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GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The TC7135 4-1/2 digit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) offers 50 ppm (1 part in 20,000) resolution with a maximum nonlinearity error of 1 count. An auto-zero cycle reduces zero error to below 10 V and zero drift to 0.5 V/C. Source impedance errors are minimized by a 10 pA maximum input current. Roll-over error is limited to 1 count. By combining the TC7135 with a TC7211A (LCD) or TC7212A (LED) driver, a 4-1/2 digit display DVM or DPM can be constructed. Overrange and underrange signals support automatic range switching and special display blanking/flashing applications. Microprocessor-based measurement systems are supported by BUSY, STROBE, and RUN/HOLD control signals. Remote data acquisition systems with data transfer via UARTs are also possible. The additional control pins and multiplexed BCD outputs make the TC7135 the ideal converter for display or microprocessor-based measurement systems.
2 3 4 5 6
ORDERING INFORMATION
Part No.
TC7135CBU TC7135CLI TC7135CPI
Package
64-Pin Plastic Flat Package 28-Pin PLCC 28-Pin Plastic DIP
Temperature Range
0C to +70C 0C to +70C 0C to +70C
TC04
ANALOG GROUND 1 F 0.1 F
INPUT
100 k
REF IN OR 3 ANALOG STROBE 0.47 F 4 COMMON RUN/HOLD INT OUT 5 1 F DGND AZ IN 6 POL BUFF OUT 100 k 7 CLOCK CREF 8 + BUSY CREF 9 D1 INPUT 10 D2 +INPUT 11 +5V D3 V+ 12 D5 D4 13 TC7135 B1 B8 14 B2 B4
CD4054A
7 8 13 11 10 9 2 6 BACKPLANE
D R I V E
1/4 CD4030
CD4081
7
SEG OUT 2,3,4 626 3740 36 +5V OSC OPTIONAL CAP 35 GND
TC7211A
27 B 0
8
TC7135-10 11/6/96
3-113
Parameter
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Input Low Current Input High Current Output Low Voltage Output High Voltage B1, B2, B4, B8, D1D5 Busy, Polarity, Overrange, Underrange, Strobe Clock Frequency Positive Supply Voltage Negative Supply Voltage Positive Supply Current Negative Supply Current Power Dissipation
2.4 4.9 0 4 3
A A V V V kHz V V mA mA mW
1. Limit input current to under 100A if input voltages exceed supply voltage. 2. Full-scale voltage = 2V. 3. VIN = 0V. 4. 0C TA +70C.
External reference temperature coefficient less than 0.01 ppm/C. 2V VIN +2V. Error of reading from best fit straight line. |VIN| = 1.9959. Specification related to clock frequency range over which the TC7135 correctly performs its various functions. Increased errors result at higher operating frequencies.
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DGND
BUSY
POL
V
NC NC D1 D2 NC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
28 UNDERRANGE 27 OVERRANGE
2 3 4 5 6 7
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49
48 NC 47 NC 46 NC 45 D3 44 D4 43 B8 42 B4 41 B2 40 NC
REF IN ANALOG COM INT OUT AZ IN BUFF OUT C REF + CREF INPUT
TC7135CPI (PDIP)
TC7135CBU (PFP)
(NOTES 1)
39 B1 38 D5 37 NC 36 NC
33 NC 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
INT OUT
AZ IN
+INPUT
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC + C REF NC
INPUT
NC
NC
V+
OR
UR
34 NC
STROBE
22 CLOCK IN 21 BUSY 20 D1 (LSD) 19 D2
35 NC
+INPUT 10 V + 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
B4 (MSB) B8 D4
TC7135CLI (PLCC)
(MSD) D5 (LSB) B1 B2
D3
8
TELCOM SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.
3-115
1 2
V REF IN
+ IN
UNDERRANGE
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
IN
SWZ
SW + RI
SW RI
SWZ
INTEGRATOR
SW I
V+
SWR
CREF
SWZ
SW + RI
SW RI
SWZ
INTEGRATOR
Figure 3C. Input Signal Integration Phase Figure 2. Digital Logic Input
SW I + IN SW RI SW + RI
SW I + IN SW RI SW + RI
SW + RI
SW RI
SWZ
INTEGRATOR
SW + RI
SW RI
SWZ
INTEGRATOR
SW1
SW I IN
SW1
TO DIGITAL SECTION
REF IN
SWR
CREF
REF IN
SWR
CREF
REF IN
+ TO DIGITAL SECTION
OVERRANGE 3 ANALOG STROBE COMMON ANALOG GND 4 RUN/HOLD INT OUT 0.47 1 F 5 F DIGTAL GND AZ IN 6 POLARITY BUFF OUT 100 k 7 CLOCK IN CREF 100 SIGNAL 1 F 8 + BUSY k INPUT CREF 9 INPUT (LSD) D1 0.1 F 10 D2 +INPUT TC7135 11 + D3 +5V V 12 D5 (MSD) D4 13 B1 (LSB) (MSB) B8 14 B2 B4
TO DIGITAL SECTION
TO DIGITAL SECTION
VIN = VR
[ ]
tRI . tSI
2 3 4 5 6
CLOCK
SW + RI
SW RI
SWZ
INTEGRATOR
TO DIGITAL SECTION
SW1
The dual-slope converter accuracy is unrelated to the integrating resistor and capacitor values, as long as they are stable during a measurement cycle. Noise immunity is an inherent benefit. Noise spikes are integrated, or averaged, to zero during integration periods. Integrating ADCs are immune to the large conversion errors that plague successive approximation converters in high-noise environments. (See Figure 4.)
SWITCH DRIVER REF VOLTAGE PHASE CONTROL CONTROL LOGIC POLARITY CONTROL
tSI VIN(t) dt =
VR tRI , RC
INTEGRATOR OUTPUT
where: VR = Reference voltage tSI = Signal integration time (fixed) tRI = Reference voltage integration time (variable). TELCOM SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.
INTEGRATOR COMPARATOR
COUNTER
SWI
SWR
SW1
Closed
SWIZ
Reference Schematic
3B 3C 3D
Closed
3E
*NOTE: Assumes a positive polarity input signal. SWR would be closed for a negative input signal.
System Zero Phase During this phase, errors due to buffer, integrator, and comparator offset voltages are compensated for by charging CAZ (auto-zero capacitor) with a compensating error voltage. With zero input voltage, the integrator output remains at zero. The external input signal is disconnected from the internal circuitry by opening the two SWI switches. The internal input points connect to analog common. The reference capacitor charges to the reference voltage potential through SWR. A feedback loop, closed around the integrator and comparator, charges the CAZ with a voltage to compensate for buffer amplifier, integrator, and comparator offset voltages. (See Figure 3B.) Analog Input Signal Integration Phase The TC7135 integrates the differential voltage between the +INPUT and INPUT. The differential voltage must be within the device's common-mode range; 1V from either supply rail, typically. The input signal polarity is determined at the end of this phase. (See Figure 3C.) Reference Voltage Integration Phase The previously-charged reference capacitor is connected with the proper polarity to ramp the integrator output back to zero. (See Figure 3D.) The digital reading displayed is: Reading = 10,000
Integrator Output Zero Phase This phase guarantees the integrator output is at 0V when the system zero phase is entered and that the true system offset voltages are compensated for. This phase normally lasts 100 to 200 clock cycles. If an overrange condition exists, the phase is extended to 6200 clock cycles. (See Figure 3E.)
3-118
TC05
2.5VREF
TC7135
ANALOG COMMON I REF
The major digital subsystems within the TC7135 are illustrated in Figure 6, with timing relationships shown in Figure 7. The multiplexed BCD output data can be displayed on an LCD with the TC7211A. The digital section is best described through a discussion of the control signals and data outputs. RUN/HOLD Input When left open, the RUN/HOLD (R/H) input (pin 25) assumes a logic "1" level. With R/H = 1, the TC7135 performs conversions continuously, with a new measurement cycle beginning every 40,002 clock pulses. When R/H changes to logic "0," the measurement cycle in progress will be completed, and data held and displayed, as long as the logic "0" condition exists. A positive pulse (>300nsec) at R/H initiates a new measurement cycle. The measurement cycle in progress when R/H initially assumed logic "0" must be completed before the positive pulse can be recognized as a single conversion run command. The new measurement cycle begins with a 10,001count auto-zero phase. At the end of this phase, the busy signal goes high.
2 3 4 5
V V+ V+ 6.8 k
REF IN
TC04
20 k 1.25V REF
TC7135
ANALOG COMMON
ANALOG GROUND
POLARITY
D5 MSB
D4 DIGIT
D3 DRIVE MULTIPLEXER
D2 SIGNAL
6 7
POLARITY FF
COUNTERS
CONTROL LOGIC 24 DIGITAL GND 22 CLOCK IN 25 RUN/ HOLD 27 OVER RANGE 28 UNDER RANGE 26 STROBE 21 BUSY
8
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INTEGRATOR OUTPUT SIGNAL INTE SYSTEM 10,000 ZERO 10,001 COUNTS COUNTS (FIXED) REFERENCE INTEGRATE 20,001 COUNTS (MAX)
BUSY
END OF CONVERSION
*
B1B8 D5 (MSD) DATA D4 DATA D3 DATA D2 DATA D1 (LSD) DATA D5 DATA
, ,
OVERRANGE WHEN APPLICABLE UNDERRANGE WHEN APPLICABLE EXPANDED SCALE BELOW DIGIT SCAN D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 100 COUNTS STROBE AUTO ZERO DIGIT SCAN FOR OVERRANGE
D5
200 COUNTS
D4
200 COUNTS
D3
200 COUNTS
D2
200 COUNTS
D1
200 COUNTS
* D5
D4 D3 D2 D1
SIGNAL INTEGRATE
REFERENCE INTEGRATE
The active-low STROBE pulses aid BCD data transfer to UARTs, microprocessors, and external latches. (See Application Note AN-16.) BUSY Output At the beginning of the signal-integration phase, BUSY (pin 21) goes high and remains high until the first clock pulse after the integrator zero crossing. BUSY returns to logic "0" after the measurement cycle ends in an overrange condition. The internal display latches are loaded during the first clock pulse after BUSY and are latched at the clock pulse end. The BUSY signal does not go high at the beginning of the measurement cycle, which starts with the auto-zero phase. OVERRANGE Output If the input signal causes the reference voltage integration time to exceed 20,000 clock pulses, the OVERRANGE output (pin 27) is set to logic "1." The OVERRANGE output register is set when BUSY goes low and reset at the beginning of the next reference-integration phase. UNDERRANGE Output If the output count is 9% of full scale or less (1800 counts), the UNDERRANGE output (pin 28) register bit is set at the end of BUSY. The bit is set low at the next signalintegration phase. TELCOM SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.
STROBE Output During the measurement cycle, the STROBE output (pin 26) control line is pulsed low five times. The five low pulses occur in the center of the digit drive signals (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5; see Figure 8). D5 goes high for 201 counts when the measurement cycles end. In the center of D5 pulse, 101 clock pulses after the end of the measurement cycle, the first STROBE occurs for one-half clock pulse. After D5 strobe, D4 goes high for 200 clock pulses. STROBE goes low 100 clock pulses after D4 goes high. This continues through the D1 drive pulse. The digit drive signals will continue to permit display scanning. STROBE pulses are not repeated until a new measurement is completed. The digit drive signals will not continue if the previous signal resulted in an overrange condition.
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2 3 4 5 6 7
A very important characteristic of the CINT is that it has low dielectric absorption to prevent roll-over or ratiometric errors. A good test for dielectric absorption is to use the capacitor with the input tied to the reference. This ratiometric condition should read half-scale 0.9999. Any deviation is probably due to dielectric absorption. Polypropylene capacitors give undetectable errors at reasonable cost. Polystyrene and polycarbonate capacitors may also be used in less critical applications. Auto-Zero and Reference Capacitors The size of the auto-zero capacitor (CAZ) has some influence on system noise. A large capacitor reduces noise. The reference capacitor (CREF) should be large enough such that stray capacitance from its nodes to ground is negligible. The dielectric absorption of CREF and CAZ is only important at power-on, or when the circuit is recovering from an overload. Smaller or cheaper capacitors can be used if accurate readings are not required during the first few seconds of recovery. Reference Voltage The analog input required to generate a full-scale output is VIN = 2 VREF. The stability of the reference voltage is a major factor in overall absolute accuracy of the converter. Therefore, it is recommended that high-quality references be used where high-accuracy, absolute measurements are being made. Suitable references are: Part Type
TC04 TC05
Manufacturer
TelCom Semiconductor TelCom Semiconductor
Conversion Timing
Line Frequency Rejection A signal-integration period at a multiple of the 60 Hz line frequency will maximize 60 Hz "line noise" rejection. A 100 kHz clock frequency will reject 50 Hz, 60 Hz and 400 Hz noise, corresponding to 2.5 readings per second.
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High-Speed Operation
The maximum conversion rate of most dual-slope ADCs is limited by frequency response of the comparator. The comparator in this circuit follows the integrator ramp with a 3 s delay, and at a clock frequency of 160 kHz (6 s period), half of the first reference integrate clock period is lost in delay. This means the meter reading will change from 0 to 1 with a 50 V input, 1 to 2 with 150 V, 2 to 3 with 250 V, etc. This transition at midpoint is considered desirable by most users; however, if clock frequency is increased appreciably above 160 kHz, the instrument will flash "1" on noise peaks even when the input is shorted. For many dedicated applications, where the input signal is always of one polarity, comparator delay need not be a limitation. Since nonlinearity and noise do not increase substantially with frequency, clock rates up to ~1 MHz may be used. For a fixed clock frequency, the extra count (or counts) caused by comparator delay will be constant and can be digitally subtracted. The clock frequency may be extended above 160 kHz without this error, however, by using a low value resistor in series with the integrating capacitor. The effect of the resistor is to introduce a small pedestal voltage onto the integrator output at the beginning of reference-integrate phase. By careful selection of the ratio between this resistor and the integrating resistor (a few tens of ohms in the recommended circuit), the comparator delay can be compensated for and maximum clock frequency extended by approximately a factor of 3. At higher frequencies, ringing and second-order breaks will cause significant nonlinearities during the first few counts of the instrument. The minimum clock frequency is established by leakage on the auto-zero and reference capacitors. With most devices, measurement cycles as long as 10 seconds give no measurable leakage error. The clock used should be free from significant phase or frequency jitter. Several suitable low-cost oscillators are shown in the applications section. The multiplexed output means if the display takes significant current from the logic supply, the clock should have good PSRR.
Package
40-Pin Epoxy
Description
4-Digit LCD Driver/Encoder
Address
640 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, CA 94304 720 Palomar Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 3415 Kanhi Kawa St. Torrance, CA 90505
Display Type
LED LCD and LED LCD
Zero-Crossing Flip-Flop
The flip-flop interrogates data once every clock pulse after transients of the previous clock pulse and half-clock pulse have died down. False zero-crossings caused by clock pulses are not recognized. Of course, the flip-flop delays the true zero-crossing by up to one count in every instance, and if a correction were not made, the display would always be one count too high. Therefore, the counter
3-122
+5V V+ V 11 8 1 (5V) 10 F 5
2
TC7660
+ 10 F 2 3
TC7135
24
+ 4
3 4
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
RC Oscillator Circuit
R2 C fO R1
16 k 56 k 2 0.22 F 3 16 k 8 7 1
4
1 k
1. fO
R2 100 k
C1 0.1 F
a. If R = R1 = R2, f 0.55/RC b. If R2 >> R1, f 0.45/R1C c. If R2 << R1, f 0.72/R1C 2. Examples: a. f = 120 kHz, C = 420 pF R1 = R2 10.9 k b. f = 120 kHz, C = 420 pF, R2 = 50 k R1 = 8.93 k c. f = 120 kHz, C = 220 pF, R2 = 5 k R1 = 27.3 k
R2 100 k
+5V
LM311
4
+ 6
VOUT
5 6 7
LM311
30 k
390 pF
R4 2 k
C2 10 pF 7 R3 50 k VOUT
8
3-123
20 4 0.47 F 1 F 5 D1
19 D2
18 D3
17 D4
12 D5
TC7135
+ CREF 8 16 15 B4 14 B2 13 B1 B8 V+
X7 915 16
1 F
7447
+5V
11
TC04
1/2 CD4030 5V 1 V 4 0.47 F 5 1 F 6 100 k 120 kHz 100 k + ANALOG INPUT 22 fIN B8 16 15 14 13 CD4071 30 29 28 27 D BUFF OUT D4 AZ IN INT OUT D2 D3 23 POL D1 20 19 18 17 5 CD4081 1/4 CD4030 31 32 33 34 BP D1 D2 D3 D4
TC7211A
B3 B2 V+ B1 GND B0 1 35
TC7135
B4 B2 B1
10
+INPUT
+5V
3-124
2 3
+5V
UR OR STROBE
TC04
1.22V
100 k
3 ANALOG GND 4 INT OUT 5 AZ IN 6 BUFF OUT 100 k 7 + CREF 1 F 8 CREF 9 INPUT 1 F 10 +5V 11 12 13 14 +INPUT V+
CD4513 6 BE
5 4 3 2 1
TC7135
D5 (MSD) B1 (LSB) B2
4 5 6
fO = 120 kHz
V+ REF
CAP BUF AZ
1Y 2Y 3Y
157
10 14
LH0084
16
6522 -VIA-
REF VOLTAGE
CHANNEL SELECTION
+ 15
1B 2B 3B SEL 1A 2A 3A
11 8 3 9
DG529
DA DB WR A1 A0 EN
8
3-125
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