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lim
where
lim
= 20 A B C/ n
With biaxial bending the slenderness should be checked separately for
each direction and only need be considered in the directions where
lim
is exceeded
Slenderness = l
0
/i where i = \(I/A)
hence for a rectangular section = 3.46 l
0
/ h
for a circular section = 4 l
0
/ h
Second Order Ef f ect s wi t h Axi al Load
Cl. 5.8.2, 5.8.3.1 5.6.1
EC 2: Concise:
lim
= 20ABC/\n (5.13N)
where:
A = 1 / (1+0,2
ef
)
ef
is the effective creep ratio;
(if
ef
is not known, A = 0.7 may be used)
B = \(1 + 2e) = A
s
f
yd
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
(if e is not known, B = 1.1 may be used)
C = 1.7 - r
m
r
m
= M
01
/M
02
(if r
m
is not known, C = 0.7 may be used)
M
01
, M
02
are first order end moments, i ncl udi ng the effect of
imperfections, |M
02
| > |M
01
|
M
02
= Max{|M
top
|;|M
bot
|} +e
i
N
Ed
M
01
= Min {|M
top
|;|M
bot
|} +e
i
N
Ed
n = N
Ed
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
Sl enderness Li mi t (5. 8. 3. 1)
Cl. 5.8.3.1 5.6.1.4
7
C = 1.7 - r
m
r
m
= M
01
/M
02
Note:
In the following cases, r
m
should be taken as 1.0 (i.e. C= 0.7)
for braced members in which the first order moments arise only
from or predominantly due to imperfections or transverse loading
For unbraced members in general
Sl enderness Li mi t (5. 8. 3. 1)
Cl. 5.8.3.1 5.6.1.4
Fact or C
100 kNm
100 kNm
100 kNm
-100 kNm 100 kNm
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 0 / 100
= 0
C = 1. 7 0
= 1. 7
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= -100 / 100
= -1
C = 1. 7 + 1
= 2. 7
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 100 / 100
= 1
C = 1. 7 1
= 0. 7
8
EC 2: Concise:
l
u
M
u
l
0
= l l
0
= 2l l
0
= 0.7l l
0
= l / 2 l
0
= l l / 2 <l
0
< l l
0
> 2l
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2
2
1
1
45 , 0
1
45 , 0
1
k
k
k
k
l
0
= 0.5l Braced members:
Fig f)
Unbraced members:
Fig g)
)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
k
k
k
k
k k
k k
2
2 1
1
2 1
2 1
1
1
1
1 ; 10 1 max l
0
= l
= l
0
/i
k = (u / M) (EI / l )
Di f f erent Col umn End Rest rai nt s
Figure 5.7, 5.8.3.2 Figure 5.6, 5.6.1.2
f) g)
EC 2: Concise:
Failing column
Non failing
column
End 1
End 2
Non failing
column
Fr om PD 6687
The contribution of non failing
columns to the joint stiffness may be
ignored
For beams u/M may be taken as l /2EI
(allowing for cracking in the beams)
Assumi ng t hat t he beams ar e symmet ri cal about t he column and t hei r
si zes are t he same i n t he t wo st oreys shown, t hen:
k
1
= k
2
= |EI` /`l |
col
/ |E2EI /l |
beams
= |EI /`l |
col
/ |2 x 2EI /l |
beams
0.1
Although not stated effective lengths can be used?
Typi cal Col umn Ef f ect i ve
PD 6687 Cl.2.10 -
9
EC 2: Concise:
l
o
= Fl
Typi cal Col umn Ef f ect i ve Lengt h
- -
l is clear height
Conservative to
use the method in
BS 8110 Table
3.19
EC 2: Concise:
2
nd
order ef f ect s Sl ender col umns
Met hods of anal ysi s
The methods of analysis include a general method. Based
on non-linear second order analysis and the following two
simplified methods:
Method based on nominal stiffness
Method based on nominal curvature
This method is primarily suitable for isolated members with
constant normal force and defined effective length. The
method gives a nominal second order moment based on a
deflection, which in turn is based on the effective length and
an estimated maximum curvature.
Cl 5.8.5, cl 5.8.8 5.6.2.1
10
EC 2: Concise:
M
Ed
= M
0Ed
+ M
2
M
0Ed
= Equivalent first order moment including the effect
of imperfections [At about mid-height]. May be
taken as = M
0e
M
0e
= (0.6 M
02
+ 0.4 M
01
) 0.4M
02
HOWEVER, this is only the mid-height moment - the two
end moments should be considered too. PD 6687
advises for braced structures:
M
Ed
= MAX{M
0e
+M
2
; M
02
; M
01
+0.5M
2
} e
0
N
Ed
M
02
= Max{|M
top
|;|M
bot
|} +e
i
N
Ed
M
01
= Min {|M
top
|;|M
bot
|} + e
i
N
Ed
M
2
= nominal 2
nd
order moment in slender columns = N
Ed
e
2
Nomi nal Curvat ure Met hod
Cl. 5.8.8.2 5.6.2.2
Typical unbraced column Typical braced column
1st Order
moments
2nd Order
moments
Combination
of moments
1st Order
moments
2nd Order
moments
Combination
of moments
Moment s i n Sl ender Col umns
11
Nomi nal Curvat ure Met hod
- Figure 5.10
M
2
= N
Ed
e
2
e
2
= (1/r )l
0
2
/t
2
1/r = K
r
K
/r
0
where 1/r
0
= c
yd
/(0.45d)
K
r
= (n
u
n)/(n
u
-n
bal
) s 1
K
= 1 + |
ef
> 1
| = 0.35 + f
ck
/200 /150
Second order moment
Cl. 5.8.8 5.6.2.2
12
Bi axi al Bendi ng
Cl. 5.8.9 5.6.3
a
a
M
M
M M
Edy
Edz
Rdz Rdy
1,0
| |
| |
+ s
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
For rect angul ar cross-sect i ons
N
Ed
/ N
Rd
0.1 0.7 1.0
a 1.0 1.5 2.0
where N
Rd
= A
c
f
cd
+ A
s
f
yd
For ci rcul ar cross-sect i ons a = 2. 0
NRd
NEd
MEdz
MEdy
a = 2
a = 1
a = 1.5
Bi axi al bendi ng f or rect angul ar
col umn
13
h s 4b
|
mi n
> 12
A
s, mi n
= 0, 10N
Ed
/ f
yd
but > 0, 002 A
c
A
s, max
= 0. 04 A
c
(0, 08A
c
at l aps)
Mi ni mum number of bar s i n a ci r cul ar col umn i s 4.
Wher e di r ect i on of l ongi t udi nal bar s changes mor e t han
1: 12 t he spaci ng of t r ansver se r ei nf or cement shoul d be
cal cul at ed.
Col umns (1)
(9. 5. 2)
s
cl,tmax
= min {20 |
min
; b ; 400mm}
s 150mm
s 150mm
s
cl,tmax
s
cl,tmax
should be reduced by a factor 0,6:
in sections within h above or below a beam
or slab
near lapped joints where | > 14.
A min of 3 bars is required in lap length
s
cl,tmax
= min {12 |min; 0.6b ; 240mm}
Col umns (2)
(9. 5. 3)
14
Worked Exampl e
The structural grid is 7.5 m in each direction
Worked Examples to EC2 - Example 5.1
38.5 kN.m
38.5 kN.m
Sol ut i on ef f ect i ve l engt h
Usi ng PD 6687 met hod
Cl ear span i s 4000 250 = 3750 mm
14 . 0
7500
12 250 3750 2
3750
12 300
2
3
4
=
= =
b
b
c
c
L
EI
L
EI
k
From Tabl e 4 of How t oColumns
F = 0. 62 l
o
= 0.62 x 3. 750 = 2. 33 m
Check sl ender ness:
= 3.46 l
o
/ h = 3. 46 x 2. 33 / 0. 3 = 26. 8
Take beam width as,
say, half the bay width
15
Col umn moment s
First order moments
M
02
= M + e
i
N
Ed
e
i
= l
0
/400 = 2300/400 = 5.8 mm
M
02
= 38.5 + 0.0058 x 1620
= 47.9 kNm
M
01
= 38.5 + 0.0058 x 1620
= 47.9 kNm
Sl enderness
A = 0.7 (use default value)
B = 1.1 (use default value)
C = 1.7 r
m
= 1.7 M
01
/M
02
= 1.7 (-47.9/47.9) = 2.70
n = N
Ed
/A
c
f
cd
= 1620 x 1000/(300
2
x 0.85 x 30/1.5) = 1.06
lim
= 20 ABC/n
= 20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 2.7/1.06 = 40.4
lim
> (26.8) ...column is not slender M
2
= 0
16
Col umn moment s
Design moments
M
Ed
= Max { M
02
, e
0
N
Ed
}
e
0
= Max[h/30,20mm] = Max[300/30,20mm] = 20 mm
M
Ed
= Max { 47.9, 0.02 x 1620} = Max { 47.9 , 32.4}
M
Ed
= 47.9 kN.m
Sol ut i on det ermi ne A
s
d
2
= c
nom
+ link + /2 = 25 + 8 +16 = 49 mm
d
2
/h = 49/300 = 0.163
Column design charts interpolate between d
2
/h = 0.15 and 0.20
M
Ed
/(bh
2
f
ck
) = 47.9 x 10
6
/(300
3
x 30) = 0.059
N
Ed
/(bhf
ck
) = 1620 x 1000/(300
2
x 30) = 0.60
Charts are for symmetrically reinforced columns
where bars are in the corners.
See concise 15.9.3 for method where bars are not
concentrated in the corners
17
Int eract i on Chart
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
0.22
Int eract i on Chart
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
0.24
18
Interpolating:
A
s
f
yk
/(bhf
ck
) = 0.23
A
s
= 0.23 x 300
2
x 30/500 = 1242 mm
2
Try 4 H25 (1964 mm
2
) (note 4 H20 is 1260 mm
2
)
Sol ut i on det ermi ne A
s
Workshop Probl em
Design column C2
between ground and first
floors for bending about
axis parallel to line 2.
Assume the following:
Axial load: 7146kN
Top Moment: 95.7kN
Nominal cover:35mm
Pinned base
Bay width is 6.0 m
Elastic modulus is the
same for column and slab
19
Take beam
width as, say,
half the bay
width
Sol ut i on - ef f ect i ve l engt h
41 . 0
9600
12 300 3000 2
8600
12 300 3000 2
4200
12 500
2
3 3
4
=
+
= =
b
b
c
c
L
EI
L
EI
k
From Tabl e 4 of How t oColumns
F = 0. 86 l
o
= 0.86 x 4. 2 = 3. 612 m
Check sl ender ness:
= 3.46 l
o
/ h = 3. 46 x 3. 612 / 0. 5 = 25.0
Usi ng PD 6687 met hod
Cl ear span i s 4500 300 = 4200 mm
Col umn moment s
First order moments
M
02
= M + e
i
N
Ed
e
i
= l
0
/400 =3612/400 = 9.0 mm
M
02
= 95.7 + 0.0090 x 7146
= 160.0 142.9 kNm
M
01
= 0 kNm (pinned base)
20
Sl enderness
A = 0.7 (use default value)
B = 1.1 (use default value)
C = 1.7 r
m
= 1.7 M
01
/M
02
= 1.7 (0/160.0) = 1.7
n = N
Ed
/A
c
f
cd
= 7146 x 1000/(500
2
x 0.85 x 50/1.5) = 1.01
lim
= 20 ABC/n
= 20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 1.7/1.01 = 26.1
lim
> (25.0) ...column is not slender M
2
= 0
f i
= N
Ed,f i
/ N
Rd
= G
k
+
1,1
Q
k, 1
/ (1. 35G
k
+ 1.5 Q
k
) Conservatively 0.7
where N
Ed, f i
i s t he desi gn axi al l oad i n t he f i re condi t i on
N
Rd
i s t he desi gn axi al resi st ance at normal t emperat ure
The minimum
dimensions are
larger than
BS 8110
Col umns: Met hod A
Table 5.2a Table 4.4A
Li mi t at i ons t o Tabl e 5. 2a
Li mi t at i ons t o Met hod A:
Effective length of the column under fire conditions l
0,fi
<= 3m.
First order eccentricity under fire conditions: e = M
0Ed,fi
/
N
0Ed,fi
<= e
max
= 0.15 h
Amount of reinforcement: A
s
< 0.04 A
c
30
Col umns: Met hod B
Li mi t at i ons t o Tabl e 5. 2b
l/h (or l/b) s 17.3 for rectangular column (
fi
s 30)
First order eccentricity under fire conditions:
e/b = M
0Ed,fi
/b N
0Ed,fi
s 0.25 with e
max
= 100 mm
Amount of reinforcement, e = A
s
f
yd
/ A
c
f
cd
s 1
For ot her val ues of t hese paramet ers see Annex C
31
EC2 distinguishes between expl osi ve spal l i ng that can occur
in concrete under compressive conditions, such as in
columns, and the concr et e f al l i ng of f the soffit in the
tension zones of beams and slabs.
Expl osi ve spal l i ng occurs early on in the fire exposure and is
mainly caused by the expansion of the water/steam particles
trapped in the matrix of the concrete. The denser the
concrete. the greater the explosive force.
Unlikely if moisture content is less than 3% (NDP) by
weight
Tabular data OK for axis distance up to 70 mm
Fal l i ng of f of concr et e occur s in the latter stage of fire
exposure
Spal l i ng
Mi ni mum cross sect i on shoul d be i ncreased:
For walls and slabs exposed on one side only by:
For Class 1: 0.1a for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 0.3a for C70/85 to C80/95
For all other structural members by:
For Class 1: 0.2a for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 0.6a for C70/85 to C80/95
Axis distance, a, increased by factor:
For Class 1: 1.1 for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 1.3 for C70/85 to C80/95
Hi gh St rengt h Concret e -
Tabul at ed Dat a
32
For C 55/67 to C 80/95 the rules for normal strength concrete
apply. provided that the maximum content of silica fume is less
than 6% by weight.
For C 80/95 to C 90/105 there is a risk of spalling and at least
one of the following should be provided (NA):
Met hod A: A reinforcement mesh
Met hod B: A type of concrete which resists spalling
Met hod C: Protective layers which prevent spalling
Met hod D: monofilament polypropylene fibres.
Hi gh St rengt h Concret e -
Spal l i ng
Ot her Met hods
Simplified calculation method for beams, slabs
and columns
Full Non-linear temperature dependent ..
But all of these must have the caveat that they
are unproven for shear and torsion.
33
Rd1,fi
M
Rd,fi,Span
M
Rd2,fi
M
M = w l / 8
Ed,fi Ed,fi eff
1
1 - Free moment diagram for UDL under fire conditions
M
Rd,fi,Support
= (
s
/
s,fi
) M
Ed
(A
s,prov
/A
s,req
) (d-a)/ d
Where a is the required bottom axis distance given in Section 5
A
s,prov
/A
s,req
should not be taken greater than 1.3
M
Rd,fi,Span
= (
s
/
s,fi
) k
s
(u) M
Ed
(A
s,prov
/A
s,req
)
Annex E: Si mpl i f i ed Cal cul at i on
Met hod f or Beams and Sl abs
500C Isot herm Met hod
Ignore concrete > 500C
34
Zone Met hod
Divide concrete into zones and work out average
temperature of each zone, to calculate strength
Worked Exampl e
N
Ed
=1824kN
M
yy,Ed
=78.5kNm
M
zz,Ed
=76.8kNm
2 hour fire resistance
required
External, but no de-icing
salts
f
ck
= 30MPa
35
Worked Exampl e
Cover:
c
min,b
= diameter of bar (assume 25mm bars with 8mm links)
c
min,dur
= (XC3/XC4) 25mm
say c
dev
= 10mm
c
nom
(to main bars) = max{(25+10),(25+8+10)} = 43mm
Use c
nom
= 35mm to links
Worked Exampl e
Check fire resistance of R120 to Method A
eccentricity e < 0.15b
e = M
Ed
/N
Ed
= 78.5x10
3
/1824 = 43mm
0.15 x 350 = 52.5mm OK
Assume 8 bars OK
l
0,fi
= 0.7l = 2.8m < 3m OK
From Table 5.2a: min dimensions = 350/57
Column is 350mm, axis distance = 57mm
Check cover 35mm + 8 (link) + |/2 = 55.5mm
Increase nominal cover to 40mm.