ACitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2, Clause1oftheConstitution, cangetaPassport 2011DanGoodman

BeforetheadoptionoftheFourteenthAmendmenttotheConstitutionofthe UnitedStates,onewasconsideredacitizenofaState;aswellasacitizenofthe UnitedStates,underinternationallaw.[Footnote1],[Footnote2]Assuch,one owedallegiancetoboththeindividualStategovernmentaswellastotheUnited Statesgovernment: ...EverycitizenofaStateowesadoubleallegiance;heenjoystheprotection andparticipatesinthegovernmentofboththeStateandtheUnitedStates. Houstonv.Moore:18U.S.(5Wheat.)1,at33;concurringopinionofJusticeJohnson (1820).

http://books.google.com/books?id=1FUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q=&f=false

IncompletinganapplicationforapassportbeforetheFourteenthAmendment,a citizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,hadto declarethatheorshewasanativecitizenoftheUnitedStates[Footnote4]and takeanoathofallegiancetotheUnitedStates.Anexample:

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UnitedStatesPassportApplications,1795thru1905;microform;Reel125 September1,1864thruNovember30,1864;page47(bothsides). AftertheadoptionoftheFourteenthAmendment,acitizenofaState,under ArticleIV,Section2,Clause1couldcompleteanapplicationforapassport. [Footnote5]Heorshehadtodeclarethatheorshewasanativecitizenofthe UnitedStatesandtakeanoathofallegiancetotheUnitedStates.Anexample:

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UnitedStatesPassportApplications,1795thru1905;microform;Reel263April1, 1884thruApril30,1884;page9(rightside). Anotherexample:

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UnitedStatesPassportApplications,1795thru1905;microform;Reel263April1, 1884thruApril30,1884;page49(rightside). Andthereisthis:

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UnitedStatesPassportApplications,1795thru1905;microform;Reel263April1, 1884thruApril30,1884;page51(rightside). AcitizenofaState,bothbeforeandaftertheFourteenthAmendmentwasone whowasborninaStateoftheUnion: (BeforetheFourteenthAmendment) Itappearsthattheplaintiffinerror,thoughanativeborncitizenofLouisiana, wasmarriedintheStateofMississippi,whileunderage,withtheconsentofher guardian,toacitizenofthelatterState,andthattheirdomicile,duringtheduration oftheirmarriage,wasinMississippi.Connerv.Elliott:59U.S.(Howard18)591,at 592(1855).
http://books.google.com/books?id=RkcFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA592#v=onepage&q&f=false

(AftertheFourteenthAmendment) JosephA.Iasigi,anativeborncitizenofMassachusetts,wasarrested, February14,1897,onawarrantissuedbyoneofthecitymagistratesofthecityof NewYork,asafugitivefromthejusticeoftheStateofMassachusetts.Iasigiv.Van DeCarr:166U.S.391,at392(1897).

http://books.google.com/books?id=xuUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA392#v=onepage&q&f=false

AcitizenoftheUnitedStates,underSection1oftheFourteenthAmendment,is thusonewhoisbornintheUnitedStates,andnotaStateoftheUnion.[Footnote7] 2

OnewhoisborninaStateoftheUnion,isacitizenofthatparticularState.Thisis becausetheparticularStatehaspoliticaljurisdiction(completejurisdiction).The UnitedStatesdoesnot.OnewhoisbornintheUnitedStates;thatis,theterritories andpossessionsoftheUnitedStates,includingtheDistrictofColumbiaandfederal enclaveswithintheseveralStates,isacitizenoftheUnitedStates.Thisisbecause theUnitedStateshaspoliticaljurisdiction(completejurisdiction).Anindividual Statedoesnot.Thiscanbeseeninthefollowing: 2.AsappliedtoacitizenofanotherState,ortoacitizenoftheUnitedStates residinginanotherState,astatelawforbiddingsaleofconvictmadegoodsdoes notviolatetheprivilegesandimmunitiesclause[s]ofArt.IV,2andthe[privileges orimmunitiesclauseofthe]FourteenthAmendmentoftheFederalConstitution,ifit appliesalsoandequallytothecitizensoftheStatethatenactedit.P.437.Syllabus, Whitfieldv.StateofOhio:297U.S.431(1936). 1.Thecourtbelowproceededupontheassumptionthatpetitionerwasa citizenoftheUnitedStates;andhisstatusinthatregardisnotquestioned.The effectoftheprivileges[and]orimmunitiesclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment,as appliedtothefactsofthepresentcase,istodenythepowerofOhiotoimpose restraintsuponcitizensoftheUnitedStatesresidentinAlabamainrespectofthe dispositionofgoodswithinOhio,iflikerestraintsarenotimposeduponcitizens residentinOhio.TheeffectofthesimilarclausefoundintheFourthArticleofthe Constitution,asappliedtothesefacts,wouldbethesame,sincethatclauseis directedagainstdiscriminationbyastateinfavorofitsowncitizensandagainst thecitizensofotherstates.SlaughterHouseCases,16Wall.36,1Woods21,28; Bradwellv.State,16Wall.130,138.Opinion,Whitfieldv.StateofOhio:297U.S. 431,at437(1936).
http://supreme.justia.com/us/297/431/(Syllabus) http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13866319457277062642(Opinion)

AstowhoarecitizensoftheState.TheFourteenthAmendmenttothe ConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesprovidesthat AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttothe jurisdictionthereof,arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandtheStatewherein theyreside. ThereforewhenapersonwhoisacitizenoftheUnitedStatesbybirthor naturalization,comestothisStateandresides(emphasisnotmine)hereheisa citizenofthisState.... WhereacitizenofanotherStatecomestothisStateandresidesinsometownfor atemporarypurpose,thoughsuchstaybeprotracted,hedoesnottherebybecomea citizenofthisState.Easterlyv.Goodwin,35Conn.,286. 3

Withsuchaperson,hisresidenceheremustbeinthesenseofmakingitahome whichhehasnopresentintentionofabandoning.Ithinkthatitmustbea domiciliaryresidence.TheResidenceofaMaleCitizen,OpinionsoftheAttorney General;StateofConnecticut;Hartford,February1,1909;ReportoftheTax CommissionerforBiennialPeriod1909and1910,pages52thru53.

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AnotherwaytolookatthisisthatboththeseveralStatesandtheUnitedStates aresovereign: Inapplyingthedualsovereigntydoctrine,then,thecrucialdeterminationis whetherthetwoentitiesthatseeksuccessivelytoprosecuteadefendantforthe samecourseofconductcanbetermedseparatesovereigns....Thus,theCourt hasuniformlyheldthattheStatesareseparatesovereignswithrespecttothe FederalGovernment..... TheStatesarenolesssovereignwithrespecttoeachotherthantheyare withrespecttotheFederalGovernment.Thepowerstoundertakecriminal prosecutionsderivefromseparateandindependentsourcesofpowerandauthority originallybelongingtothembeforeadmissiontotheUnionandpreservedtothem bytheTenthAmendment.HeathvStateofAlabama:474U.S.82,at88thru89 (1985).
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13502780088763338920

IftheUnitedStatesmaycontroltheconductofitscitizensuponthehighseas, weseenoreasonwhytheStateofFloridamaynotlikewisegoverntheconductofits citizensuponthehighseaswithrespecttomattersinwhichtheStatehasa legitimateinterestandwherethereisnoconflictwithactsofCongress.Savefor thepowerscommittedbytheConstitutiontotheUnion,theStateofFloridahas retainedthestatusofasovereign..... ...Whenitsactiondoesnotconflictwithfederallegislation,thesovereign authorityoftheStateovertheconductofitscitizensuponthehighseasisanalogous tothesovereignauthorityoftheUnitedStatesoveritscitizensinlike circumstances.Skiriotesv.StateofFlorida:313U.S.69,at77,78thru79(1941).
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9757650854292938204

Thatthetreatymakingpowerhasbeensurrenderedbythestatesandgivento theUnitedStates,isunquestionable.Itistrue,also,thatthetreatiesmadebythe UnitedStatesandinforcearepartofthesupremelawoftheland,andthattheyare 4

asbindingwithintheterritoriallimitsofthestatesastheyareelsewhere throughoutthedominionoftheUnitedStates.Baldwinv.Franks:120U.S.678,at 682thru683(1887).

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Thus,onewhocompletedanapplicationforanpassport,aftertheadoptionofthe FourteenthAmendment,statingthattheywereborninaStateoftheUnion,wasa citizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitutionofthe UnitedStatesofAmerica,andnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates,underSection1of theFourteenthAmendment. BeforetheFourteenthAmendment,acitizenoftheUnitedStateswasthesameas acitizenoftheseveralStatesunited[Footnote8].Therefore,acitizenofaState, beforetheFourteenthAmendment,wasalsoacitizenoftheseveralStatesunited [Footnote11]. However,theFourteenthAmendmentchangedthat.IntheSlaughterhouseCases, theSupremeCourtsplitthetwoequivalentterms.Thereafter,therewasacitizenof theUnitedStatesandacitizenoftheseveralStates(united),undertheConstitution oftheUnitedStatesofAmerica: Itisquiteclear,then,thatthereisacitizenshipoftheUnitedStates,anda citizenshipofastate,whicharedistinctfromeachother,andwhichdependupon differentcharacteristicsorcircumstancesintheindividual. WethinkthisdistinctionanditsexplicitrecognitioninthisAmendmentofgreat weightinthisargument,becausethenextparagraphofthissamesection(first section,secondclause),whichistheonemainlyreliedonbytheplaintiffsinerror, speaksonlyofprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,and doesnotspeakofthose(privilegesandimmunities)ofcitizensoftheseveral states.Theargument,however,infavoroftheplaintiffs,restswhollyonthe assumptionthatthecitizenshipisthesameandtheprivilegesandimmunities guaranteedbytheclausearethesame.SlaughterhouseCases:83U.S.36,74(1873).
http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false

SincetheFourteenthAmendmentandtheSlaughterhouseCases,thereisacitizen 5

oftheUnitedStates,whoisnotacitizenoftheseveralStates(united)andacitizen oftheseveralStates(united)whoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates.[Footnote 12] AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,since theadoptionoftheFourteenthAmendment,isnowacitizenoftheseveralStates; thatis,acitizenoftheseveralStates(united).Withthenationalityofacitizenofthe severalStates(united).[Footnote13] Thus,acitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution canapplyforapassportasacitizenoftheseveralStates(united),andnotacitizen oftheUnitedStates,assuchnationalityisnowacitizenshipaswellasa nationality. ________________________ Footnotes: 1.AnaturalizedcitizenoftheUnitedStateswasalsoconsideredacitizenofthe UnitedStates,underinternationallaw.Andstillissincetheadoptionofthe FourteenthAmendment. 2.AcitizenofaStatewasrecognizedasacitizenoftheUnitedStates,under internationallaw.AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesdidnotexistundertheConstitution, butratherwasanationalityrecognizedunderinternationallawforonewhowasa citizenofaState:[SeeFootnote3] Theintercourseofthiscountrywithforeignnationsanditspolicyinregardto them,areplacedbytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesinthehandsofthe government,anditsdecisionsuponthesesubjectsareobligatoryuponeverycitizen oftheUnion.Heisboundtobeatwarwiththenationagainstwhichthewar makingpowerhasdeclaredwar,andequallyboundtocommitnoactofhostility againstanationwithwhichthegovernmentisinamityandfriendship.This principleisuniversallyacknowledgedbythelawsofnations.Itliesatthe foundationofallgovernment,astherecouldbenosocialorderorpeacefulrelations betweenthecitizensofdifferentcountrieswithoutit.Itis,however,more emphaticallytrueinrelationtocitizensoftheUnitedStates.Forasthesovereignty residesinthepeople,everycitizenisaportionofit,andishimselfpersonallybound 6

bythelawswhichtherepresentativesofthesovereigntymaypass,orthetreaties intowhichtheymayenter,withinthescopeoftheirdelegatedauthority.Andwhen thatauthorityhasplighteditsfaithtoanothernationthatthereshallbepeaceand friendshipbetweenthecitizensofthetwocountries,everycitizenoftheUnited Statesisequallyandpersonallypledged.Thecompactismadebythedepartmentof thegovernmentuponwhichhehimselfhasagreedtoconferthepower.Itishisown personalcompactasaportionofthesovereigntyinwhosebehalfitismade.Andhe candonoact,norenterintoanyagreementtopromoteorencouragerevoltor hostilitiesagainsttheterritoriesofacountrywithwhichourgovernmentispledged bytreatytobeatpeace,withoutabreachofhisdutyasacitizenandthebreachof thefaithpledgedtotheforeignnation.Kennettv.Chambers:55U.S.(Howard14) 38,49thru50(1852).
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3.TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,bymistakeorblunder,inthecaseof DredScottreferredtooneasacitizenoftheUnitedStates,underArticleIV,Section 2,Clause1oftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaandtooneasacitizen ofaState,undertheconstitutionoftheindividualState.Thecorrectobservation shouldhavebeenthatonewasacitizenofaState,undertheConstitutionofthe UnitedStatesofAmerica,oronewasacitizenofaState,undertheconstitutionof theindividualState,thetwo;ofcourse,notbeingthesame.Thiswasamistakeor blunderbecausebeforethecaseofDredScott,acitizenoftheUnitedStatesdidnot existundertheConstitution,butratherwasanationalityrecognizedunder internationallawforonewhowasa(native)citizenofaState,ora(naturalized) citizenoftheUnitedStates,thoughaswillbeshown,therewereotherswho qualified. AblackslavewasrecognizedasacitizenoftheUnitedStates,underinternational law,beforetheFourteenthAmendment: ...Leavingasidethebroadconstitutionalprinciplethatthestatemay imposeitscitizenshiponallthosewithinitssovereignty,thereareclassesof personswho,whilenotcitizensinconstitutionallaw,areneverthelesssubjectsof thestateornationalsininternationallaw.Soforexample,thenegroesbeforethe CivilWar,theAmericanIndians,andnativesoftheunincorporatedinsular possessions,arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesininternationallaw,thoughnot constitutionallycitizens.TheDiplomaticProtectionofCitizensAbroadorTheLaw ofInternationalClaims;EdwinM.Borchard;(NewYork:TheBanksLawPublishing Co.);1915,page20.
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Thus,theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateserrorindescribingoneunderArticle IV,Section2,Clause1asacitizenoftheUnitedStates,assuchtermwasusedin internationallaw.And,thattherewasnosuchcitizenundertheConstitutionofthe UnitedStatesofAmerica. 4.AnaturalizedcitizenoftheUnitedStateshadtodeclarethatheorshewasa naturalizedcitizenoftheUnitedStatesandtakeanoathofallegiance.Anexample:

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UnitedStatesPassportApplications,1795thru1905;microform;Reel125 September1,1864thruNovember30,1864;page39(bothsides). 5.Thefollowingcasesondiversityofcitizenshipshowthatthereisacitizenofthe UnitedStates,andacitizenofaStatewhoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates: Thepetitionavers,thattheplaintiff,RichardRaynalKeene,isacitizenofthe stateofMaryland;andthatJamesBrown,thedefendant,isacitizenorresidentof thestateofLouisiana,holdinghisfixedandpermanentdomicilintheparishofSt. Charles.Thepetition,then,doesnotaverpositively,thatthedefendantisacitizen ofthestateofLouisiana,butinthealternative,thatheisacitizenoraresident. Consistentlywiththisaverment,hemaybeeither. ...AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesmaybecomeacitizenofthatstateinwhich hehasafixedandpermanentdomicil;butthepetitionDOESNOTAVERthatthe plaintiffisacitizenoftheUnitedStates.... Thedecisionsofthiscourtrequire,thattheavermentofjurisdictionshallbe positive,andthatthedeclarationshallstateexpresslythefactonwhichjurisdiction depends.Itisnotsufficientthatjurisdictionmaybeinferredargumentativelyfrom itsaverments. TheanswerofJamesBrownasserts,thatbothplaintiffanddefendantare citizensoftheStateofLouisiana. Withoutindicatinganyopiniononthequestion,whetheranyadmissioninthe pleacancureaninsufficientallegationofjurisdictioninthedeclaration,weareallof opinionthatthisanswerdoesnotcurethedefectofthepetition.Iftheavermentof theanswermaybelookedinto,thewholeavermentmustbetakentogether.Itis thatbothplaintiffanddefendantarecitizensofLouisiana.Brownv.Keene:33U.S. (Peters8)112,at115thru116(1834).
http://books.google.com/books?id=DUUFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false

Syllabus: Thefacts,whichinvolvedthesufficiencyofavermentsandproofofdiverse citizenshiptomaintainthejurisdictionoftheUnitedStatesCircuitCourt,arestated intheopinionofthecourt. Opinion: WecometothecontentionthatthecitizenshipofEdwardswasnotaverredin thecomplaintorshownbytherecord,andhencejurisdictiondidnotappear. Inansweringthequestion,whethertheCircuitCourthadjurisdictionofthe controversy,wemustputourselvesintheplaceoftheCircuitCourtofAppeals,and decidethequestionwithreferencetothetranscriptofrecordinthatcourt. HadthetranscriptshownnothingmoreastothestatusofEdwardsthanthe avermentofthecomplaintthathewasaresidentoftheStateofDelaware,assuch anavermentwouldnotnecessarilyhaveimportedthatEdwardswasacitizenof Delaware,anegativeanswerwouldhavebeenimpelledbypriordecisions.Mexican CentralRy.Co.v.Duthie,189U.S.76;Hornev.GeorgeH.HammondCo.,155U.S.393; Dennyv.Pironi,141U.S.121;Robertsonv.Cease,97U.S.646.Thewholerecord, however,maybelookedto,forthepurposeofcuringadefectiveavermentof citizenship,wherejurisdictioninaFederalcourtisassertedtodependupon diversityofcitizenship,andiftherequisitecitizenship,isanywhereexpressly averredintherecord,orfactsarethereinstatedwhichinlegalintendment constitutesuchallegation,thatissufficient.Hornev.GeorgeH.HammondCo.,supra andcasescited. Asthisisanactionatlaw,weareboundtoassumethatthetestimonyofthe plaintiffcontainedinthecertificateoftheCircuitCourtofAppeals,andrecitedto havebeengivenonthetrial,waspreservedinabillofexceptions,whichformed partofthetranscriptofrecordfiledintheCircuitCourtofAppeals.Beingapartof therecord,andpropertoberesortedtoinsettlingaquestionofthecharacterof thatnowunderconsideration,Robertsonv.Cease,97U.S.648,wecometoascertain whatisestablishedbytheuncontradictedevidencereferredto. Inthefirstplace,itshowsthatEdwards,priortohisemploymentontheNew YorkSunandtheNewHavenPalladium,waslegallydomiciledintheStateof Delaware.Next,itdemonstratesthathehadnointentiontoabandonsuchdomicil, forhetestifiedunderoathasfollows:OneofthereasonsIlefttheNewHaven Palladiumwas,itwastoofarawayfromhome.IlivedinDelaware,andIhadtogo backandforth.MyfamilyareoverinDelaware.Now,itiselementarythat,toeffect achangeofoneslegaldomicil,twothingsareindispensable:First,residenceina newdomicil,and,second,theintentiontoremainthere.Thechangecannotbe made,exceptfactoetanimo.Botharealikenecessary.Eitherwithouttheotheris 9

insufficient.Mereabsencefromafixedhome,howeverlongcontinued,cannotwork thechange.Mitchellv.UnitedStates,21Wall.350. AsDelawaremust,then,beheldtohavebeenthelegaldomicilofEdwardsatthe timehecommencedthisaction,haditappearedthathewasacitizenofthe UnitedStates,itwouldhaveresulted,byoperationoftheFourteenth Amendment,thatEdwardswasalsoacitizenoftheStateofDelaware.Anderson v.Watt,138U.S.694.Bethisasitmay,however,Delawarebeingthelegal domicilofEdwards,itwasimpossibleforhimtohavebeenacitizenofanother State,District,orTerritory,andhemustthenhavebeeneitheracitizenof DelawareoracitizenorsubjectofaforeignState.Ineitherofthese contingencies,theCircuitCourtwouldhavehadjurisdictionoverthe controversy.But,inthelightofthetestimony,wearesatisfiedthattheavermentin thecomplaint,thatEdwardswasaresidentoftheStateofDelaware,wasintended tomean,and,reasonablyconstrued,mustbeinterpretedasaverring,thatthe plaintiffwasacitizenoftheStateofDelaware.Jonesv.Andrews,10Wall.327, 331;ExpressCompanyv.Kountze,8Wall.342.SunPrinting&Publishing Associationv.Edwards:194U.S.377,at381thru383(1904).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tekGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381#v=onepage&q&f=false

ThebillfiledintheCircuitCourtbytheplaintiff,McQuesten,allegedhertobe acitizenoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStateofMassachusetts,andresidingat TurnerFallsinsaidState,whilethedefendantsSteiglederandwifewerealleged tobecitizensoftheStateofWashington,andresidingatthecityofSeattleinsaid State.StatementoftheCase,Steiglederv.McQuesten:198U.S.141(1905). TheavermentinthebillthatthepartieswerecitizensofdifferentStates wassufficienttomakeaprimafaciecaseofjurisdictionsofarasitdependedon citizenship.Opinion,Steiglederv.McQuesten:198U.S.141,at142(1905).[See Footnote6]

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6.AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesisrecognizedinSection1,Clause1ofthe FourteenthAmendment.AcitizenofaStatewhoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates isrecognizedatArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates ofAmerica: ...Thereisnoinherentrightinacitizentothussellintoxicatingliquorsby retail.ItisnotaprivilegeofacitizenoftheStateorofacitizenoftheUnited States.Crowleyv.Christensen:137U.S.86,at91(1890).

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Anotherobjectiontotheactisthatitisinviolationofsection2,art.4,ofthe constitutionoftheUnitedStates,andofthefourteenthamendment,inthatthisact discriminatesbothastopersonsandproducts.Section2,art.4,declaresthatthe citizensofeachstateshallbeentitledtoalltheprivilegesandimmunitiesofthe citizensoftheseveralstates;andthefourteenthamendmentdeclaresthatnostate shallmakeorenforceanylawwhichshallabridgetheprivilegesandimmunitiesof citizensoftheUnitedStates.Butwehaveseenthatthesupremecourt,inCrowleyv. Christensen,137U.S.91,11Sup.Ct.Rep.15,hasdeclaredthatthereisnoinherent rightinacitizentosellintoxicatingliquorsbyretail.Itisnotaprivilegeofacitizen ofastateorofacitizenoftheUnitedStates.Cantiniv.Tillman:54Fed.Rep.969, at973(1893).
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7.ToseethatacitizenoftheUnitedStates,underSection1oftheFourteenth Amendment,isonewhoisbornintheUnitedStates,andnottheseveralStates,refer tomyworkYes,personsbornintheUnitedStatesundertheFourteenth AmendmentarenotbornintheseveralStatesandthenBlundersoftheSupreme CourtoftheUnitedStates,Part3. 8.TheactofCongressreferredtointhefirstsectionoftheactof11thApril,1799 isrepealedandsuppliedbyanactpassed14thApril,1802,whichisincorporatedin thisnoteforthepurposeofconnectingthewholelawonthesubject. Anacttoestablishanuniformruleofnaturalization,andtorepealtheacts heretoforepassedonthatsubject. Beinenacted,&c.Thatanyalienbeingafreewhiteperson,maybeadmittedto becomeacitizenoftheUnitedStates,oranyofTHEM[SeeFootnote9]onthe followingconditions,andnototherwise: First,Thatheshallhavedeclared,onoathoraffirmation,beforetheSupreme, Superior,DistrictorCircuitCourtofsomeoneofthestatesoroftheterritorial districtsoftheUnitedStates,oraCircuitorDistrictCourtoftheUnitedStates,three yearsatleastbeforehisadmission,thatitwas,bonafide,hisintentiontobecomea citizenoftheUnitedStates,andtorenounceforeverallallegianceandfidelitytoany foreignprince,potentate,stateorsovereigntywhereofsuchalienmay,atthetime, beacitizenorsubject. Secondly,Thatheshall,atthetimeofhisapplicationtobeadmitted,declareon oathoraffirmation,beforesomeoneofthecourtsaforesaid,thathewillsupportthe constitutionoftheUnitedStates,andthathedothabsolutelyandentirelyrenounce 11

andabjureallallegianceandfidelitytoeveryforeignprince,potentate,state,or sovereigntywhatever,andparticularly,byname,theprince,potentate,state,or sovereigntywhereofhewasbeforeacitizenorsubject,whichproceedingsshallbe recordedbytheclerkofthecourt.LawsoftheCommonwealthofPennsylvania, FromtheFourteenthDayofOctober,OneThousandSevenHundred.Republished, UndertheAuthorityoftheLegislaturewithNotesandReferences,Volume4, (1810);Philadelphia:JohnBioren,page364.

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9.BeforetheFourteenthAmendment,thetermtheUnitedStates,referredtothe severalStatesunited: Atthetimeoftheformationoftheconstitution,theStatesweremembersofthe confederacyunitedunderthestyleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,anduponthe expressconditionthateachStateretainsitssovereignty,freedom,and independence.Andtheconsiderationthat,undertheconfederation,We,the peopleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,indubitablysignifiedthepeopleofthe severalStatesoftheUnion,asfree,independentandsovereignStates,coupledwith thefactthattheconstitutionwasacontinuationofthesameUnion(amoreperfect Union),andamererevisionorremodelingoftheconfederation,isabsolutely conclusivethat,bytheterm,theUnitedStatesismeanttheseveralStatesunited asindependentandsovereigncommunities;andbythewords,We,thepeopleof theUnitedStates,ismeantthepeopleoftheseveralStatesasdistinctandsovereign communities,andnotthepeopleofthewholeUnitedStatescollectivelyasanation. Stuntv.SteamboatOhio:4Am.Law.Reg.49,at95(1855),Dis.Ct.,HamiltonCounty, Ohio;and(samewording)PiquaBankv.Knoup,Treasurer:6Ohio261,at303thru 304(1856).[SeeFootnote10]
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10.ThepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconstituteonenation,underonegovernment, andthisgovernment,withinthescopeofthepowerswithwhichitisinvested,is supreme.Ontheotherhand,thepeopleofeachStatecomposeaState,havingits owngovernment,andendowedwithallthefunctionsessentialtoseparateand independentexistence.TheStatesdisunitedmightcontinuetoexist.Withoutthe StatesinuniontherecouldbenosuchpoliticalbodyastheUnitedStates.Lane Countyv.theStateofOregon:74U.S.(Wall.7)71,at76(1868).

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11....Forallnationalpurposesembracedbythefederalconstitution,the statesandthecitizensthereofareone,unitedunderthesamesovereignauthority, andgovernedbythesamelaws.Inallotherrespects,thestatesarenecessarily foreignto,andindependentofeachother.Bucknerv.Finley:27U.S.(Peters2)586, at590(1829).

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...[T]heStatesofthisUnion,althoughunitedasonenationforcertainspecified purposes,areyet,sofarasconcernstheirinternalgovernment,separate sovereignties,independentofeachother.CommonwealthofKentuckyv. Dennision:65U.S.(Howard24)66,at100(1860).

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12.IntheSlaughterHouseCases,16Wall.36,76,indefiningtheprivilegesand immunitiesofcitizensoftheseveralStates,thisisquotedfromtheopinionofMr. JusticeWashingtoninCorfieldv.Coryell,4Wash.Cir.Ct.371,380.Hodgesv.United States:203U.S.1,at15(1906).

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Inspeakingofthemeaningofthephraseprivilegesandimmunitiesof citizensoftheseveralStates,undersectionsecond,articlefourth,ofthe Constitution,itwassaidbythepresentChiefJustice,inColev.Cunningham,133U.S. 107,thattheintentionwastoconferonthecitizensoftheseveralStatesageneral citizenship,andtocommunicatealltheprivilegesandimmunitieswhichthe citizensofthesameStatewouldbeentitledtounderthelikecircumstances,andthis includestherighttoinstituteactions.Maxwellv.Dow:176U.S.581,at592 (1900).

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Theobjectionthattheactsabridgetheprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensof theUnitedStates,withinthemeaningofthe[Fourteenth]amendment,isnot pressed,andplainlyisuntenable.Ashasbeenpointedoutrepeatedly,theprivileges andimmunitiesreferredtointheamendmentareonlysuchasowetheirexistence tothefederalgovernment,itsnationalcharacter,itsConstitution,oritslaws. Maxwellv.Bugbee,250U.S.525,537538,andcasescited.Owneyv.Morgan:256 U.S.94,at112113(1921).

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Also: Williamswasarresteduponawarrantcharginghimwiththeoffenseofacting asemigrantagentwithoutalicense.Hemadeapplicationtothejudgeofthe superiorcourtoftheOcmulgeecircuitforawritofhabeascorpus,allegingthatthe warrantunderwhichhewasarrestedchargedhimwithaviolationofthatprovision ofthegeneraltaxactof1898whichimposeduponeachemigrantagent,or employeroremployeofsuchagents,doingbusinessinthisstate,thesumoffive hundreddollarsforeachcountyinwhichsuchbusinessisconducted.Acts1898,p. 24.Hefurtherallegedthatthelawwhichhewaschargedwithhavingviolatedwas inconflictwithcertainprovisionsoftheconstitutionsoftheUnitedStatesandofthe stateofGeorgia,enumeratingintheapplicationthevariousclausesofwhichtheact wasallegedtobeviolative.... Isthelaw(thegeneraltaxactof1898)aregulationorrestrictionofintercourse amongthecitizensofthisstateandthoseofotherstates?Underthisbranchof commercethestatesareprohibitedfrompassinganylawwhicheitherrestrictsthe freepassageofthecitizensoftheUnitedStatesthroughtheseveralstates,orwhich undertakestoregulateorrestrictfreecommunicationbetweenthecitizensofthe severalstates.Ataxontherightofacitizentoleavethestate,orontherightofa citizenofanotherstatetocomeintothestate,isaregulationofinterstate commerce,andvoid.Crandallv.Nevada,6Wall.35,18L.Ed.744;Hendersonv. Mayor,etc.,92U.S.259,23L.Ed.543;Peoplev.CompagnieGeneraleTransatlantique, 107U.S.59,2Sup.Ct.87,27L.Ed.383;PassengerCases,7How.282,12L.Ed.702. Norcanastatepassalawwhichattemptstoregulateorrestrictcommunication betweenthecitizensofdifferentstates.TelegraphCo.v.Pendleton,122U.S.347,7 Sup.Ct.1126,30L.Ed.1187;PensacolaTel.Co.v.W.U.Tel.Co.,96U.S.1,24L.Ed. 708.Butthelawunderconsiderationinthepresentcaseneitherregulatesnor restrictstherightofcitizensofthisstatetoleaveitsterritoryatwill,nortoholdfree communicationwiththecitizensofotherstates.Williamsv.Fears:35S.E.699,at 699,701(1900).
http://books.google.com/books?id=DhwLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA701#v=onepage&q&f=false

And: 1.RightoftransitthroughtheStateguaranteedtocitizensbyconstitution. Underconstitutionalprovisions,bothStateandFederal,everycitizenoftheUnited StatesandoftheseveralStatesoftheUnionhas,asanattributeofpersonal liberty,therightoffreeegressfrom,andtransitthroughtheState,unlessrestrained byduecourseoflaw;andthisrightissubjectonlytosuchlegislativeregulationsas maybeimposedbytheexerciseofthepolicepoweroftheState,orasmayremotely affectitinthelegitimateexerciseofthepowerofStatetaxation.Syllabus,Josephv. Randolph:45Ala.2d.253,at253(1882). 14

Thequestionpresentedfordecisionisaconstitutionalone,involvingthe validityofanactoftheGeneralAssemblyofthisState.... Itisinsisted,amongotherthings,thattheplainintentandnaturaleffectofthis statuteistotax,byindirection,theconstitutionalrightofthecitizentohavefree egress,atallseasonabletimes,byemigrationfromtheState.Ifthisviewbecorrect, itisclearthatthevalidityoftheactcannotbesustained. Therecanbenodenialofthegeneralpropositionthateverycitizenofthe UnitedStates,andeverycitizenofeachStateoftheUnion,asanattributeof personalliberty,hastheright,ordinarily,offreetransitfrom,orthroughthe territoryofanyState.Thisfreedomofegressoringressisguaranteedtoallbythe clearestimplicationsoftheFederal,aswellasoftheStateconstitution.Ithasbeen saidthateveninEngland,whenceoursystemofjurisprudencewasderived,the righttopersonallibertydidnotdependonanyexpressstatute,butitwasthe birthrightofeveryfreeman.CooleysConst.Lim.342.ThisrightwassaidbySir WilliamBlackstonetoconsistinthepoweroflocomotion,ofchangingsituation,or ofmovingonespersontowhatsoeverplaceonesinclinationmaydirect,without imprisonmentorrestraint,unlessbydueprocessoflaw.1Bl.Com.134.Forits summaryvindicationwhenillegallymolested,thewritofhabeascorpushadits origin,andwasestablishedwithmagnacharta.HurdonHabeasCorpus.143. Thislibertyofinterstatetransit,thusbasedontheassertionofpersonalliberty,is referabletomanyclausesoftheFederalconstitution.InWardv.Maryland,12Wall. 418,430[20L.Ed.449],itwasclassedbyMr.JusticeCliffordasoneofthe privilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizensoftheseveralStates,guaranteedtothe citizensofeachStatebyArt.IV.,Sec.2oftheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates.In thePassengerCases,7How.(U.S.)283[12L.Ed.702],itwasrecognizedbya majorityoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesasarightprotectedbythe commercialclauseoftheFederalconstitutionfromhostileStatelegislation,andits existencewasadmittedbyall,anddeniedbynone.Mr.JusticeWaynesaidthatno StatehadtherighttotaxaforeignerorpersonforcomingintooneoftheUnited States.That,hecontinued,wouldbeataxorrevenueact,inthenatureofa regulationofcommerceactinguponnavigation,andassuchhethoughtitviolative oftheFederalconstitution.PassengerCases,7How.(U.S.)420[12L.Ed.702].In Crandallv.StateofNevada,6Wall.35[18L.Ed.744,745],theentirecourt concurredintheview,thatacapitationtaxofonedollar,imposedbythelegislature ofNevadauponeverypersonleavingtheState,asapassengerbyrailroad,stage coachorothermodeofconveyance,wasunconstitutionalandvoid.Thereasonwas, thatitinfringedtheunquestionablerightofeverycitizen(oftheUnitedStates)to havefreeingressandegress,toandfromandthroughtheStatesandTerritories composingacommongeneralgovernmentarightfullyrecognizedbyallthe judgesashavinganundoubtedexistence,althoughtheydifferedastotheparticular grounduponwhichitcouldberested.RoreronInterStateLaw,315. 15

Therightofeverycitizen,orpersontoenjoyfreeegressfrom,ortransitthrough theState,is,inouropinion,anundoubtedconstitutionalright.Opinion,Josephv. Randolph:45Ala.2d.253,at253,255thru256(1882).

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13.FromtheUnitedStatesNavalInstituteProceedings,Volume45,No.7,July 1919,atpage1790thru1791thereisthefollowing:
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MerchantMarine... Thenationalityofthoseshippedasofficers(excludingmasters)andmen (countingrepeatedshipments)beforeUnitedStatesShippingCommissioners,as returnedtotheBureauofNavigation,DepartmentofCommerce,wasasfollowsfor 1914and1919: Nationality19141919 Others11,44238,811 ThoseclassedasothersaremainlyfromthecountriesofSouthAmerica, citizensoftheseveralstateswhichhavebeencreatedbythewar,andSwiss shippingasstewards.U.S.Bulletin,9/8. ThisreportoftheNationalityofCrewscanbeseenfortheyears1907through 1922,inclusive,attheselinks:
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(onpage15) AscanbeseenOthersappearsinallofthemunderNationality. 16