Uta Barth http://www.digital-photography-school.

com/photographthe-light-not-the-land

Exposure = Intensity (aperture) X Time (shutter speed) Exposure is a combination of the intensity (brightness) of Light that reaches the digital sensor of film (brightness is controlled by the size of the aperture) and the length of time The light strike that light sensitive surface (duration is controlled by the shutter speed). YOU ADJUST THE EXPOSURE OF YOUR PICTURES BY CHANGING THE SHUTTER SPEED, APERTURE, OR BOTH Remember 3 types of exposure? Manual Shutter Priority Aperture Priority

Exposure meters average the tones in a scene,

Average tone = medium gray =18 percent gray

Remember! Automatic exposure can underexpose Or overexpose your subject. You may have to override it to get the Exposure you want.

Overriding automatic exposure by -go to manual mode -Exposure compensation dial -Backlit button (for backlit scenes)

If the light Level low Try metering A white surface Then +2 stop

Overcast day is a great day!

Tones and Bracketing

Remember! For digital camera, Overexposure can lose significant Detail from highlight area that CANNOT be added later. But remember too dark area can add noise. For negative film, it is better to over Expose the film than under expose. For details in shadow, meter the shadow area then expose 2 stop Less. BEST BET? Bracketing = produces Lighter and darker versions Of the same scene

Most peoples skin tone are rendered within 3 stop. Dark skin seem natural > middle gray or slightly darker (meter) Most light skin tone > 1 stop lighter than middle gray (meter +1) Very light skin > 2 stop lighter than middle gray (meter +2) Note: Digital > Slight overexposure can lose detail from highlight That cant be added later. Negative film > Better to overexpose. If you want shadow dark but Still clearly visible then meter the shadow area and expose 2 stop Less than meter. Change will effects ALL THE VALUES IN THE IMAGE. BRACKET BRACKET!

In very contrast lighting, NO film or digital sensor can record color and details simultaneously in very light highlight and very dark shadow Try exposing for the most important part of the scene, then bracket additional exposure. Its easier to get good exposures with color if lighting is soft or flat. Image editing software can merge bracketed exposures.

Paul D'amato

ISO (International Organization Standardization) number Tells how sensitive a film or sensor is to light The higher the ISO = the less light is required But you pay the price: Increasing the sensitivity of the camera's light sensor (ISO) introduces noise into the photo--random pixels of color. In ordinary conditions, stick with the camera's lowest ISO level, since that'll give you the least digital noise. But when you notice that the camera is recommending a really slow shutter speed crank up the ISO. Just remember to drop it back down to the lower value when you're done. Tip: Your camera may have noise reduction!

Iso 50

Iso 100

Iso 400

Not only grain but lower resolution and less accurate color

Filters

B&W Film Filters let you control the relative lightness and garkness of Tones in B&W photograph. Think of it as subtracting (and darkening) colors. Ex. Red filter > tint the scene red > removing blue and green = make blue and green darker.

Contrast filter absorbs its complimentary color.

Correction filters are color filters designed to correct the response of film.

ONLY DARKEN BLUE SKY

LOOKING AT YOUR CAMERAS histogram

LINK LINK

Filters also used with color film and digital camera Neutral density filters absorb an equally quantity of all wave length of light. Reduced the overall amount of light that reach the film While leaving color balance unchanged.

So you can use slower shutter speed or larger aperture.

A polarizing filter affects ONLY light vibrating at certain angles.

Use to remove reflections (glass, water, any smooth surface except metal), darken skies, intensify colors. Increase 1-2 stops

Special effects filters/lens attachment

Hiroshi Sugimoto

Tokohiro Sato (long exposure)

Tina Modotti

manuel alvarez bravo

CHANGES IN LIGHTING WILL CHANGE YOUR PICTURES Light can affect the feeling of a photograph. Ex. Brilliant crisp hazy soft harsh smooth

Practice by observing the light on your subject. YUSUF KARSH

Direction of light > important because of shadow When looking at light -direction of the light -direction of the shadow -Position of camera
Before you shoot, take a Moment to consider your Alternatives -should you move the subjects? --should you move the camera? --should you wait for the sun to move?

Front lighting comes from behind the camera toward the subject. The front of subject is evenly lit with minimal shadow visible.

Clear surface details but volume and textures are less pronounced. Ex. Flash

Garry Winogrand

Back lighting comes toward the camera from behind the subject. Can

make translucent object glow, create rim lighting, bright outline.

Shadows are cast toward camera> prominent shadows > front of subject in shadow.

http://video.nytimes.com/

Side lighting comes toward the side of the subject and camera. Shadows are prominent, cast at the side of the subject.

Side lighting emphasize texture and volume. (early am.& late pm.)

Henry Wessel

Degree of diffusion > can range from contrast, hard edged, soft, diffuse. Usually refer to quality of light.

Direct light creates hard- edged, dark shadow. The smaller the light relative to subject or the farther away > the sharper & darker the shadow will be. (ex. Spotlight, the sun on clear day)

Diffused light scatters onto the subject from many directions. Ex. Overcast sky, tenting

Danny Lyon

Its shows little or no directionality. Light shadow, indistinct edges. Subject Surrounded by illumination.

Directional-diffused light combines qualities of direct and Diffused light. Shadow are visible but not too prominent.

Small window lets light into shadow

Large window

Or use floodlights & umbrella

Lotte Jacobi

Danny Lyon

Available light --Outdoors > you cant control but learn to work with it.

Clear, sunny day creates bright highlights and dark, hard-edged shadows. (Look carefully, move around, or use fill light)

Pay attention!! Light can bounce of concrete or other reflective surface onto subject

On overcast day, at dusk, or in the shade, light will be diffused and soft.

Bill Burke Good & beautiful revealing light that illuminate all part of the scene.

The light & shadow change as the time of day change.

Work early morning or late afternoon on a very sunny day.

Bill Gaskins

Available light --Indoors > Can be contrast or flat depend on the source of light. When shooting indoor, expose for the most important parts of the picture.

margaret bourke white

Shooting toward a bright window or lamp indoor creates contrasty light. The light is Directional with bright area fading off quickly into shadow. You can keep detail in Highlights or shadow but not in both. METER THE MOST IMPORTANT PART.

Diffused light indoors occurs when light comes from several different directions

Polly Brown

NOTE: Light indoors is often relatively dim If you want to use existing light & not add flash or other light Into a scene > use slow shutter speed and/or wider aperture. Focus carefully. High ISO setting (400) or fast film will help.

Assignment 3: Everything is Illuminated

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSUOYY4oukc

Lighting with flash > flash increase the light indoor or out.

Flash stops motion!

Use flash to: Stop motion of moving subject & prevent blur. Provide portable but predictable light. Flash light is consistent Flash light is cooler than tungsten light.

TYPE

Lighting with Flash Note: Flash must be synchronized with the cameras shutter.

flash diffuser

Flash equipment (should be used with daylight-balanced color film)

link

Flash use as fill light Flash use in addition to basic exposure can open up dark shadow so they show details.

Flash increase the light on a fully shaded subject that is against a brighter background.

You dont need a complicated lighting arrangement for portraits Or many other objects.

Amy Stein

Keep portrait setups as simple as possible so the subject is relaxed

Outdoors, open shade or an overcast sky = soft even light

Fazal Sheikh

Indoor, Window light is convenient source of light during the day

Amy Stein

link

William Wegman

Artificial light

PHOTOFLOODS -TUNGSTEN like a household bulb but produce more light. Also called Hot light. 3200K color temperature.

Quartz-halogen bulb

Color balanced for indoor color films. More expensive but last longer.

Reflectors

Barndoor > shades some part of subject or shields the lens From light to prevent flare. Softbox > produce soft, even light.

Same properties are present in artificial light as in available light.

The bigger the light source relative to subject, the softer the quality of light. Similar to the sun > the farther back you move A light, the smaller it will be and the harder the shadow will appear. Move the same light closer = broader light = softer light
The more diffused the source, the softer the light

Spotlight = focuses light on subject = bright highlight & dark Hard-edge shadows.

the farther back you move a light, the smaller it will be and the harder the shadow will appear.

Floodlight = slightly wider source but still with relatively hard-edged shadows especially when use at a distance.

Softbox or reflector = soft diffused light, wider shadow

DIY1

The main light (key light)> the dominant source should create the only visible shadow
or at least the most important ones. The position of the main light affects the Appearance of texture and volume

Main light Fill light

The fill light: to lighten shadows. Fill light makes shadows less dark by adding light to them.

Reflector is a simple, effective, and inexpensive way to make fill light! Place reflector on the opposite side of the subject from The main light bounces the main light into shadow areas.

DIY! 16X20 or larger cardboard>one side paint matt white, Other side cover with crumpled then flatted aluminum foil.

Flood light can also be used for fill lighting. A light source used as A fill light generally placed close to the lens so that any secondary shadows will not be visible.

To measure the different between highlights and shadows

A main light plus reflector is the simplest setup

-Conventional portrait lighting is realistic but flattering. -Use a moderately long lens -Your choice of main light affects the quality of light