An anaerobic water cleaning factory in a paper mass fabric produces a biogas that consists of CH4 and CO2 at 50 kg/hour.

It is 75% weight of CH4 and 25% weight of CO2 in the stream. Out from the process is the pressure 1 bar and the temperature 25oC. a)A possible use of the biogas is to separate CH4 and CO2 by using membrane technology and sell CH4 on the open market. What is the ideal separative work?

I have managed to solve a) my questions are on the next questions b) Another possibility is to compress the gas to 20 bar and also compress air to 20 bar. Burn the mixture of this and expand it to 1 bar again afterwards in gas turbine engine and produce electrical energy that we can sell

b1) 50 kg/time av biogass p 25 oC og 1 bar (strm 1) blir komprimert adiabatisk til 20 bar i en kompressor med virkningsgrad p 0,75. Hvor stor er effekten til kompressoren og hva blir temperaturen til gassen etter kompresjon. b1) 50 kg/h of the bio gas at 25 oC and 1 bar (stream 1) is compressed adiabatic to 20 bar in a compressor with efficiency 0.75. What is the effect of the compressor and what is the temperature out. Answer sheet in red (my comments in green just to separate) T2/T1 = (P2/P1)^R/cp cp = x1*cp1 +x2 *cp2 = 5,68/52,65*37 + 46,88/52,65*36 = 36,1 J/K mol T2 = 298*(20/1)^8,314/36,1 = 593,5 K

QUESTION1: I tried to find T2 this way: Calculating temperature of the two gases separately first:

( )

( ) Mol: Heat exchange: 2083.3 74998.8T-44641535.72=5795242.26-8238.9T 83237.7T=50436777.98=605.94 Which is a bit higher then answer. What do I do wrong? 2083.3

Continuing answer sheet Ideal work: W = H2-H1 = n*cp*(T2-T1) = 52,56mol*36,1*(593,5-298) = 560,7 kJ per kg gas. Real work W=W/ = 560,7/0,75 = 747,6 kJ per kg gas Real work: W = 747,6 kJ per kg gas * 50 kg gas/h /3600 s/h = 10,38 kW Real temperature after compression: W = H2-H1 = n*cp*(T2-T1) => T2 = T1 + W/(n*cp) = 692 K QUESTION2: I get that one have to find real work W=W/ because the compression uses some amount of work on other thing then compression but I dont get how this affects temperature to gas that is compressed? I would have thought that increase in T was the same since not all work was used to compress but they use all work and T2 gets higher when using real work. Why is it so?

T2/T1 = (P2/P1)^R/cp cp = x1*cp1 +x2 *cp2 = 0,21*29 + 0,79*29 = 29 J/K mol T2 = 298*(20/1)^8,314/29 = 703,4 K

b2) 2.5 x luftoverskudd brukes i forbrenninga. Denne gassen blir komprimert adiabatisk i den andre kompressoren (virkningsgrad = 0,75) fra 25 oC og 1 bar til 20 bar. Hvor stor er effekten til kompressoren og hva blir temperaturen til gassen etter kompresjon. Regn luft som 31 % O2 og 79% N2. b2) 2.5 x excess if air is used in the consumption. This gas is compressed adiabatic in the other compressor with efficiency 0.75 from 25 oC and 1 bar to 20 bar. How big is the effect to the compressor and what is the temperature to the gas gas after compression. Use normal rule that air has 21% O2 and 79% N2 on mol basis. T2/T1 = (P2/P1)^R/cp cp = x1*cp1 +x2 *cp2 = 0,21*29 + 0,79*29 = 29 J/K mol T2 = 298*(20/1)^8,314/29 = 703,4 K

Have to find nunber of mol air. two mol oxygen per mol CH4. nO2= 2*46,88 mol = 93,76 mol. We have 2,5x excess air: nO2 = 234,4 mol O2 nN2 = 234,4mol*0,79/0,21 = 881,8mol Total nair = 234,4 mol + 881,8 mol = 1116,2 mol Ideal work: W = H2-H1 = n*cp*(T2-T1) = 1116,2mol*29*(703,4-298) = 13,1 MJ per kg gas. Real work W=W/ = 13,1/0,75 = 17,47 MJ per kg gas Effect: W = 17,47 MJ/kg gass * 50 kg gass/time /3600 s/time = 242,6 kW Real temperature after compression: W = H2-H1 = n*cp*(T2-T1) => T2 = T1 + W/(n*cp) = 837,6 K c) Calculate the composition of the temperature for the gas that goes out of the reactor. If you did not manage assignment b you can use temperature T3 = 720 K and T4 = 840 K. We use T3 = 720 og T4 = 840 instead of data from b) The reactor is adiabatic QUESTION3: I would assume a reactor is adiabatic per definition. Is that right that an reactor always is adibatical? So Hout = Hin QUESTION4: I assume Hout=Hin is explained from the book by the energy balance which is given by:

Since Q=0 W=0 in every form except Wflow and reactor since U is constant we get

since there is no accumulation of U in the

Hin=Hout This is note from the book for why Wel=Wother=0:

Is this right? We use absolute enthalpies QUESTION5: What is absolute enthalpies? We have the equation: CH4 + 2O2 => CO2 + 2H2O QUESTION6: Is this a normal combustion equation? I did not think of it while looking at assignment. I wonder if it is so that this is a general equation for combustion. Could you describe that one. And if you could it would be really nice if you could give me a list of other normal reactions in process chemistry that might be useful to know as well as combustion equation and a description of the most important properties of them? It is reasonable to assume that CH4 is combusted completely since it is excess in O2 QUESTION7: That it was completely combusted I did not assume either. How does one know when it is combusted completely and when there is an equilibrium and one can use ? nCH4, out = nCH4, in = 0 => = 46,88 mol nO2, out = nO2, in 2 = 234,4 2*46,88 = 140,6 mol nCO2, out = nCO2, in + = 5,68 + 46,88 = 52,46 mol nH2O, out = nH2O, in + 2 = 0 + 2*46,88 = 93,76 mol nN2, out = nN2, in = 881,8mol ntot, out = 1168,62 mol Cool the reactants to 298 : H1 Reaction at 298 : H2 Heat product to T5 : H3 H1 + H2 + H3 = 0

Stream 3 cooling: (298-720)K*36.1J/(K*mol)*52.56mol/kg*50 kg/h = -40035478 J/h

Stream 4 cooling : (298-840)K*29J/(K*mol)*1116,2 mol/kg*50 kg/h = -8,77E+08 J/h

H1 = -40035478 J/h + (-8,77E+08 J/h) = -0,918 GJ/h H2 = rH (298)* =( -(-74) -2(0) + (-394) + 2(-242))*46,88mol/kg*50 kg/h = -1,88 GJ/h
H3: Cp = cpi*Xi Cp = 0,12*29 + 0,045*37 + 0,08*34 + 0,755*29 = 29,76 J/(K*mol)

H3 = (T5-298)*29,76*1168,62 mol/kg * 50 kg/h

H1 + H2 + H3 = 0

-0,918 GJ/h + -1,88 GJ/h + (T5-298)*29,76*1168,62 mol/kg * 50 kg/h =0

T5 = 1909 K

QUESTION8: Why cant one use Gibbs energy to calculate the composition of the product out of the reactor in c since gibbs=0 gives equilibrium I would have thought it could be used here as well when reaction CH4 + 2O2 => CO2 + 2H2O was in equilibrium?

d) In a adiabatic gas turbine engine the pressure is reduced from 20 to 1 bar. The gas turbine engine has efficiency at 0.75. What is the effect and what is the net effect to the whole process? T6/T5 = (P6/P5)^R/cp

T2 = 1909* (1/20)^(8,314/29,76) = 826,7K

Ideal work W = n*cp*(T6-T5) = 1168,62 mol/kg * 50 kg/h*29,76*(826,76-1909) = -1,88 GJ/h =-523 kW

Real work W = W* = -523*0,75= -392 kW Net effect: Wnet = Wcomp1 + Wcomp1 + Wturbin = 10,38 + 242,6 -392 = -139 kW

e) What is the thermodynamic efficiency to the gas combustion?

thermodynamic efficiency=useful energy out/possible energy out= Wnet/rH (298)* thermodynamic efficiency=-139 kW/(-1,88 GJ/h/3600s/h) = 26,57% Here is definition of thermodynamic efficiency just in case it is better to answer with an definition.

QUESTION9: Why do they ask for thermodynamic efficiency to the gas combustion
only but answer with useful energy out for whole process? And why is rH (298)*
possible energy out?