1

Pract i cal Desi gn t o Eurocode 2

Columns
Steel (B600)
Steel (B500)
Stress
Strain
Concrete (C30/37)
cc1 = 0.0022 ccu1 = 0.0035
St rai n compat i bi l i t y
2
d
h
A
s2
Ap
As1
Acp
ud c
s , c p c
cc
0
c2 c
(c )
c3
cu2 c
(c )
cu3
A
B
C
(1- cc2/ccu2)h
or
(1- cc3/ccu3)h
cp(0)
cy
reinforcing steel tension strain limit
concrete compression strain limit
concrete pure compression strain limit
C
B
A
Minimum eccentricity: e
0
= h/30 but > 20 mm
Bendi ng wi t h/ wi t hout Axi al
Load
EC2 Figure 6.1
Concise Figure 6.3
Col umn Desi gn Chart
- Figure 15.5b
3
Col umn Desi gn Chart
- Figure 15.5e
Geomet ri c Imperf ect i ons
Cl. 5.2 5.5
Deviations in cross-section dimensions are normally taken into account
in the material factors and should not be included in structural analysis
Imperfections need not be considered for SLS
Out-of-plumb is represented by an inclination, u
i
u
i
= u
0
o
h
o
m
where u
0
= 1/200
o
h
= 2/ \l ; 2/3 s o
h
s 1
o
m
= \(0.5(1+1/m))
l is the length or height (m) (see 5.2(6))
m is the number of vert. members
For isolated columns in braced systems, o
m
= 1 and
o
h
may be taken as 1
ie u
i
= u
0
= 1/200
4
Ef f ect of Imperf ect i ons
Cl. 5.2 (7) & (9) 5.6.2.1
For isolated members
The effect of imperfections may be taken into account in two ways:
a) as an eccentricity, e
i
= u
i
l
0
/2
For isolated columns in braced systems, e
i
= l
0
/400 may be used.
b) as a transverse force, H
i
H
i
= u
i
N for unbraced members
H
i
= 2u
i
N for braced members = N/100
Minimum eccentricity: e
0
= h/30 but > 20 mm cl 6.1(4)
EC 2: Concise:
e
i
= u
i
l
0
/2 For walls and isolated columns e
i
= l
0
/400
H
i
= u
i
N for unbraced members
H
i
= 2u
i
N for braced members = N/100
or
Unbraced
Braced
Isol at ed Members
Figure 5.1a 5.5.2
5
Na
Nb
Hi
l
i u
i
u
Na
Nb
Hi
/2 i u
/2 i u
Bracing System
Floor Diaphragm
Roof
H
i
= u
i
(N
b
-N
a
) H
i
= u
i
(N
b
+N
a
)/2 H
i
= u
i
N
a
St ruct ures
Figure 5.1b Figure 5.5
Col umn Desi gn Process
Det ermi ne t he act i ons on t he col umn
Det ermi ne t he ef f ect i ve l engt h, l
0
Det ermi ne t he f i rst order moment s
Det ermi ne sl enderness,
Det ermi ne sl enderness l i mi t ,
l i m
Is >
l i m
?
Yes
No
Col umn i s not sl ender, M
Ed
= Max (M
02,
N
Ed
e
0
)
Col umn i s sl ender
Second order ef f ect s
Cal cul at e A
s
(eg usi ng col umn chart )
Check det ai l i ng requi rement s
6
EC 2: Concise:
Second order effects may be ignored if they are less than 10% of the
corresponding first order effects
Second order effects may be ignored if the slenderness, is less than

lim
where

lim
= 20 A B C/ n
With biaxial bending the slenderness should be checked separately for
each direction and only need be considered in the directions where

lim
is exceeded
Slenderness = l
0
/i where i = \(I/A)
hence for a rectangular section = 3.46 l
0
/ h
for a circular section = 4 l
0
/ h
Second Order Ef f ect s wi t h Axi al Load
Cl. 5.8.2, 5.8.3.1 5.6.1
EC 2: Concise:

lim
= 20ABC/\n (5.13N)
where:
A = 1 / (1+0,2
ef
)
ef
is the effective creep ratio;
(if
ef
is not known, A = 0.7 may be used)
B = \(1 + 2e) = A
s
f
yd
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
(if e is not known, B = 1.1 may be used)
C = 1.7 - r
m
r
m
= M
01
/M
02
(if r
m
is not known, C = 0.7 may be used)
M
01
, M
02
are first order end moments, i ncl udi ng the effect of
imperfections, |M
02
| > |M
01
|
M
02
= Max{|M
top
|;|M
bot
|} +e
i
N
Ed
M
01
= Min {|M
top
|;|M
bot
|} +e
i
N
Ed
n = N
Ed
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
Sl enderness Li mi t (5. 8. 3. 1)
Cl. 5.8.3.1 5.6.1.4
7
C = 1.7 - r
m
r
m
= M
01
/M
02
Note:
In the following cases, r
m
should be taken as 1.0 (i.e. C= 0.7)
for braced members in which the first order moments arise only
from or predominantly due to imperfections or transverse loading
For unbraced members in general
Sl enderness Li mi t (5. 8. 3. 1)
Cl. 5.8.3.1 5.6.1.4
Fact or C
100 kNm
100 kNm
100 kNm
-100 kNm 100 kNm
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 0 / 100
= 0
C = 1. 7 0
= 1. 7
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= -100 / 100
= -1
C = 1. 7 + 1
= 2. 7
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 100 / 100
= 1
C = 1. 7 1
= 0. 7
8
EC 2: Concise:
l
u
M
u
l
0
= l l
0
= 2l l
0
= 0.7l l
0
= l / 2 l
0
= l l / 2 <l
0
< l l
0
> 2l
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
2
2
1
1
45 , 0
1
45 , 0
1
k
k
k
k
l
0
= 0.5l Braced members:
Fig f)
Unbraced members:
Fig g)

)

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+

+
k
k
k
k

k k
k k

2
2 1
1
2 1
2 1
1
1
1
1 ; 10 1 max l
0
= l
= l
0
/i
k = (u / M) (EI / l )
Di f f erent Col umn End Rest rai nt s
Figure 5.7, 5.8.3.2 Figure 5.6, 5.6.1.2
f) g)
EC 2: Concise:
Failing column
Non failing
column
End 1
End 2
Non failing
column
Fr om PD 6687
The contribution of non failing
columns to the joint stiffness may be
ignored
For beams u/M may be taken as l /2EI
(allowing for cracking in the beams)
Assumi ng t hat t he beams ar e symmet ri cal about t he column and t hei r
si zes are t he same i n t he t wo st oreys shown, t hen:
k
1
= k
2
= |EI` /`l |
col
/ |E2EI /l |
beams
= |EI /`l |
col
/ |2 x 2EI /l |
beams
0.1
Although not stated effective lengths can be used?
Typi cal Col umn Ef f ect i ve
PD 6687 Cl.2.10 -
9
EC 2: Concise:
l
o
= Fl
Typi cal Col umn Ef f ect i ve Lengt h
- -
l is clear height
Conservative to
use the method in
BS 8110 Table
3.19
EC 2: Concise:
2
nd
order ef f ect s Sl ender col umns
Met hods of anal ysi s
The methods of analysis include a general method. Based
on non-linear second order analysis and the following two
simplified methods:
Method based on nominal stiffness
Method based on nominal curvature
This method is primarily suitable for isolated members with
constant normal force and defined effective length. The
method gives a nominal second order moment based on a
deflection, which in turn is based on the effective length and
an estimated maximum curvature.
Cl 5.8.5, cl 5.8.8 5.6.2.1
10
EC 2: Concise:
M
Ed
= M
0Ed
+ M
2
M
0Ed
= Equivalent first order moment including the effect
of imperfections [At about mid-height]. May be
taken as = M
0e
M
0e
= (0.6 M
02
+ 0.4 M
01
) 0.4M
02
HOWEVER, this is only the mid-height moment - the two
end moments should be considered too. PD 6687
advises for braced structures:
M
Ed
= MAX{M
0e
+M
2
; M
02
; M
01
+0.5M
2
} e
0
N
Ed
M
02
= Max{|M
top
|;|M
bot
|} +e
i
N
Ed
M
01
= Min {|M
top
|;|M
bot
|} + e
i
N
Ed
M
2
= nominal 2
nd
order moment in slender columns = N
Ed
e
2
Nomi nal Curvat ure Met hod
Cl. 5.8.8.2 5.6.2.2
Typical unbraced column Typical braced column
1st Order
moments
2nd Order
moments
Combination
of moments
1st Order
moments
2nd Order
moments
Combination
of moments
Moment s i n Sl ender Col umns
11
Nomi nal Curvat ure Met hod
- Figure 5.10
M
2
= N
Ed
e
2
e
2
= (1/r )l
0
2
/t
2
1/r = K
r
K

/r
0
where 1/r
0
= c
yd
/(0.45d)
K
r
= (n
u
n)/(n
u
-n
bal
) s 1
K

= 1 + |
ef
> 1
| = 0.35 + f
ck
/200 /150
Second order moment
Cl. 5.8.8 5.6.2.2
12
Bi axi al Bendi ng
Cl. 5.8.9 5.6.3
a
a
M
M
M M
Edy
Edz
Rdz Rdy
1,0
| |
| |
+ s
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
For rect angul ar cross-sect i ons
N
Ed
/ N
Rd
0.1 0.7 1.0
a 1.0 1.5 2.0
where N
Rd
= A
c
f
cd
+ A
s
f
yd
For ci rcul ar cross-sect i ons a = 2. 0
NRd
NEd
MEdz
MEdy
a = 2
a = 1
a = 1.5
Bi axi al bendi ng f or rect angul ar
col umn
13
h s 4b
|
mi n
> 12
A
s, mi n
= 0, 10N
Ed
/ f
yd
but > 0, 002 A
c
A
s, max
= 0. 04 A
c
(0, 08A
c
at l aps)
Mi ni mum number of bar s i n a ci r cul ar col umn i s 4.
Wher e di r ect i on of l ongi t udi nal bar s changes mor e t han
1: 12 t he spaci ng of t r ansver se r ei nf or cement shoul d be
cal cul at ed.
Col umns (1)
(9. 5. 2)
s
cl,tmax
= min {20 |
min
; b ; 400mm}
s 150mm
s 150mm
s
cl,tmax
s
cl,tmax
should be reduced by a factor 0,6:
in sections within h above or below a beam
or slab
near lapped joints where | > 14.
A min of 3 bars is required in lap length
s
cl,tmax
= min {12 |min; 0.6b ; 240mm}
Col umns (2)
(9. 5. 3)
14
Worked Exampl e
The structural grid is 7.5 m in each direction
Worked Examples to EC2 - Example 5.1
38.5 kN.m
38.5 kN.m
Sol ut i on ef f ect i ve l engt h
Usi ng PD 6687 met hod
Cl ear span i s 4000 250 = 3750 mm
14 . 0
7500
12 250 3750 2
3750
12 300
2
3
4
=

= =

b
b
c
c
L
EI
L
EI
k
From Tabl e 4 of How t oColumns
F = 0. 62 l
o
= 0.62 x 3. 750 = 2. 33 m
Check sl ender ness:
= 3.46 l
o
/ h = 3. 46 x 2. 33 / 0. 3 = 26. 8
Take beam width as,
say, half the bay width
15
Col umn moment s
First order moments
M
02
= M + e
i
N
Ed
e
i
= l
0
/400 = 2300/400 = 5.8 mm
M
02
= 38.5 + 0.0058 x 1620
= 47.9 kNm
M
01
= 38.5 + 0.0058 x 1620
= 47.9 kNm
Sl enderness
A = 0.7 (use default value)
B = 1.1 (use default value)
C = 1.7 r
m
= 1.7 M
01
/M
02
= 1.7 (-47.9/47.9) = 2.70
n = N
Ed
/A
c
f
cd
= 1620 x 1000/(300
2
x 0.85 x 30/1.5) = 1.06

lim
= 20 ABC/n
= 20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 2.7/1.06 = 40.4

lim
> (26.8) ...column is not slender M
2
= 0

16
Col umn moment s
Design moments
M
Ed
= Max { M
02
, e
0
N
Ed
}
e
0
= Max[h/30,20mm] = Max[300/30,20mm] = 20 mm
M
Ed
= Max { 47.9, 0.02 x 1620} = Max { 47.9 , 32.4}
M
Ed
= 47.9 kN.m
Sol ut i on det ermi ne A
s
d
2
= c
nom
+ link + /2 = 25 + 8 +16 = 49 mm
d
2
/h = 49/300 = 0.163
Column design charts interpolate between d
2
/h = 0.15 and 0.20
M
Ed
/(bh
2
f
ck
) = 47.9 x 10
6
/(300
3
x 30) = 0.059
N
Ed
/(bhf
ck
) = 1620 x 1000/(300
2
x 30) = 0.60
Charts are for symmetrically reinforced columns
where bars are in the corners.
See concise 15.9.3 for method where bars are not
concentrated in the corners
17
Int eract i on Chart
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
0.22
Int eract i on Chart
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
0.24
18
Interpolating:
A
s
f
yk
/(bhf
ck
) = 0.23
A
s
= 0.23 x 300
2
x 30/500 = 1242 mm
2
Try 4 H25 (1964 mm
2
) (note 4 H20 is 1260 mm
2
)
Sol ut i on det ermi ne A
s
Workshop Probl em
Design column C2
between ground and first
floors for bending about
axis parallel to line 2.
Assume the following:
Axial load: 7146kN
Top Moment: 95.7kN
Nominal cover:35mm
Pinned base
Bay width is 6.0 m
Elastic modulus is the
same for column and slab
19
Take beam
width as, say,
half the bay
width
Sol ut i on - ef f ect i ve l engt h
41 . 0
9600
12 300 3000 2
8600
12 300 3000 2
4200
12 500
2
3 3
4
=

+

= =

b
b
c
c
L
EI
L
EI
k
From Tabl e 4 of How t oColumns
F = 0. 86 l
o
= 0.86 x 4. 2 = 3. 612 m
Check sl ender ness:
= 3.46 l
o
/ h = 3. 46 x 3. 612 / 0. 5 = 25.0
Usi ng PD 6687 met hod
Cl ear span i s 4500 300 = 4200 mm
Col umn moment s
First order moments
M
02
= M + e
i
N
Ed
e
i
= l
0
/400 =3612/400 = 9.0 mm
M
02
= 95.7 + 0.0090 x 7146
= 160.0 142.9 kNm
M
01
= 0 kNm (pinned base)
20
Sl enderness
A = 0.7 (use default value)
B = 1.1 (use default value)
C = 1.7 r
m
= 1.7 M
01
/M
02
= 1.7 (0/160.0) = 1.7
n = N
Ed
/A
c
f
cd
= 7146 x 1000/(500
2
x 0.85 x 50/1.5) = 1.01

lim
= 20 ABC/n
= 20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 1.7/1.01 = 26.1

lim
> (25.0) ...column is not slender M
2
= 0

Col umn moment s

Design moments
M
Ed
= Max { M
02
, e
0
N
Ed
}
e
0
= Max[h/30,20mm] = Max[500/30,20mm] = 20 mm
M
Ed
= Max { 160.0, 0.02 x 7146} = Max { 160.0 , 142.9}
M
Ed
= 160.0 kN.m
21
d
2
= c
nom
+ link + /2 = 35 + 8 + 16 = 59 mm
d
2
/h = 59/500 = 0.118
M
Ed
/(bh
2
f
ck
) = 160.0 x 10
6
/(500
3
x 50) = 0.026
N
Ed
/(bhf
ck
) = 7146 x 1000/(500
2
x 50) = 0.57
Sol ut i on det ermi ne A
s
Int eract i on Chart
A
s
f y
k
/
b
h
f c
k
0.09
22
Sol ut i on det ermi ne A
s
A
s
f
yk
/ bhf
ck
= 0. 09
A
s
= 0. 09 x 500
2
x 50 / 500 = 2250 mm
2
Use 8 H20 (2513 mm
2
)
Pract i cal Desi gn t o Eurocode 2
Fire Design
23
Fi re
a
Axis
Distance
Rei nf orcement cover
Axi s di st ance, a, t o cent re of bar
a = c + |
m
/ 2 + |
l
Scope
Part 1-2 Structural fire design gives several methods for fire engineering
Tabulated data for various elements is given in section 5
St ruct ural Fi re Desi gn
Part 1-2, Fig 5.2 Figure 4.2
24
Hi gh st rengt h concret e
Basi s of f i re desi gn
Mat eri al propert i es
Tabul at ed dat a
Desi gn procedures
Simplified and advanced calculation methods
Shear and torsion
Spalling
Joints
Protective layers
Annexes A, B, C, D and E
General
Eurocode 2: Part 1. 2 St ruct ural
Fi re Desi gn
100 Pages
Requirements:
Criteria considered are:
R Mechanical resistance (load bearing)
E Integrity (compartment separation)
I Insulation (where required)
M Impact resistance (where required)
Actions - from BS EN 1991-1-2
Nominal and Parametric Fire Curves
Chapt er 2: Basi s of Fi re Desi gn
25
Verification methods E
d,fi
s R
d,fi
(t )
Member Analysis E
d,fi
= q
fi
E
d
E
d
is the design value for normal temperature design
q
fi
is the reduction factor for the fire situation
q
fi
= (G
k
+
fi
Q
k.1
)/(
G
G
k
+
Q.1
Q
k.1
)
fi
is taken as
1
or
2
(=
1
- NA)
Chapt er 2: Basi s of Fi re Desi gn
Tabul at ed dat a (Chapt er 5)
Si mpl i f i ed cal cul at i on met hods
Advanced cal cul at i on met hod
Desi gn Procedures
26
Whi ch met hod?
Provi des desi gn sol ut i ons f or t he st andard f i re exposure up t o 4
hours
The t abl es have been devel oped on an empi ri cal basi s
conf i rmed by experi ence and t heoret i cal eval uat i on of t est s
Val ues are gi ven f or normal wei ght concret e made wi t h si l i ceous
aggregat es
For cal careous or l i ght wei ght aggregat es mi ni mum di mensi on
may be reduced by 10%
No f urt her checks are requi red f or shear, t orsi on or anchorage
No f urt her checks are requi red f or spal l i ng up t o an axi s
di st ance of 70 mm
For HSC (> C50/ 60) t he mi ni mum cross sect i on di mensi on shoul d
be i ncreased
Sect i on 5. Tabul at ed Dat a
Cl. 5.1 -
27
El ement s
Approach for Beams and Slabs very similar
Separate tables for continuous members
One way, two way spanning and flat slabs
treated separately
Walls depend on exposure conditions
Columns depend on load and slenderness
EC 2: Concise:
Cont i nuous Beams
Table 5.6 Table 4.6
28
Fl at Sl abs
Table 4.8
1992-1-2 Table 5.9
Col umns Tabul ar Approach
Col umns more Tri cky!
Two approaches
Only for braced structures
Unbraced structures columns
can be considered braced if
there are columns outside the
fire zone
29
EC 2: Concise:

f i
= N
Ed,f i
/ N
Rd
= G
k
+
1,1
Q
k, 1
/ (1. 35G
k
+ 1.5 Q
k
) Conservatively 0.7
where N
Ed, f i
i s t he desi gn axi al l oad i n t he f i re condi t i on
N
Rd
i s t he desi gn axi al resi st ance at normal t emperat ure
The minimum
dimensions are
larger than
BS 8110
Col umns: Met hod A
Table 5.2a Table 4.4A
Li mi t at i ons t o Tabl e 5. 2a
Li mi t at i ons t o Met hod A:
Effective length of the column under fire conditions l
0,fi
<= 3m.
First order eccentricity under fire conditions: e = M
0Ed,fi
/
N
0Ed,fi
<= e
max
= 0.15 h
Amount of reinforcement: A
s
< 0.04 A
c
30
Col umns: Met hod B
Li mi t at i ons t o Tabl e 5. 2b
l/h (or l/b) s 17.3 for rectangular column (
fi
s 30)
First order eccentricity under fire conditions:
e/b = M
0Ed,fi
/b N
0Ed,fi
s 0.25 with e
max
= 100 mm
Amount of reinforcement, e = A
s
f
yd
/ A
c
f
cd
s 1
For ot her val ues of t hese paramet ers see Annex C
31
EC2 distinguishes between expl osi ve spal l i ng that can occur
in concrete under compressive conditions, such as in
columns, and the concr et e f al l i ng of f the soffit in the
tension zones of beams and slabs.
Expl osi ve spal l i ng occurs early on in the fire exposure and is
mainly caused by the expansion of the water/steam particles
trapped in the matrix of the concrete. The denser the
concrete. the greater the explosive force.
Unlikely if moisture content is less than 3% (NDP) by
weight
Tabular data OK for axis distance up to 70 mm
Fal l i ng of f of concr et e occur s in the latter stage of fire
exposure
Spal l i ng
Mi ni mum cross sect i on shoul d be i ncreased:
For walls and slabs exposed on one side only by:
For Class 1: 0.1a for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 0.3a for C70/85 to C80/95
For all other structural members by:
For Class 1: 0.2a for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 0.6a for C70/85 to C80/95
Axis distance, a, increased by factor:
For Class 1: 1.1 for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 1.3 for C70/85 to C80/95
Hi gh St rengt h Concret e -
Tabul at ed Dat a
32
For C 55/67 to C 80/95 the rules for normal strength concrete
apply. provided that the maximum content of silica fume is less
than 6% by weight.
For C 80/95 to C 90/105 there is a risk of spalling and at least
one of the following should be provided (NA):
Met hod A: A reinforcement mesh
Met hod B: A type of concrete which resists spalling
Met hod C: Protective layers which prevent spalling
Met hod D: monofilament polypropylene fibres.
Hi gh St rengt h Concret e -
Spal l i ng
Ot her Met hods
Simplified calculation method for beams, slabs
and columns
Full Non-linear temperature dependent ..
But all of these must have the caveat that they
are unproven for shear and torsion.
33
Rd1,fi
M
Rd,fi,Span
M
Rd2,fi
M
M = w l / 8
Ed,fi Ed,fi eff
1
1 - Free moment diagram for UDL under fire conditions
M
Rd,fi,Support
= (
s
/
s,fi
) M
Ed
(A
s,prov
/A
s,req
) (d-a)/ d
Where a is the required bottom axis distance given in Section 5
A
s,prov
/A
s,req
should not be taken greater than 1.3
M
Rd,fi,Span
= (
s
/
s,fi
) k
s
(u) M
Ed
(A
s,prov
/A
s,req
)
Annex E: Si mpl i f i ed Cal cul at i on
Met hod f or Beams and Sl abs
500C Isot herm Met hod
Ignore concrete > 500C
34
Zone Met hod
Divide concrete into zones and work out average
temperature of each zone, to calculate strength
Worked Exampl e
N
Ed
=1824kN
M
yy,Ed
=78.5kNm
M
zz,Ed
=76.8kNm
2 hour fire resistance
required
External, but no de-icing
salts
f
ck
= 30MPa
35
Worked Exampl e
Cover:
c
min,b
= diameter of bar (assume 25mm bars with 8mm links)
c
min,dur
= (XC3/XC4) 25mm
say c
dev
= 10mm
c
nom
(to main bars) = max{(25+10),(25+8+10)} = 43mm
Use c
nom
= 35mm to links
Worked Exampl e
Check fire resistance of R120 to Method A
eccentricity e < 0.15b
e = M
Ed
/N
Ed
= 78.5x10
3
/1824 = 43mm
0.15 x 350 = 52.5mm OK
Assume 8 bars OK
l
0,fi
= 0.7l = 2.8m < 3m OK
From Table 5.2a: min dimensions = 350/57
Column is 350mm, axis distance = 57mm
Check cover 35mm + 8 (link) + |/2 = 55.5mm
Increase nominal cover to 40mm.