centric reinforcing element, single or multiple bars (see figures 6 and 7) and filling the casing with cement grout, the casing is slowly pulled under constant pressure grouting and partly left in the ground as additional reinforcement to increase bending moment and / or lateral load capacities and to prevent grout loss in grounds with large voids. Post-grout systems can be used with these piles as well. The Threadbar or All-Thread Bar systems (tables 2 - to 5) are supplied by the ADSC Associate Members CON-TECH SYSTEMS, (CTS) DYWIDAG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, (DSI) WILLIAMS Form Engineering

Figure 6: Pin Pile installation sequence (FHWA-SA-97-070, 2000). 6

ADSC Micro-Pile Seminar, Charlotte NC, November 13, 2001

Figure 7: Single (left) and multiple bar (right) micro pile reinforcing.

All-Thread Bar Steel Properties

Cold-Rolled Grade 75 (yield), ASTM-A615 No #9 #10 #11 #14 #18 #20 Nominal Diameter 1 1/8 in 28 mm 1 1/4 in 30 mm 1 3/8 in 35 mm 1 3/4 in 45 mm 2 1/4 in 55 mm 2 1/2 in 64 mm Load Capacity Steel Area 1.00 in2 645 mm 1.27 in 1.56 in 2.25 in 4.00 in 4.91 in
2 2 2

Ultimate 100 K 445 kN 127 K 565 kN 156 K 694 kN 225 K 1001 kN 400 K 1779 kN 491 K 2184 kN

Yield Load 75.0 K 333.6 kN 95.3 K 423.9 kN 117.0 K 520.5 kN 168.7 K 750.4 kN 300.0 K 1334.5 kN 368.0 K 1637.0 kN

Major Thread Diameter D 1 1/4 in 31.8 mm 1 3/8 in 34.9 mm 1 1/2 in 38.1 mm 1 7/8 in 47.6 mm 2 7/16 in 61.9 mm 2 3/4 in 69.9 mm

Weight 3.40 lbs/lf 5.06 kg/m 4.30 lbs/lf 6.40 kg/m 5.30 lbs/lf 7.89 kg/m 7.65 lbs/lf 11.38 kg/m 13.60 lbs/lf 20.24 kg/m 16.69 lbs/lf 24.84 kg/m

700 mm
2

1000 mm
2

1500 mm2
2

2500 mm2
2

3168 mm2

Table 2: Properties of cold-rolled grade 75 (yield) All-Thread bars.

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All-Thread Bar Steel Properties

Cold-Rolled Grade 150 (ultimate), ASTM-A722 Major Load Capacity Nominal Steel Area Thread Diameter Ultimate 0.8 ULT 0.6 ULT Diameter D 1 in 26 mm 1 1/4 in 32 mm 1 3/8 in 36 mm 1 3/4 in 46 mm 2 1/2 in 65 mm 0.85 in2 549 mm 1.25 in2 807 mm 1.58 in2 1019 mm 2.60 in2 1664 mm 5.19 in2 3350 mm
2 2 2 2 2

Weight 3.09 lbs/lf 4.60 kg/m 4.51 lbs/lf 6.71 kg/m 5.71 lbs/lf 8.50 kg/m 9.06 lbs/lf 13.48 kg/m 18.2 lbs/lf 27.08 kg/m

127.5 K 567.2 kN 187.5 K 834.1 kN 237 K 1054.3 kN 400 K 1779.4 kN 778 K 3460.8 kN

102.0 K 453.7 kN 150.0 K 667.3 kN 189.6 K 843.4 kN 320.0 K 1423.5 kN 622.4 K 2768.7 kN

76.5 K 340.3 kN 112.5 K 500.4 kN 142.2 K 632.6 kN 240.0 K 1067.6 kN 466.8 K 2076.5 kN

1 1/8 in 28.6 mm 1 7/16 in 36.5 mm 1 9/16 in 39.7 mm 2 in 50.8 mm 2 3/4 in 69.9 mm

Table 3: Properties of cold-rolled grade 150 (ultimate) All-Thread bars.

All-Thread Bar Steel Properties

Hot-Rolled Grade 75 (yield), ASTM-A615 Nominal Diameter 28 mm 1 1/8 in 32 mm 1 1/4 in 40 mm 1 5/8 in 50 mm 2 in 63.5 mm 2 1/2 in Steel Area 616 mm2 0.95 in
2 2

Load Capacity Ultimate Yield Load 405 kN 91.0 K 524 kN 117.7 K 821 kN 184.6 K 1285 kN 288.9 K 2215 kN 497.9 K 319.0 kN 71.7 K 416.7 kN 93.7 K 648.3 kN 145.7 K 1008.4 kN 226.7 K 1760.0 kN 395.6 K

Major Thread Diameter D 32 mm 1.26 in 36 mm 1.42 in 45 mm 1.77 in 55 mm 2.17 in 68 mm 2.68 in

Weight 4.83 kg/m 3.25 lbs/lf 6.31 kg/m 4.24 lbs/lf 9.87 kg/m 6.63 lbs/lf 15.4 kg/m 10.35 lbs/lf 24.68 kg/m 16.58 lbs/lf

804 mm 1.25 in2 1260 mm 1.95 in 3.04 in

2

1960 mm2
2 2

3167 mm 4.91 in2

Table 4: Properties of hot-rolled grade 75 (yield) All-Thread bars. 8

ADSC Micro-Pile Seminar, Charlotte NC, November 13, 2001

All-Thread Bar Steel Properties

Hot-Rolled Grade 96 (yield), ASTM-A615 Nominal Diameter 28 mm 1 1/8 in 30 mm 1 1/4 in 35 mm 1 3/8 in 43 mm 1 5/8 in 57.5 mm 2 1/4 in 63.5 mm 2 1/2 in Steel Area 616 mm2 0.95 in 1.12 in 1.49 in
2 2

Load Capacity Ultimate Yield Load 490 kN 110.2 K 575 kN 129.3 K 770 kN 173.1 K 1170 kN 263.0 K 2080 kN 467.6 K 2540 kN 571.0 K 410 kN 92.2 K 480 kN 107.9 K 640 kN 143.9 K 980 kN 220.3 K 1740 kN 391.2 K 2120 kN 476.6 K

Major Thread Diameter D 32 mm 1.26 in 34 mm 1.34 in 39 mm 1.54 in 47 mm 1.85 in 62 mm 2.44 in 68 mm 2.68 in

Weight 4.83 kg/m 3.25 lbs/lf 5.65 kg/m 3.80 lbs/lf 7.55 kg/m 5.07 lbs/lf 11.51 kg/m 7.73 lbs/lf 20.38 kg/m 13.69 lbs/lf 24.38 kg/m 16.38 lbs/lf

720 mm
2

962 mm2
2 2

1466 mm 2.27 in2 2597 mm 4.03 in

2

3167 mm2 4.91 in2

Table 5: Properties of hot-rolled grade 96 (yield) All-Thread bars. The TITAN / IBO - INJECTION-BORED MICRO PILE The successful construction of a Micro-Pile, involves a number of steps.  Drilling,  Placing of reinforcing steel.  Grouting. One of the latest developments is a system and method, which combines all in one single step installation. This method uses hollow bars, sometimes in combination with inside solid bars or strand, which can also be post-tensioned (figure 10 and figure 14). This Injection-Bored (IBO) pile is a joint development between the companies Friedrich Ischebeck Gmbh, Germany and Con-Tech Systems LTD, Canada. The goal was to produce a drilled, grouted and reinforced Micro Pile following the original Root Pile idea by Lizzi. The pile totally integrates with the soil. It forms a foundation system of reinforced soil mass, in particular if placed in groups. The piles are drilled-grout-injected in one step, using the hollow bars as drill rods and grouting ducts with disposable special drill bits (figure 12) and rotary drilling methods. The drill bits have jet openings allowing for pressure grout penetration while drilling. During drill advancement and grout injection through the hollow bars, with the aid of a flushing head, the drill cuttings are continuously flushed or
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Figure 8: Exhumed TITAN Pile tremied out by the cement grout. It is a clear advantage of this method that the drill hole is stabilized, and the ground cannot relax or cave, but to the contrary is grout penetrated and densified. Figures 8 and 13 show this on an exhumed pile. The basic idea was, to produce a pile of very high capacity using small drilling equipment, which can operate in tight areas with limited overhead space inside buildings to underpin or seismic upgrade existing foundations (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Limited overhead installation of TITAN micro piles. 10

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Figure 10: Typical TITAN/IBO micro pile details

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CTS-TITAN Hollow Bars

Meets and Exceeds ASTM-A615 Specifications Bar Size Dout/Din mm 30/16 32/20 30/11 40/20 40/16 52/26 73/53 103/78 103/51 130/60 in2
2

Steel Ultimate Area

G.U.T.S.

Load Capacity Yield Test Design kips kips kips

Outside Diameter Weight Design Effective Nominal kips in mm in lbs./lf.

80% G.U.T.S. 70% G.U.T.S. 60% G.U.T.S.

kips

mm kN kN kN kN kN mm 0.59 49.5 40.5 39.6 34.6 29.7 382 220 180 176.0 154 132.0 26 0.69 58.5 47.2 46.8 40.9 35.1 445 260 210 208.0 182 156.0 28 0.69 76.0 63.0 60.8 53.2 45.6 446 338 280 270.4 236.6 202.8 26.2 1.00 114.7 96.7 91.7 80.3 68.8 644 510 430 408 357 306 36 1.36 148.4 123.2 118.7 103.9 89.0 879 660 548 528.0 462 396.0 36 2.07 208.9 164.2 160.1 146.2 125.3 1337 929 730 712.0 650.3 557.4 48.8 2.53 260.9 218.1 208.7 182.6 156.5 1631 1160 970 928.0 812 696.0 70 4.88 438.5 353.0 350.8 306.9 263.1 3146 1950 1570 1560.0 1365 1170.0 100 8.53 778.1 613.0 610.3 544.6 466.8 5501 3460 2726 2714.0 2422 2076.0 100 15.66 1585.5 1249.2 610.3 1109.9 951.3 10100 7051 5555 2714.0 4935.514 4230.4 126

kg/m 1.02 1.18 2.02 30 3.00 1.10 1.26 2.30 32 3.42 1.03 1.18 2.35 30 3.50 1.42 1.57 3.60 40 5.35 1.42 1.57 4.64 40 6.90 1.92 2.05 7.06 52 10.50 2.76 2.87 8.60 73 12.80 3.94 4.06 16.60 103 24.70 3.94 4.06 29.00 103 43.15 4.96 5.12 53.09 130 79.00

Table 6: Properties of CTS-TITAN hollow bars

MAI Hollow Bars
Meets and Exceeds ASTM-A615 Specifications Rod Size Steel Ultimate Area G.U.T.S. Dout mm R25N R32N R38N R51N in2
2

Load Capacity Yield Test Design kips kips kips

Design kips kN

Diameter Weight Inner Outer in mm mm 0.47 12 25 0.71 18 0.75 38 1.34 51 2.01 9.6 32 1.50 6.00 6.45 1.26 3.50 4.03 0.98 2.60 2.35 in lbs./lf. kg/m 1.75

80% G.U.T.S. 70% G.U.T.S. 60% G.U.T.S.

kips

mm kN kN kN kN 0.51 45.0 33.7 36.0 330 200 150 160.0 140 0.69 63.0 51.7 50.4 444 280 230 224.0 196 1.18 112.4 96.7 89.9 761 500 430 400.0 350 1.89 179.9 141.7 143.9 1217 800 630 640.0 560

31.5 120.0 44.1 168.0 78.7

27.0 37.8

67.5 300.0 19 125.9 107.9 480.0 34

Table 7: Properties of MAI hollow bars 12

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Figure 11: CTS-TITAN hollow bars

Figure 12: CTS-TITAN special disposable drill bits for various grounds
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Densified Ground

Soil / Cement Mix Neat Cement Grout Hollow TITAN Bar

Figure 13: Section of exhumed TITAN / IBO micro pile

Two types of hollow bars are available (see tables 6 and 7) The CTS-TITAN Hollow Bars (table 6, figure 11), supplied by CON-TECH SYSTEMS LTD, in sizes up to 130 mm, 5 1/8 diameter with tension design load capacities in excess of 400 Tons. These bars are rolled with special continuous TITAN Threads for excellent bar to grout bond development. The bond development and crack width distribution of TITAN bars in tension and embedded in cement grout, had been tested at the Technical University of Munich in Germany. The results show, that at 125% of the maximum allowable design load, the maximum crack width in the grout is less than 0.1mm. This is still considered complete corrosion protection of the steel under the German Industry Norm (DIN). No additional corrosion protection is thus required. For variable ground and load conditions, different drill bits (figure 12) are designed and available. For the TITAN IBO Micro Pile, venturi jet-grout holes in the drill bits allow the jet grouting pressure to over-ream and pressurize the drill hole. Because of the continuous tremie-cement grouting operation, 100% grout cover can be guaranteed (figure 13). The MAI Hollow Bars (table 7), supplied by DSI. These bars are rolled with a standard continuous Rope Thread (R-Thread). All hollow bars are generally supplied in 10 foot lengths, (a standard length of a drill rod for easier handling) spliced together with special couplers.

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Figure 14: Internal post-tensioning of TITAN micro pile.

Another feature of the hollow bar is the possibility of adding an additional solid rebar inside the grout filled bar, or placing a strand tendon inside to apply an internal pre-stress force to control elastic movement of the hollow bar (figure 14). A special type of pile is used in California by Caltrans to upgrade existing viaduct foundations for seismic events. This pile consists of a steel pipe casing drilled through the overburden. DCP, Double Corrosion Protected Strand tendons are placed through the pipe and anchored into the bedrock below. The pile is then vertically post-tensioned and cast into the foundation (figure 15).

Figure 15: Post-tensioned piles for seismic upgrading of bridge foundations (CalTrans).
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CORROSION PROTECTION
If, besides cement grout, additional corrosion protection is required, several methods are available: 1.) Hot Dip Galvanizing or Zinc-Metallizing Steel bar components can be hot dip galvanized or metallized as per ASTM A153(AASHTO M232). Zinc is a well known, common and relatively inexpensive coating material for iron and steel. Zinc acts as a sacrificial anode, i.e. it corrodes in a corrosive environment and lets the steel play the role of the cathode. The high alkalinity of concrete and grout (pH > 12) dissolves the zinc to a certain extent, at pH < 12 a very low corrosion rate of zinc occurs due to the development of a passivation film on the zinc surface. This film will stabilize if atmospheric CO2 reaches the surface of the zinc coating. This is the reason for the known durability of zinc coatings under open-air conditions. Galvanizing requires tight control of coating thickness to assure threadability. In most cases the thread inside the nuts or couplers has to be oversized, which could cause a reduction in load capacity. We have found that by using the metallizing method, oversizing the threads is not necessary. Both methods, if properly applied to the ASTM Standard, provide a good protective coating. 2.) Fusion bonded Epoxy Coating Epoxy Coating shall conform to one of the following: ASTM A-934, ASTM A-775, or AASHTO No. M284. Applying this coating requires oversizing of the hardware threads. Care must also be taken not to damage the coating. 3.) DCP, Double Corrosion Protection System. (Not for hollow bars) This method is mostly shop applied to solid Threadbars or All-Thread Bars. This Type 1)

2)

3)

Figure 16: Corrosion protection: 1) Hot dip galvanizing, 2) Epoxy coating 3) DCP (left top to bottom) and DCP detail (right) 16
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of additional corrosion protection was part of the original Dywidag GEWI PILE and ground anchor development and has found worldwide acceptance. The bar is centered using spacers and is fully encapsulated inside a corrugated PVC or HDPE sheathing. The annular space between bar and sheathing must be a minimum of 5 mm (0.2 inch) thick and shop cement grouted. The sheathing must have sufficient strength to prevent damage during construction operations, shall be watertight, chemically stable without embrittlement, softening, and nonreactive with concrete. The minimum sheathing wall thickness shall be 40 mils. The material must conform to ASTM D-3350 polyethylene, Index No. 335520 C, Table 1, ASTM D-1248, and AASHTO No. M252 for HDPE or ASTM D-1784 Class 13464-B for PVC. The encapsulation shall be fabricated from material with the following properties: J Capable of transferring stresses from the grout surrounding the tendon to the grout in bond length J Able to accommodate movements during testing and after lock-off; J Resistant to chemical attack form aggressive environments; J Resistant to aging by ultra-violet light; J Non-detrimental to the tendon; J Capable of withstanding abrasion, impact and bending during handling and installation and J Capable of resisting internal grouting pressures. If steel bar couplers are used, they will be field installed with a double or multiple corrosion protection (DCP or MCP) system as per manufacturer instructions. The cement grout inside the annular space between steel and corrugated sheathing is the most efficient element of corrosion protection. It must provide a proper alkalinity, low permeability, high resistivity, minimum to no shrinkage in both plastic and hardened states, proper fluidity, little or no segregation and no bleeding. 4.) Sacrificial Steel design method (see table 8 next page) Is used primarily for oversizing pipe casing but can also be used for the pile reinforcing bars. The ISCHEBECK Hollow TITAN Bars are tested in various non-aggressive, mild-aggressive and aggressive soils for loss of steel area over a 60 to 120 year design life (see table 8). This method is extensively used in Europe and presently started to be accepted in North America.

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Sacrificial Steel Method

The data and information can be used to determine the sacrificial steel thickness, if no additional corrosion protection (metallizing, galvanizing, stainless steel) is used on CTS/TITAN IBO Bar anchors.

Corrosion Of Buried Metal

Taken from: TRL Report 380/1993 Applied to: Ischebeck TITAN hollow groutable anchors

60 Years

120 Years

Bar Size Cross Ground Diameter Reduced % Loss Diameter Reduced % Loss Section Aggression Loss Area Loss Area mm2 mm mm2 mm mm2
30/16 382 None Mild Aggressive None Mild Aggressive None Mild Aggressive None Mild Aggressive None Mild Aggressive None Mild Aggressive 0.9 1.5 2.9 0.9 1.5 2.9 0.9 1.5 2.9 0.9 1.5 2.9 0.9 1.5 2.9 0.9 1.5 2.9 342 318 263 408 384 331 828 794 718 1271 1226 1124 1533 1469 1320 2998 2904 2688 10.5 17.0 31.0 8.5 14.0 26.0 5.8 9.7 18.3 5.0 8.3 16.0 6.0 10.0 19.0 4.7 7.7 14.6 1.5 2.5 4.9 1.5 2.5 4.9 1.5 2.5 4.9 1.5 2.5 4.9 1.5 2.5 4.9 1.5 2.5 4.9 318 278 190 384 346 261 794 739 613 1226 1153 983 1469 1415 1112 2904 2750 2385 17.0 27.0 50.0 14.0 22.5 41.5 9.7 16.0 30.3 8.3 14.0 26.5 10.0 13.0 32.0 7.7 12.6 24.2

30/11

446

40/16

879

52/26

1337

73/53

1631

103/53

3146

Table 8: Sacrificial steel method

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References
Micro Pile Design and Construction Guidelines: Implementation Manual, US Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-SA-97-070, 2000. Grouted Piles, DIN 4128 9.2, Deutsche Industrie Norm (German Industry Norm) Crack Width Distribution in TITAN Anchors, Technical University Munich, Institute of Civil Engineering, Prof. Dr. Ing. K. Zilch and H.H. Mueller. Corrosion of Buried Metal, TRL Report 380/1983, Great Britain, 1983.

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