Assignment III Q.1 What is Data Base Management?

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security. Components

DBMS engine accepts logical requests from various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalents, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device. Data definition subsystem helps the user create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database. Data manipulation subsystem helps the user to add, change, and delete information in a database and query it for valuable information. Software tools within the data manipulation subsystem are most often the primary interface between user and the information contained in a database. It allows the user to specify its logical information requirements. Application generation subsystem contains facilities to help users develop transaction-intensive applications. It usually requires that the user perform a detailed series of tasks to process a transaction. It facilitates easy-to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces. Data administration subsystem helps users manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control, and change management.

Modeling language A modeling language is a data modeling language to define the schema of each database hosted in the DBMS, according to the DBMS database model. Database management systems (DBMS) are designed to use one of five database structures to provide simplistic access to information stored in databases. The five database structures are:

the hierarchical model, the network model, the relational model, the multidimensional model, and the object model.

Inverted lists and other methods are also used. A given database management system may provide one or more of the five models. The optimal structure depends on the natural organization of the application's

data, and on the application's requirements, which include transaction rate (speed), reliability, maintainability, scalability, and cost.

Q.2 Importance of Data base Managemnt. Without a database management system organizing, controlling and cataloging data, an information system would be an organized conglomeration of data. The ultimate role of a database management system is to implement controls and provide maintenance to data files using data security to ensure integrity of data. 1. Cataloging of File Structures o The process of cataloging files in a database management system (DBMS) is extremely important. There are various file types, which range from actual computer code and query programs (which extract information) to system utility and record maintenance programs. All of these programs have a unique file structure, which is identified by a system schematic or "schema." Without the process of a file structure, files would be hard to access and operate. A file structure within a (DBMS) provides an orderly structure for file access and management. Identification of Database Types
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A DBMS system can consist of various database types. A database holds the record structure of information. Databases within a DBMS can be an indexed, sequential or relational database. An index database is based on a primary key and can be indexed on any unique field within the database structure. A sequential database is accessed by starting at the very first record in the database and a relational database consists of records, which can be joined to other existing records in another database based on unique identifiers. The DBMS allows for partitioning, cataloging and access for these database types.

Data Security
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Data security is an important feature for any information system. A DBMS provides security tables, which are records designated for user information, identification and passwords. The security system is constructed from relational database tables and each condition (user access codes) must be met in each table for a user to access the system. DBMS systems can have built-in security applications, which assign user rights and privileges by using a table of authorities in the system utility applications.

Tables and Records

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Within a DBMS, all databases have assigned records. Records are classified as item or detail records. Item records are general information records and detail records focus on a field identifier within the item record and provide extra "detailed" information on the field and generated its record from the item record. Tables are structures on which item and detail records exist. An example of an item and detail record is a description of furniture on a database consisting of general data fields for shipping, payment, etc., and a corresponding detail record, which further breaks down the furniture into various colors.

Integrity of Data Sets

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If an information system is a transaction based processing system, data sets are created to catalog changes in data initiated by users to the system with all changes reporting on a transaction exception report. Data is collected, distributed and processed using batch or real-time methods. If it is a batch routine, most organizations will update their systems once a day while, with a real-time system, updates can be added immediately.

Q.3 Elobarate E-commerce and other future trends Ecommerce In its simplest form ecommerce is the buying and selling of products and services by businesses and consumers over the Internet. People use the term "ecommerce" to describe encrypted payments on the Internet. Sometimes these transactions include the real-time transfer of funds from buyer to seller and sometimes this is handled manually through an eft-pos terminal once a secure order is received by the merchant. Internet sales are increasing rapidly as consumers take advantage of lower prices offer by wholesalers retailing their products. This trend is set to strengthen as web sites address consumer security and privacy concerns. Benefits of E-Commerce E-commerce can provide the following benefits over non-electronic commerce:

Reduced costs by reducing labour, reduced paper work, reduced errors in keying in data, reduce post costs Reduced time. Shorter lead times for payment and return on investment in advertising, faster delivery of product Flexibility with efficiency. The ability to handle complex situations, product ranges and customer profiles without the situation becoming unmanageable. Improve relationships with trading partners. Improved communication between trading partners leads to enhanced long-term relationships. Lock in Customers. The closer you are to your customer and the more you work with them to change from normal business practices to best practice e-commerce the harder it is for a competitor to upset your customer relationship. New Markets. The Internet has the potential to expand your business into wider geographical locations.

B2C - business to consumer Initial B2C trading focused on music CDs, software and books - items which were compact and easily shipped and where prices could be slashed once the retailer's cut was taken out of the margin. The Amazon book store would be a good example of this. These products pushed the perimeters of the market out for goods bought on-line.

Books and CDs are relatively generic products. A CD bought in the US will have the same music and quality as one bought locally (the exception is the cover art) and so there is no doubt in the consumers mind exactly what the product is. This is not the case with clothing, where sizes can confuse the purchase decision... and where tactile senses figure strongly in the purchasing decision. Ebay has really transform purchasing behaviour on the web. Many people have made their first ecommerce transaction on Ebay. Many people sell on Ebay too, given raise to the work-from-home/drop shipping model of ecommerce. B2B - business to business On the Internet, B2B (business to business) is the exchange of products or services between businesses rather than between businesses and consumers. Although early interest centered on the growth of retailing on the Internet, forecasts are that B2B revenue will far exceed B2C revenue in the near future. Payment Gateways Both PayPal and Paymate offer credit card to bank account payments. Using one of these services you can invoice a customer, they can pay on Paymate and the funds will be deposited in your bank account ... less a transaction fee. Unlike a credit card merchant facility you will not have ongoing, minimum monthly fees... and the transaction fee is better than what most card companies offer small merchants. Additional these service are being backed into other ecommerce sites and shopping carts. Ebay for example uses Paypal to process some payments. Auction Sites Auction sites such as Ebay and TradeMe have done an enormous amount to get ordinary people involved in online trading. Today many Ebay merchants are establishing their own web sites to avoid Ebay and Pay Pal fees. They have learnt about how to present their product in their Ebay store and what issues are important to their customers in purchasing their product and now they are ready to start their own web site. Integration Imagine a web site that would allow your customers to place an order for your goods and when they sent their order to you, your stock or inventory database was updated immediately, outwards goods were notified and the customer was sent an advice from packing staff when the goods were shipped. Many businesses do each of these things but few join them together or "integrate" them. As businesses become familiar with the Internet, it won't take long for business people to see that their order-taking, stock control and delivery systems should be merged into one seamless function. Q.4 Need of automatic identification system in cim

The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is an automatic tracking system used on ships and by Vessel traffic services (VTS) for identifying and locating vessels by electronically exchanging data with other nearby ships and AIS Base stations. AIS information supplements marine radar, which continues to be the primary method of collision avoidance for water transport. Information provided by AIS equipment, such as unique identification, position, course, and speed, can be displayed on a screen or an ECDIS. AIS is intended to assist a vessel's watchstanding officers and allow maritime authorities to track and monitor vessel movements. AIS integrates a standardized VHF transceiver with a positioning system such as a LORAN-C or GPS receiver, with other electronic navigation sensors, such as a gyrocompass or rate of turn indicator. Vessels fitted with AIS transceivers and transponders can be tracked by AIS base stations located along coast lines or, when out of range of terrestrial networks, through a growing number of satellites fitted with special AIS receivers. Collision avoidance AIS was developed primarily for use as a collision-avoidance aid for large vessels while at sea and not within range of shore-based systems. Due to the limitations of VHF radio communications, and because not all vessels are equipped with AIS, the system is meant to be used primarily as a means of lookout and to determine risk of collision rather than as an automatic collision avoidance system, in accordance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS). While requirements of AIS are to display only very basic text information, the data obtained can be integrated with a graphical electronic chart or a radar display, providing consolidated navigational information on a single display. Vessel traffic services In busy waters and harbors, a local vessel traffic service (VTS) may exist to manage ship traffic. Here, AIS provides additional traffic awareness and information about the configuration and movements of the ships. Homeland Security AIS enables authorities to identify specific vessels and their activity. When AIS data is fused with existing radar systems, authorities are able to differentiate between vessels more easily and therefore obtain much-improved maritime domain awareness and control over their coastal security. Aids to navigation AIS was developed with the ability to broadcast positions and names of objects other than vessels, like navigational aid and marker positions, as well as dynamic data (e.g. currents, weather) related to the environment surrounding the marker. These aids can be located on shore, such as in a lighthouse, or on the water, platforms, or buoys. The US Coast Guard suggests that AIS might replace racon (radar beacons) currently used for electronic navigation aids.[1] Search and rescue For coordinating resources on-scene of a marine search and rescue (SAR) operation, it is important to know the position and navigation status of ships in the vicinity. Here, AIS can provide additional

information and awareness of the resources for on-scene operation, even though AIS range is limited to VHF radio range. The AIS standard also envisioned the possible use on SAR aircraft, and included a message (AIS Message 9) for aircraft to report their position. Accident investigation AIS information received by VTS is important for accident investigation since it provides accurate time, identity, GPS-based position, compass heading, course over ground (COG), speed (by log/SOG), and rate of turn (ROT) of the ships involved, rather than the less accurate information provided by radar. A more complete picture of the events could be obtained by Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) data if available and maintained on board for details of the movement of the ship, voice communication and radar pictures during the accidents. However, VDR data are not maintained due to the limited twelve hours storage by IMO requirement. Binary messages AIS messages 6, 8, 25, and 26 provide "Application Specific Messages" (ASM), that allow "competent authorities" to define additional AIS message sub-types. There are both "addressed" (ABM) and "broadcast" (BBM) variants of the message. Addressed messages, while containing a destination MMSI, are not private and may be decoded by any receiver. Computing and networking Several computer programs have been created for use with AIS data. Some programs (such as ShipPlotter and Gnuais) use a computer to demodulate the raw audio from a modified marine VHF radiotelephone, tuned to the AIS frequencies (Channel 87 161.975 MHz and Channel 88 162.025 MHz) into AIS data. Some programs can re-transmit the AIS information to a local or global network allowing the public or authorized users to observe vessel traffic from the web. Some programs display AIS data received from a dedicated AIS receiver onto a computer or chartplotter. Most of these programs are not AIS transmitters, thus they will not broadcast your vessel's position, but may be used as an inexpensive alternative to AIS devices for smaller vessels. Ship enthusiasts also use such systems to track and find vessels to add to their photo collections.[6] Q.5 Explain Data Base , DBMs and RDBMS database is an organized collection of data, today typically in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies). The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system. The term database system implies that the data is managed to some level of quality (measured in terms of accuracy, availability, usability, and resilience) and this in turn often implies the use of a general-purpose database management system (DBMS).[1] A general-purpose DBMS is typically a complex software system that meets many usage requirements, and the databases that it maintains are often large and complex. The utilization of databases is now spread to such a wide degree that virtually every technology

and product relies on databases and DBMSs for its development and commercialization, or even may have such embedded in it. Also, organizations and companies, from small to large, heavily depend on databases for their operations. What Is DBMS? Data is one of the most important assets of a company. It is very important to make sure data is stored and maintained accurately and quickly. DBMS (DatabaseManagement System) is a system that s used to store and manage data. A DBMS is a set of programs that is used to store and manipulation data. Manipulation of data include the following: _ Adding new data, for example adding details of new student. _ Deleting unwanted data, for example deleting the details of students who have completed course. _ Changing existing data, for example modifying the fee paid by the student. A DBMS provides various functions like data security, data integrity, data sharing, data concurrence, data independence, data recovery etc. However, all database management systems that are now available in the market like Sybase, Oracle, and MS-Access do not provide the same set of functions, though all are meant for data management. Database managements systems like Oracle, DB2 are more powerful and meant for bigger companies. Whereas, database management systems like MS-Access are meant for small companies. So one has to choose the DBMS depending upon the requirement. Features of DBMS The following are main features offered by DBMS. Apart from these features different database anagement systems may offer different features. For instance, Oracle is increasing being fine-tuned to be the database for Internet applications. This may not be found in other database management systems. These are the general features of database management systems. Each DBMS has its own way of implementing it. A DBMS may have more features the features discussed here and may also enhance these features. Support for large amount of data Data sharing, concurrency and locking Data Security Data Integrity Fault tolerance and recovery Support for Languages Q.6 Describe three Data Base Models Data Models A database model is the theoretical foundation of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated in a database system. It thereby defines the infrastructure offered by a particular database system. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model. Data model is a way of storing and retrieving the data. There are three different data models. Data models differ in the way they allow users to view and manipulate relationships between entities. Each has its own way of storing the data. The following are the three different data models: Hierarchical Network Relational

Hierarchical model

In a hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree-like structure, implying a single upward link in each record to describe the nesting, and a sort field to keep the records in a particular order in each same-level list. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the early mainframe database management systems, such as the Information Management System (IMS) by IBM, and now describe the structure of XML documents. This structure allows one 1:M relationship between two types of data. This structure is very efficient to describe many relationships in the real world; recipes, table of contents, ordering of paragraphs/verses, any nested and sorted information. However, the hierarchical structure is inefficient for certain database operations when a full path (as opposed to upward link and sort field) is not also included for each record. Motherchild relationship: Child may only have one mother but a mother can have multiple children. Mothers and children are tied together by links called "pointers". A mother will have a list of pointers to each of her children. Network model

The network model (defined by the CODASYL specification) organizes data using two fundamental concepts, called records and sets. Records contain fields (which may be organized hierarchically, as in the programming language COBOL). Sets (not to be confused with mathematical sets) define one-to-many relationships between records: one owner, many members. A record may be an owner in any number of sets, and a member in any number of sets. The network model is a variation on the hierarchical model, to the extent that it is built on the concept of multiple branches (lower-level structures) emanating from one or more nodes (higher-level structures), while the model differs from the hierarchical model in that branches can be connected to multiple nodes. The network model is able to represent redundancy in data more efficiently than in the hierarchical model. The operations of the network model are navigational in style: a program maintains a current position, and navigates from one record to another by following the relationships in which the record participates. Records can also be located by supplying key values.

Although it is not an essential feature of the model, network databases generally implement the set relationships by means of pointers that directly address the location of a record on disk. This gives excellent retrieval performance, at the expense of operations such as database loading and reorganization. Most object databases use the navigational concept to provide fast navigation across networks of objects, generally using object identifiers as "smart" pointers to related objects. Objectivity/DB, for instance, implements named 1:1, 1:many, many:1 and many:many named relationships that can cross databases. Many object databases also support SQL, combining the strengths of both models. Relational model The relational model was introduced by E.F. Codd in 1970[1] as a way to make database management systems more independent of any particular application. It is a mathematical model defined in terms of predicate logic and set theory. The products that are generally referred to as relational databases in fact implement a model that is only an approximation to the mathematical model defined by Codd. Three key terms are used extensively in relational database models: relations, attributes, and domains. A relation is a table with columns and rows. The named columns of the relation are called attributes, and the domain is the set of values the attributes are allowed to take. The basic data structure of the relational model is the table, where information about a particular entity (say, an employee) is represented in rows (also called tuples) and columns. Thus, the "relation" in "relational database" refers to the various tables in the database; a relation is a set of tuples. The columns enumerate the various attributes of the entity (the employee's name, address or phone number, for example), and a row is an actual instance of the entity (a specific employee) that is represented by the relation. As a result, each tuple of the employee table represents various attributes of a single employee. All relations (and, thus, tables) in a relational database have to adhere to some basic rules to qualify as relations. First, the ordering of columns is immaterial in a table. Second, there can't be identical tuples or rows in a table. And third, each tuple will contain a single value for each of its attributes. A relational database contains multiple tables, each similar to the one in the "flat" database model. One of the strengths of the relational model is that, in principle, any value occurring in two different records (belonging to the same table or to different tables), implies a relationship among those two records. Q.Compare DBMS Vs File Manager A Database Management System (DMS) is a combination of computer software, hardware, and information designed to electronically manipulate data via computer processing. Two types of database management systems are DBMSs and FMSs. In simple terms, a File Management System (FMS) is a Database Management System that allows access to single files or tables at a time. FMSs accommodate flat files that have no relation to other files. The FMS was the predecessor for the Database Management System (DBMS), which allows access to multiple

File Management Systems Advantages Simpler to use Less expensive Disadvantages Typically does not support multi-user access Limited to smaller databases for

Fits the needs of many small businesses and home Limited functionality (i.e. no support users complicated transactions, recovery, etc.) Popular FMSs are packaged along with the operating systems of personal computers (i.e. Decentralization of data Microsoft Cardfile and Microsoft Works) Good for database solutions for hand held devices Redundancy and Integrity issues such as Palm Pilot

Typically, File Management Systems provide the following advantages and disadvantages: The goals of a File Management System can be summarized as follows (Calleri, 2001):

Data Management. An FMS should provide data management services to the application. Generality with respect to storage devices. The FMS data abstractions and access methods should remain unchanged irrespective of the devices involved in data storage. Validity. An FMS should guarantee that at any given moment the stored data reflect the operations performed on them. Protection. Illegal or potentially dangerous operations on the data should be controlled by the FMS. Concurrency. In multiprogramming systems, concurrent access to the data should be allowed with minimal differences. Performance. Compromise data access speed and data transfer rate with functionality.

From the point of view of an end user (or application) an FMS typically provides the following

functionalities (Calleri, 2001):

File creation, modification and deletion. Ownership of files and access control on the basis of ownership permissions. Facilities to structure data within files (predefined record formats, etc). Facilities for maintaining data redundancies against technical failure (back-ups, disk mirroring, etc.). Logical identification and structuring of the data, via file names and hierarchical directory structures.

Database Management Systems Database Management Systems provide the following advantages and disadvantages: Advantages Greater flexibility Disadvantages Difficult to learn Packaged separately from the operating system (i.e. Oracle, Microsoft Access, Lotus/IBM Approach, Borland Paradox, Claris FileMaker Pro) Slower processing speeds

Good for larger databases

Greater processing power

Fits the needs of many medium to large-sized Requires skilled administrators organizations Storage for all relevant data Provides user views relevant to tasks performed Ensures data integrity by managing transactions (ACID test = atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) Supports simultaneous access Enforces design criteria in relation to data format and structure Provides backup and recovery controls Advanced security Expensive

Conclusion From the File Management System, the Database Management System evolved. Part of the DBMS evolution was the need for a more complex database that the FMS could not support (i.e. interrelationships). Even so, there will always be a need for the File Management System as a practical tool and in support of small, flat file databases. Choosing a DBMS in support of developing databases for interrelations can be a complicated and costly task. DBMSs are themselves evolving into another generation of object-oriented systems. The Object-Oriented Database Management System is expected to grow at a rate of 50% per year (Connelly, Begg, and Strachan, 1999, pg. 755). Object-Relational Database Management System vendors such as Oracle, Informix, and IBM have been predicted to gain a 50% larger share of the market than the RDBMS vendors. Whatever the direction, the Database Management System has gained its permanence as a fundamental root source of the information system.