BHARAT ELECTRONICS

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY: VAIBHAV SHYORAN

ROLL NO: 0819431418

GUTAM BUDH TECHINAL UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

: : : : : : : : :

CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE BHARAT ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY B E: SALES ANS SERVICES FORMATION OF UNIT PROJECT : ROTATION PROJECT : GFE GFE

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

I Certify that Mr. Nishikant Sharma, has joined BEL, Ghaziabad for Four-weeks industrial training and he has been constantly working under my acknowledgement on the project undersigned to him. He has worked on RADAR Transmitter. His contribution was in Testing and Integration of Transmitter. This report accounts his experience and knowledge of the field he worked in. I have verified the report and sanction it.

Jagdish Chand A.G.M. (RADAR)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards Mr.Neeraj Kumar ( D.G.M., HRD), Bharat Electronics, Ghaziabad for accepting my letter and allowing me to complete my training in Bharat Electronics. I am extremely grateful to Mr. Jagdish Chandar, (AGM, RADAR Department) Mr. Dhyan Singh, (DGM, RADAR Department), Bharat Electronics, for permitting me to join CAR- RADAR Department. Further I would like to thank Mr S.S. Chaturvedi, Ms.Ruchi Pant Mr. J.K. Nimberkar, Mr. A.K. Saxena, Ms. Rekha Yadav, for their time to time guidance and help extended during each stage our project. I am grateful to Mr. R.N. Tyagi, Sr. Manager, HRD to guide and help me throughout my project. It is not without his help I could have been able to complete my Training here. Finally, I would like to thank each and every member of BEL family for making me feel comfortable and helping me in every possible manner.

PREFACE
The six month training is a part of our B.Tech, Electronics and Communication. Practical Industrial Training mainly aims at making one aware of industrial environment; which means that one gets to know the limitation, constraint and freedom under which an engineer works. One also gets an opportunity to watch from close quarter that indicates manager relation. This training mainly involves industrial and complete knowledge about designing, assembling and manufacturing process of various equipments manufactured by an industry. During this six month period, as a student, there is a great opportunity of understanding Industrial practices. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during our course is useful only if it can be applied to production and services in the industry. The learnt is applied, tested, verified and rectified. Apart from this the student gets an opportunity to learn latest technology and is upgraded of the new trends immersing in the industry of interest. I had the opportunity to utilize my six month summer internship in BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED, GHAZIABAD [U.P.]. I was a part of the companys new venture CAR, which provided me a great deal of learning. My sphere of knowledge was expanded both at technical and personal level. I not only got chance to work on Live Project but also witnessed the related industrial processes and got acquainted to many of the prevalent technologies.

INTRODUCTION TO BEL

BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED

INDUSTRY

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was established in 1954 as a Public Sector Enterprise
under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence as the fountain head to manufacture and supply electronics components and equipment. BEL, with a noteworthy history of pioneering achievements, has met the requirement of state-of-art professional electronic equipment for Defence, broadcasting, civil Defence and telecommunications as well as the component requirement of entertainment and medical X-ray industry. Over the years, BEL has grown to a multi-product, multi-unit, and technology driven company with track record of a profit earning PSU. The company has a unique position in India of having dealt with all the generations of electronic component and equipment. Having started with a HF receiver in collaboration with T-CSF of France, the company's equipment designs have had a long voyage through the hybrid, solid state discrete component to the state of art integrated circuit technology. In the component arena also, the company established its own electron valve manufacturing facility. It moved on to semiconductors with the manufacture of germanium and silicon devices and then to the manufacture of Integrated circuits. To keep in pace with the component and equipment technology, its manufacturing and product assurance facilities have also undergone sea change. The design groups have CADDs facility, the manufacturing has CNC machines and a Mass Manufacture Facility, and Quality Control (QC) checks are preformed with multi-dimensional profile measurement machines, Automatic testing machines, environmental labs to check extreme weather and other operational conditions. All these facilities have been established to meet the stringent requirements of MIL grade systems. Today BEL's infrastructure is spread over nine locations with 29 production divisions having ISO-9001/9002 accreditation. Product mix of the company is spread over the entire Electro-magnetic (EM) spectrum ranging from tiny audio frequency semiconductor to huge radar systems and X-ray tubes on the upper edge of the spectrum. Its manufacturing units have special focus towards the product ranges like Defence Communication, Radar's, Optical & Opto-electronics, Telecommunications, Sound and Vision Broadcasting, Electronic Components, etc. Besides manufacturing and supply of a wide variety of products, BEL offers a variety of services like Telecom and Radar Systems Consultancy, Contract Manufacturing, Calibration of Test & Measuring Instruments, etc. At the moment, the company is installing MSSR radar at important airports under the modernization of airports plan of National Airport Authority (NAA).

BEL has nurtured and built a strong in-house R&D base by absorbing technologies from more than 50 leading companies worldwide and DRDO Labs for a wide range of products. A team of more than 800 engineers is working in R&D. Each unit has its own R&D Division to bring out new products to the production lines. Central Research Laboratory (CRL) at Bangalore and Ghaziabad works as independent agency to undertake contemporary design work on state-of-art and futuristic technologies. About 70% of BEL's products are of in-house design. BEL was among the first Indian companies to manufacture computer parts and peripherals under arrangement with International Computers India Limited (ICIL) in 1970s. BEL assembled a limited number of 1901 systems under the arrangement with ICIL. However, following Government's decision to restrict the computer manufacture to ECIL, BEL could not progress in its computer manufacturing plans. As many of its equipment were microprocessor based, the company continued to develop computers based application, both hardware and software. Most of its software requirements are in real time. EMCCA, software intensive naval ships control and command system is probably one of the first projects of its nature in India and Asia. BEL has won a number of national and international awards for Import Substitution, Productivity, Quality, Safety Standardization etc. BEL was ranked no.1 in the field of Electronics and 46th overall among the top 1000 private and public sector undertakings in India by the Business Standard in its special supplement "The BS 1000 (1997-98)". BEL was listed 3rd among the Mini Ratanas (category II) by the Government of India, 49th among Asia's top 100 Electronic Companies by the Electronic Business Asia and within the top 100 worldwide Defence Companies by the Defence News, USA. BEL has production units established at different parts of the country. The year of establishment and location are as follows:

Serial no.

Year of Location establishment

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1954 1972 1979 1979 1984 1984 1985 1985 1986

Bangalore Ghaziabad Pune Taloja (Maharashtra) Hyderabad Panchkula (Haryana) Chennai Machhilipathnam (A.P.) Kotdwara (U.P.)

Motto Mission and Objectives The passionate pursuit of excellence at BEL is reflected in a reputation with its customers that can be described in its motto, mission and objectives:

CORPORATE MOTTO

"Quality, Technology and Innovation."

CORPORATE MISSION To be the market leader in Defence Electronics and in other chosen fields and products. CORPORATE OBJECTIVES To become a customer-driven company supplying quality products at competitive prices at the expected time and providing excellent customer support. To achieve growth in the operations commensurate with the growth of professional electronics industry in the country. To generate internal resources for financing the investments required for modernization, expansion and growth for ensuring a fair return to the investor. In order to meet the nation's strategic needs, to strive for self-reliance by indigenization of materials and components. To retain the technological leadership of the company in Defence and other chosen fields of electronics through in-house Research and development as well as through Collaboration/Co-operation with Defence/National Research Laboratories, International Companies, Universities and Academic Institutions. To progressively increase overseas sales of its products and services.

To create an organizational culture which encourages members of the organization to realize their full potential through continuous learning on the job and through other HRD initiatives?

Manufacturing Units
Bangalore (Karnataka) BEL started its production activities in Bangalore in 1954 with 400W high frequency (HF) transmitter and communication receiver for the Army. Since then, the Bangalore Complex has grown to specialize in communication and Radar/Sonar Systems for the Army, Navy and Air Force. BEL's in-house R&D and successful tie-ups with foreign Defence companies and Indian Defence Laboratories has seen the development and production of over 300 products in Bangalore alone. The Unit has now diversified into manufacturing of electronic products for the civilian customers such as D.O.T., V.S.N.L., A.I.R. and Doordarshan, Meteorological Dept., I.S.R.O., Police, Civil Aviation, and

Railways. As an aid to Electorate, the unit has developed Electronic Voting Machines that are produced at its Mass Manufacturing Facility (MMF). Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) The second largest Unit at Ghaziabad was set up in 1974 to manufacture special types of radar for the Air Defence Ground Environment Systems (Plan ADGES). The Unit provides Communication Systems to the Defence Forces and Microwave Communication Links to the various departments of the State and Central Govt. and other users. The Unit's product range included Static and Mobile Radar, Tropo scatter equipment, professional grade Antennae and Microwave components. Pune (Maharashtra) This Unit was started in 1979 to manufacture Image Converter Tubes. Subsequently, Magnesium Manganese-dioxide Batteries, Lithium Sulphur Batteries and Xray Tubes/Cables were added to the product range. At the present the Unit manufactures Laser Sub-unit for tank fire control systems and Laser Range Finders for the Defence services. Machilipatnam (Andhra Pradesh) The Andhra Scientific Co. at Machilipatnam, manufacturing optics/Opto-electronic equipment was integrated with BEL in 1983. The product line includes Passive Night Vision Equipment, Binoculars, Binoculars and Goggles, Periscopes, Gun Sights, Surgical Microscope and Optical Sights and Mussle Reference Systems for tank fire control systems. The Unit has successfully diversified to making the Surgical Microscope with zoom facilities. To cater the growing needs of Defence Communications, this Unit was established in 1985. Professional grade Radio-communication Equipment in VHF and UHF ranges entirely developed by BEL and required by the Defence services are being met from this Unit. Chennai (Tamil Nadu) In 1985, BEL established another Unit at Chennai to facilitate manufacture of Gun Control Equipment required for the integration and installation in the Vijayanta tanks. The Unit is now manufacturing Stabilizer Systems for T-72 tanks, Infantry Combat Vehicles BMP-II; Commander's Panoramic Sights & Tank Laser Sights are among others. Kotdwar (Uttar Pradesh) In 1986, BEL started a Unit at Kotdwara to manufacture Telecommunication Equipment for both Defence and civilian

Customers Focus is being given on the requirement of the Department of Telecommunications to manufacture Transmission and Switching Equipment. Taloja (Maharashtra)
For the manufacture of B/W TV Glass bulbs, this plant was established in collaboration with coming, France in 1986. The Unit is now fully mobilized to manufacture 20" glass bulbs indigenously.

Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) To coordinate with the major Defence R&D Laboratories located in Hyderabad, DLRL, DRDL and DMRL, BEL established a unit at Hyderabad in 1986. Force Multiplier Systems are manufactured here for the Defence services.

Joint Ventures
BE-Delft Electronics Limited BE-Delft Electronics Limited, Pune, the first joint venture of the company with Delft Instruments, Holland and UTI was established in the year 1990 for conducting research, development and manufacture of Image Intensifier Tubes and associated high voltage power supplies for use in military, security and commercial systems. Its products include night vision goggles and binoculars, night vision weapon sights and low light level input applications. GE BE Private Limited GE BE Private Limited, Bangalore, a JV with General Electric Medical Systems, USA has been established in 1997-98 for manufacture of High End Rotating Anode Medical Diagnostic X-ray tube called CT MAX, which is used in CT Scanners. The joint venture unit will also establish a reloading facility for X-ray tubes and will also market the conventional X-ray tubes made at Pune Unit of BEL. South East Asia markets are addressed by this joint venture. BEL- Multitone Private Limited A joint venture between Bharat Electronics and Multitone Electronics Plc, UK has also been established in Bangalore in 1997-98 to manufacture state-of-art Mobile Communication for the workplace. Multitone invented paging in 1956 when it developed the world's first system to serve the "life or death" environment of St. Thomas Hospital, London. With the strength of Bharat Electronics in the Radio Communications field and the technology of Multitone, in the field of Radio Paging, the joint venture company is in a position to offer tailor made solution to the Mobile Communication needs at workplace in various market segments.

Customer Profile & BEL Product Range

Defence Army

Navy Air Force Non-Defence Para-Military Space Department All India Radio Doordarshan (TV Network) NCERT Department of Telecommunications Videsh Sanchar Nigam and other Corporate Bodies Civil Aviation Meteorological Department Power Sector Oil Industry Forest Departments, Irrigation & Electricity Boards Medical & Health Care Railways

Tactical and Strategic Communication Equipment and Systems, Secrecy Equipment, Digital Switches, Battlefield Surveillance Radar, Air Defence and Fire Control Radar, Opto-Electronic Instruments, Tank Fire Control Systems, Stabilizer Systems, Stimulators and Trainers. Navigational, Surveillance, Fire Control Radar, IFF, SONAR Systems, Torpedo Decoys, Display Systems, EW Systems, Simulators, Communication Equipment and Systems. Surveillance and Tracking Raiders, Communication Equipment and Systems, IFF and EW Systems. Communication Equipment and Systems. Precision Tracking Radar, Ground Electronics, Flight and On-Board Sub-systems. MW, SW & FM Transmitters. Low, Medium and High Power Transmitters, Studio Equipment, OB Vans, Cameras, Antennae, Mobile and Transportable Satellite Uplinks. TV Studios on Turnkey Basis for Educational Programs. Transmission Equipment (Microwave and UHF) and PCM Multiplex, Rural and Main Automatic Exchanges, Flyaway Satellite Terminals, Solar Panels for Rural Exchanges. MCPC VSAT, SCPC VSAT, Flyaway Earth Stations. Hub Stations, Up/Down Converters, LNA Modems Airport Surveillance Radar, Secondary Surveillance Radar. Cyclone Warning and Multipurpose Meteorological Radar. Satellite Communication Equipment. Communication Systems, Radar. Communication Systems. Clinical and Surgical Microscope with Zoom, Linear Accelerators. Communication Equipment for Metros, Microwave Radio Relays, And Digital Microwave Radio Relays.

Equipment Equipment
Components Defence Transmitting Tubes, Microwave Tubes, Lasers, Batteries, Semiconductors-Discrete, Hybrid and Integrated Circuits.

Non-Defence All India Radio, Doordarshan (TV Network), Department of Telecommunications And Civil Industries Entertainment Industry Telephone Industry Switching Industry Instrumentation Industry Medical &Health Care

Transmitting Tubes, Microwave Tubes, and Vacuum Tubes.

B/W TV Tubes, Silicon Transistors, Integrated Circuits, Bipolar and CMOS, Piezo Electric Crystals, Ceramic Capacitors and SAW Filters. Integrated Circuits, Crystals. Vacuum Interrupters. Liquid Crystal Displays. X-ray Tubes.

Systems/Network
Identity Card Systems Software, Office Automation Software, LCD On-line Public Information Display Systems and Communication Networks / VSAT Networks.

Financial Performance
BEL has a unique history of profit making Public Sector Enterprise right from its inception. There have been events of decrease in turnover and profit after Tax due to

reasons beyond reasonable control of the company. But the company's strength lies in its capability to combat the threats, for example US Embargo on exports to BEL. BEL hopes to generate 25 per cent increase in turnover with a 15 per cent rise in net profit in the current fiscal year over the previous. Corrective measures against western sanctions have been undertaken, which are likely to translate into higher turnover and profitability. The company is putting all efforts to minimize the effect of the restrictions by early establishments of alternative arrangements. The Defence Research Laboratories and Academic Institutions are also being persuaded with for indigenization of certain special category of devices and components. The company is also opening an office in Singapore to procure components from Asian markets. Thus in the long run the restrictions will prove as blessings resulting in self-dependence and better profit margins. Also several R&D projects with long gestation periods will go into commercial production during the current fiscal.

Product Range
The product ranges today of the company are:

Radar Systems:
3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force. Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force. Tactical Control Radar Systems for the Army Battlefield Surveillance Radar for the Army IFF Mk-X Radar systems for the Defence and Export ASR/MSSR systems for Civil Aviation. Radar & allied systems Data Processing Systems. Digital Static Tropo scatter Communication Systems for the Air Force. Digital Mobile Tropo scatter Communication System for the Air Force and Army. VHF, UHF & Microwave Communication Equipment. Bulk Encryption Equipment. Turnkey Communication Systems Projects for defence & civil users. Static and Mobile Satellite Communication Systems for Defence Telemetry/Tele-control Systems. Antennae for Radar, Terrestrial & Satellite Communication Systems. Antennae for TV Satellite Receive and Broadcast applications. Antennae for Line-of-sight Microwave Communication Systems. Active Microwave components like LNAs, Synthesizer, Receivers etc. Passive Microwave components like Double Balanced Mixers, etc

Communications:

Antennae:

Microwave Component:

Most of these products and systems are the result of a harmonious combination of technology absorbed under ToT from abroad, Defence R&D Laboratories and BEL's own design and development efforts.

Organization
The operations at BEL Ghaziabad are headed by General Manager with Additional / Deputy General Manager heading various divisions as follows: Design & Engineering Divisions : Development and Engineering-R Development and Engineering-C Development and Engineering-Antenna.

1. Equipment Manufacturing Divisions :

2.

Radar Communication Antenna Systems Microwave Components.

Support Divisions:

Material Management Marketing & Customer Co-ordination Quality Assurance & Torque Central Services PCB & Magnetics Information Systems Finance & Accounts Personnel & Administration Management Services.

Design & Engineering:

The pace of development and technological obsolescence in their field of electronics necessitates a strong Research and Development base. This is all the more important in the area of Defence Electronics. BEL Ghaziabad has since its inception laid a heavy emphasis on indigenous research and development. About 70% of its manufacture today relate to items developed in-house. For the development and production of the Mobile Tropo scatter System and the IFF equipment, BEL was awarded the Gold Shield for Import Substitution. Design facilities are also constantly being modernized and substantial computeraided design facilities are being introduced including installation of mini- and microcomputers and dedicated design application. About 170 graduate and post-graduate engineers are working on research and development and indication of the importance R&D has in BEL's growth. Three Design and Engineering groups are product based viz. Communication, Radar and Antenna. These divisions are further divided into different departments to look after products of a particular nature. Each of them has a drawing office attached to them, which are equipped with latest drafting and engineering software. The PCB layout and PCB master making is done at CADDs Center. A central Records & Printing section takes care of the preserving the engineering documents and distribution thereof. Most of the engineering documents are available online.

Equipment Manufacturing Divisions:

As a supplier of equipment to the Defence services and professional user, strict adherence to specifications and tolerances has to be in-built into the design and manufacturing process. For this BEL Ghaziabad has well defined standards and processes for as well as manufacturing and testing activities. Activities are divided into various departments like Production Control, Works Assembly, and QC WORKS. The manufacture and control of production is through a central system, BELMAC, BEL's own homegrown ERP system. Apart from conventional machines, BEL Ghaziabad has been equipped with several Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines for ensuring repeat occurrences and increased throughput. A separate NC programming cell has been set up to develop the programs for execution on the CNC machines.

Microwave Component Group:

Frequencies greater than 1 GHz is termed as Microwaves. Microwaves Integrated Circuits (MIC) used extensively in the production of subsystems for Radar and Communication equipment constitutes a very vital part of the technology for these systems and is generally imported. Owing to the crucial and building block nature of the technology involved, BEL is currently setting up a modern MIC manufacturing facility at a planned expenditure of Rs. 2 crore. When in full operation, this facility will be the main center for the MIC requirements of all the units of the company. The manufacturing facilities of hybrid microwave components available at BEL, Ghaziabad includes facility for preparation of substrates, assembly of miniaturized

component viz. directional couplers, low noise amplifiers, phase shiftier, synthesizers etc. involves scalar as well as vector measurements. For this state of the network analysis are used.

Material Management:
Material Management division is responsible for procurement, storage handling, issue of purchased parts as well as raw materials required to manufacture various equipment and spares. It also takes care of disposal of unused or waste material. The division is divided into Purchase, Component store, Raw material store, Chemical store, Inwards good store, Custom clearance Cell, Inventory management & disposal.

Marketing and Customer Co-ordination:

This division is responsible for acquisition and execution of customer orders and customer services. Marketing department looks after order acquisition. Commercial department looks after order execution. Shipping takes care of packing and dispatch of material to customer.

Quality Assurance & Torque:

In the area of professional Defence electronics, the importance of Quality and Reliability is of utmost importance. BEL has therefore established stringent processes and modern facilities and systems to ensure product quality- from the raw material to the finished product. IGQA, Environmental Labs, Test Equipment Support and QA departments are grouped under this division. All material for consumption in the factory passes through stringent inward goods screening in IGQA department before being accepted for use. Subsequent to manufacture and inspection, the end product is again put through a rigorous cycle of performance and environmental checks in Environmental Labs. The testing, calibration and repair facility of test Instruments used in the factory is under the control of Test Equipment Support. All the instruments come to this department for periodic calibration. Quality Assurance department facilitates ISO 9000 certification of various divisions. All production divisions of BEL Ghaziabad are ISO9000 certified. The microwave division is ISO9001 certified whereas the remaining three division viz. Radar, Communication and Antennae are also ISO9002 certified.

Central Services:
Central services Division looks after plant and maintenance of the estate including electrical distribution, captive power generation, telephones, transport etc.

PCB Fabrication & Magnetics:

PCB Fabrication, Coil and Magnetics, Technical Literature, Printing Press and Finished Goods are the areas under this division.

Single sided PCB blanks- having circuit pattern only on one side of the board and double sided - having circuit pattern on both sides of the board are manufactured in house. However, Multi-layered PCBs, having many layers of circuit, are obtained from other sources. Magnetic department makes all types of transformers & coils that are used in different equipment. Coils and transformers are manufactured as per various specifications such as number of layers, number of turns, types of windings, gap in core, dielectric strength, insulation between layers, electrical parameters, impedance etc. laid down in the documents released by the D&E department.

Information Systems:
IS Department is responsible for BEL's own home grown manufacturing and control system called BELMAC. It comprises of almost all modules a modern ERP system but is Host and dumb terminal based.

Finance & Accounts:

The F&A division is divided into Budget & Compilation, Cost and Material Accounts, Bills Payable, Bill Receivable, Payrolls, Provident Fund, Cash Sections

Personnel & Administration:

There are at present about 2300 employees at BEL Ghaziabad, of which more than 400 are graduate and post graduate engineers. P&A Division is divided into various departments like Recruitment, Establishment, HRD, Welfare, Industrial Relations, Security and MI Room. Management Services: This department deals with the flow of information to or from the company. It is broadly classified into three major sub-sections - Management Information System, Industrial engineering department and Safety.

Production Control The main goals of the production control are: To improve the profits of the company by better resource management To ensure on-time delivery products To improve the quality of product To reduce the capital investment To reduce working capital needs by better inventory management

Production control is responsible for producing the products, right from the stage engineering. Drawings are received to the stage where it is store credited as finished product. Its basic function is to identify the parts/operations to be made, the best way of making them, the time when they have to be made and to arrange the production resources to the optimum. The commercial department obtains orders from equipments through quotations. The equipment stock order (ESO) is released by commercial department. Then the management services department issues work order for the quantity of equipment to be made. This is for the calculation for the cost of the project then D&E department develops the equipment and releases the following engineering documents: KS PL GA CL WL : : : : : Key Sheet Part List General Assembly Diagram Connection List Wiring Diagram

Now the production control takes the responsibility of manufacturing the equipment. PC decides for items to be purchased from outside, for items to be manufactured by other companies and prepares documents for items to be made inside the company. Documents issued by the PC: I. Process sheet (fabrication): This process sheet indicates the process and the sequence of operation to be followed in various work cells and work centers. Every item is timed by productivity services. II. Process sheet (Assembly): This is similar to PS (fabrication) except that it is used in electronics assembly, PCB assemblies, cable form and cable assemblies. III. Process sheet (coils): This indicates operation analysis for transformer and coils. IV. Schedule for RM, fasteners and PPs: This gives the gross requirements for raw materials, purchased parts, fasteners etc. Based on this material control department initiates procurement action and store requisitions are released with reference to this schedule. Tool Planning 1. Some of the items while under fabrication require the use of some jigs and fixtures. 2. The cost estimation, revenue and budget plans are got approved by the board of management 3. Standard hour is approved by the department. This is the time, which is decided to complete the job by a worker in a stipulated time, which is decided on the previous records of the shop, type of machine used and the nature of work. 4. Report on production value is evaluated for each unit.

My Training in BEL, was attended in two phases. In first phase, I was given a schedule to visit all the departments in BEL, relevant to my field of Electronics and Communication. In this period of orientation, I visited different departments and was introduced to the current technology used and the various industrial processes under practice. In the second phase I was allotted a Project under Project Manager, Mr. Chaturvedi (CAR- RADAR). I am briefing my experience and observation about various departments of the company in next paragraphs.

ROTATION

ABOUT VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS

MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Frequencies greater than 1 GHz are termed as Microwaves. Microwave Integrated Circuit used extensively in production of subsystems for Radar and Communication equipment constitutes a very important part of technology for these systems are generally imported. Owing to the crucial and building block nature of the technology involved, BEL is currently setting up a modern MIC manufacturing facility at a planned expenditure of Rs. 2 crore. When in full operation this facility will be the main center for the MIC requirements of all the units of the company. The manufacturing facility of hybrid microwave components available at BEL Ghaziabad includes facility for preparation of substrates, assembly of miniaturized components on substrates, bonding and testing. Testing of these microwave components viz. Directional couplers, Waveguides, low noise amplifiers, phase shifters, synthesis etc. involve scalar as well as vector measurements. For this state of the network, analyses are used. Various losses such as return loss, bending loss, insertion loss are measured and testing is done in a way to minimize these losses. MICROWAVE LAB This section undertakes: 1. Manufacturing of films and microwave components to meet internal requirements. 2. Testing of low power antenna for which test-site is about 100 Km from the factory at sohna. The main component testing in this department is: Oscillators Amplifiers Mixers Radiation elements (e.g. Feeders) Microwave components (e.g. Isolators, circulators, waveguides etc.) Filters (e.g. LPF, BPF, Uniplexers, and Multiplexers etc.)

Functioning of component is listed below:

Frequency response Noise figure VSWR Directivity and coupling Power measurements

Various instruments in the lab are: Adaptor Attenuator Coupler Mixer Detector

ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
Various tests conducted in the environmental lab in BEL in order to ensure reliability. Reliability is defined as the probability of a device performing its purpose adequately for the period intended under the given operating conditions. In a given system reliability is given as R = R1 * R2 * R3 The standards available here are:

JSS 55555 - Joint Services Specifications (Military Standard of India) Mil Standards - U.S. Military standards QM333 - Civil Aviation and Police

TYPES OF TESTS 1. FIRST ARTICLE TEST (FAT) These tests are performed on the prototype. If these tests are successful then the mass production is taken up. The tests are: 1. Vibration Test System 2. High Temperature Operate and Storage

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Low Temperature Operate and Storage Damp Heat Operate and Storage Altitude Chamber Bump Test Machine Salt Fog Chamber Tropical Storage Mould Growth Chamber

VARIOUS TESTS IN DETAIL: 1. Vibration Test System The item is vibrated when kept over the plate of the machine. The frequency Range is 1 to 2,000 Hz. Radar PCBs are vibrated at 10 to 50 Hz at 2g (g=9.8m/s2) for 15. 2. Humidity chamber Used to test the product under varying humidity conditions. For Navy instruments conditions for humidity are 95% at +45C for 16 hours. 3. Cold Heat This chamber has a temperature of 90 to +180. This chamber program is controlled and has an accuracy of +0.5 and has a graph plotting system. 4. Mould Growth This chamber is used to test how immune the product is against mould growth. 5. Salt Spray It is used to check the resistivity of the item produced against salty water. 6. Climatic Chamber Temperature range of 65C to +200C and relative humidity is from 20%
To 98%RH.

7. Walk In Chamber This is a big chamber of size 2.6m, 2.4m, 3m Temp. range of 60C to +100C and the humidity is from 20% to 90% RH. 8. Bump Machine Item is dropped from a certain height every time it receives bump from Machine. Maximum capacity of the machine is 11.35 Kg. Drop height is Around 1 inch. 9. Altitude Chamber Used to test the item under different temperature and humidity conditions.

The temperature range for this chamber is from -40C to +150C and can create environmental conditions as per a height of 50,000 feets. For airforce equipment the instrument is kept at a temperature of +40C for 30,000 ft and at 0C for 13,500 ft. 2. ACCEPTANCE TEST PROCEDURE This sets on the extent to which a test is to be conducted and also decides what tests should be conducted. There are three types of tests: Class A test: This test includes visual and dimensional checks. All equipments of regular production go through these checks. These include quality control and electrical tests. b) Class B test: These are quality assurance and reliability tests. Only 10% of equipments go through these tests. They include quality control, electrical tests and some environmental tests. c) Class C test: These are carried out on 1% of the components. All the environmental tests are performed. If any failure is seen, the component must be redesigned. Also the customer must be supplied with modified goods. This test comes in picture for bulk production only.
a)

FAILURE RATE GRAPH Failure rate graphIt is the failure versus time graph. The infant morality is the critical period. It is due to: Weak component Manufacturing defect

This is the area where the producer tries to cover in the warranty period. The repeated failures are detrimental to a companys reputation as these are eliminated by screening while in manufacturing stage. The other screening is the stress screening method. This consists of: HUMIDITY TEST: Humidity is created with the help of boilers and fans in the chamber. Required temperature and duration of the tests are selected as per the specified BEL standards. b) ALTITUDE TEST: The conditions such as very low temperature (created with the help of cooling systems) and very low temperature and pressure (created with the help of a vacuum pump) are maintained in a chamber. These conditions are comparable to those at high altitudes where the products have to work. c) AGEING AND THERMAL SHOCKS: One cycle of ageing is of 7 hours. Ageing is done to relieve the stresses developed in the PCB due to blazing, welding, riveting etc.
a)

The sample is first kept at ambient temperature (250 degree Celsius) and then cooled to -400 degree Celsius. d) BUMP TEST: The sample is given bumps in one direction only, with the help of machine. The number of bumps to be given is set with the help of proper switches. The sample is operated after giving bumps. If it works properly, it is passed. e) VIBRATION TEST: The sample is subjected to vibrations. Required frequency and amplitude for vibrations is selected accordingly. f) SALT SPRAY TEST: Salt solution is sprayed in a chamber. The specimens are hanged in the chamber. The test helps to decide any corrosion that takes place due to spraying of solution. g) RAIN TEST: In this test, conditions are created such that the sample is made to bath in heavy rain, so that if any problem arises in the sample due to rain that can be sorted accordingly. h) DROP TEST : The sample is made to survive in such a environment where there is possibility of snow fall. Such conditions are created in a chamber, to sort out any problem arises due to this. i) ROADABILITY TEST: While doing bump test, bumps are given to the sample in unidirectional only. But in the roadability test, bumps are given to the sample in all the directions. It means that the test is being carried, considering the device to be moving in a zigzag manner on an uneven road. For e.g. in sand or in water etc. This test helps to make out any fault or loosening of components while moving the specimen from one place to another. j) BOMB TEST: This is a test conducted for special types of samples. In this the samples are exposed to a situation like a bomb blast and it is checked whether the sample is able to bear the bomb explosion. WALK IN CHAMBER A very huge used for conducting humidity and temperature tests. The size of the chamber is such that a person can easily walk into it. It is for large sized specimens.

PCB FABRICATION
PCB is abbreviated form of printed circuit board. As the name suggests, in a PCB the electrical circuit is printed on a glass epoxy board. This reduces the complex writing network whose trouble shooting in case of shorting or misconnection is not easy. PCB fabrication is mostly done for house requirements. It also takes some external jobs.
Types of PCBs

Single Sided: Having circuit pattern only on one side of the board. Double Sided: Having circuit pattern on both sides of the board. Multilayered: Having many layers of circuit. produces only single-sided and double-sided PCBs.

BEL Ghaziabad

FABRICATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCBs: 1. A copper clad sheet is taken. It is cleaned and scrubbed. 2. The sheet is laminated with a photosensitive solution. 3. Positive photo paint of the required circuit is placed over the laminated sheet and it is subjected to the UV light. As a result the transparent plate gets polymerized and the opaque part remains unpolymerized. 4. The plate is now dipped in solution in which the non-polymerized part gets dissolved. 5. Tin plating is done on the tracks obtained. 6. Lamination of the plate is removed (stripping). 7. The unwanted copper from the plate is also removed by dipping it in the solution that dissolves copper but not tin (etching). 8. Now drilling is done on the paths where the components are to be mounted. This process fabricates PCB. P C B MANUFACTURING PROCESS: 1. Copper clad 2. Drill location holes 3. Drill holes for T.H.P. (Through Hole Plating) 4. Clean scrub and laminate 5. Photo print 6. Develop 7. Copper electroplate 8. Tin electroplate 9. Strip film 10. Etch and clean 11. Strip tin 12. L.P.I.S.M. (Liquid Photo Imageable Solder Mask) 13. Photo print 14. Develop 15. Thermal baking 16. Hot air level 17. Legend marking/Reverse marking 18. Route and clean But these PCBs have the following disadvantages: Due to very narrow spacing between adjacent tracks, there may be a chance of short circuit if the soldering is done by hands between the components on opposite side. Moisture or dust between the gaps may disrupt smooth soldering.

These disadvantages are overcome by soldered mask PCBs. in the later one an additional film is put on the earlier fabricated PCB, leaving points where components are to be soldered.

TEST EQUIPMENT & AUTOMATION

TEST EQUIPMENT SUPPORT (TES) Main functions are: Develops technical support to other departments. Repair of equipment in case of failure. Maintenance of equipments. Periodic calibration of equipments. Provide technical support to other departments. This includes: 1. Handling requests from the other department for equipments. 2. Storage of rejected equipments. 3. Approval of equipments to be purchased.

This section deals with testing and the calibration of electronic equipments only the standards of this department are calibrated by National Physics Laboratory (NPL). AUTOMATION TEST EQUIPMENT (ATE)
1. 2. 3.

Component testing gives faults of various discrete components of a PCB. Integrated circuits tester tests various ICs. Functional testing compares output to decide whether the function is being performed to the desired level of accuracy.

WORKS ASSEMBLY
This department plays an important role in the production. Its main function is to assemble various components, equipments and instruments in a particular procedure. It has two sections, namely: 1. 2. PCB assembly Electronic assembly

In PCB assembly, the different types of PCB are assembled as per BEL standards. PCB is received from the PCB department on which soldering of component is done either by hand soldering or wave soldering.

HAND SOLDERING: WAVE SOLDERING:

In case of hand soldering, soldering is done manually. Wave soldering is a procedure in which PCBs are fed to the wave soldering machine from the opening on one side and the soldering is done by machine and after the soldering is done PCBs are collected from the another opening of the machine and after that cleaning is done.

The PCBs are than send to testing department for testing according to the product Test procedure issued by the D&E department. After testing PCBs are lacquered and Send to the planning store for storage. In electronic assembly, the cable assemblies, cable forms modules, drawers, racks and shelters are assembled. Every shelter (e.g. - DMT) is made of racks, racks are made up of drawers, drawers are made up of modules and modules are made up of PCBs, cable assembly and cable forms. Every module or drawer before using in next assembly is send for testing according to their PTP. Shop planning collects the purchase from the IG store, takes fabricated parts, PCBs etc. from planning stores and issued to the assembly department as per the part list of the assembly to be made. The documents issued to the assembly are: KS PL CL WL WD GA : : : : : : Key Sheet Parts List Connection List for cable form Wiring List for modules Wiring Diagram General Assembly diagram

This department has been broadly classified as:

1. 2.

WORK ASSEMBLY RADAR e.g. : INDRA-2 , REPORTER ,CAR WORK ASSEMBLY COMMUNICATION e.g. : EMC CA , MSSR , MFC

EMCCA: EQUIPMENT MODULAR FOR COMMAND CONTROL APPLICATION MSSR: MONOPULSE SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR MFC: MULTI FUNCTIONAL CONSOLE The stepwise process followed by work assembly department is: 1) Preparation of part list that is to be assembled. 2) Preparation of general assembly. 3) Schematic diagram to depict all connection to be made and brief idea about all components.

4)

Writing list of all components.

METHOD OF P C B PROCESSING 1. Tinning 2. Preparation 3. Mounting 4. Wave soldering 5. Touch up 6. Quality control 7. Ageing 8. Testing 9. lacquering (AV) 10. Storing SURFACE MOUNTING TECHNOLOGY The works assembly has a totally computerized section of PCB assembling of SMD (Surface Mounting Device). In this section the operation of PCB assembling is totally controlled by computers. The various steps taken in computer PCB assembling of SMDs are as follows: 1. Application of solder paste: Solder paste is applied onto the places on PCB where the SMDs are to be soldered. This is done by computer controlled machine. The program is loaded in the machine; it reads the program and applies the solder paste at the required place. 2. Fixture of SMDs: a) The SMDs are fixed at the right place on PCB by another computer controlled machine. b) The components (SMD) are first fed to various feeder lines that are attached to the machine and the related software and program is loaded in computer. c) There is a provision for a camera also so that we can monitor the entire operation. d) The PCB is then fed to the machine. e) When the appropriate command is given to the computer, it initiates the machine attached to it f) The machine picks the correct SMD from the feeder line and fix it at the right place on the PCB and within seconds all SMDs are fixed on the PCB. 3. Thermal Baking: After the fixture of SMDs, thermal baking is done. In this the PCB is fed to the oven and after 10 to 20 minutes PCB is taken out.

Surface Mounting Device (SMD) does not require any hole on PCB as they are mounted directly on the PCB. The pins of SMD components are called legs as they have leg like structure unlike simple components that have straight pins that are soldered in the holes on the PCB manually.
NOTE:

SHOP ORDER Process Sheet (assembly) All operations fill the work order and shop order in operators time card (OTC). They punch the time of starting the job and its finishing time. By this productivity services calculates the time taken to complete the job. Efficiency = time allotted in shop order

X 100
Actual time taken Time allotted is so called standard hours. This deals with the assembly of common projects e.g. DMT, 2 GHz radio relay, Mobile tropo, Static RRD etc.

MAGNETICS
This department manufactures all types of transformers and coils that are used in various equipments manufactured by BEL. This department basically consists of four sections: 1. Planning section 2. Mechanical section 3. Moulding section 4. Inspection section The D&E department gives the following descriptions to the magnetics department. They are as follows: Number of layers Number of turns Type of winding Gap in core Insulation between layers Ac/dc impedance Dielectric strength Electrical parameters and Earthing The various transformers being made are:

Open type transformer Oil cooling type transformer Moulding type transformer PCB moulding type transformer The transformer is mechanically assembled, leads are taken out and checking of specification is done. Winding machines are of three types:

Heavier ones- DNR for 0.1 to 0.4 mm diameter LC controlled machines Torroidal machines having 32 operations from winding to mechanical assembly. The various types of windings used are:

Hand winding Torroidal winding Sector winding Pitch winding Variable pitch winding Wave winding Two main types of core used are:

E-type for 3-phase C-type for single phase Following procedure involved in the manufacture of the transformer is as follows:

1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

6.

Formers of glass epoxy Winding Core winding Varnishing Impregnation In this process various varnished coils are heated, then cooled, reheated and put into vacuum. Then air is blown to remove the humidity. Moulding Araldite (a certain type of strong glue) mixed with black dye is used to increase mechanical as well as electrical strength. Moulding is done at 120 degree Celsius for 12 hours. A RDB compound is used for leakage protection. Oil is then boiled at 70 to 80 degree Celsius under vacuum condition to remove air bubbles trapped inside during manufacturing process. After this the coils are dipped in varnish and core is attached.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Painting Mechanical assembly Termination Stenciling Testing Dielectric testing (both ac/dc) is done at 50 KV voltage is applied for a minimum of one minute. During inspection, the following characteristics are checked: a. b. c. d. e. Turns ratio DC resistance for each coil Inductance No load voltage Leakage

This section the material used for making transformer is Bakelite comprising a male and female plates which are joined alternately to form a hollow rectangular box on which winding is done. Winding is done with different material and thickness of wire. The winding has specified number of layers with each layer having a specified number of turns. The distance between the two turns should be maintained constantly that is there should be no overlapping. The plastic layer is inserted between two consecutive layers. Types of Windings: 1) Layer Winding 2) Wave Winding 3) Bank Winding Different types of windings are done to control some parameters such as inductance and capacitance. Varying the spacing between the two turns can vary these parameters. Two consecutive turns act as capacitor. As gap between the turns increases the capacitance decreases and inductance increases. Since capacitance is inversely proportional to the gap between the plates of capacitor and inductance is directly proportional. After winding the core is inserted between the primary and secondary. Contact leads are taken out and molding is done for maximum heat dissipation. Rubber solution is used to give strength to the wires, so that they cannot break. This is done before molding. Varnishing is done as anti fungus prevention for against environmental hazard. After compilation of manufacturing process it is sent for testing. Different parameters such as inductance, capacitance efficiency, turns ration, continuity are tested.

QUALITY CONTROL WORKS

According to some laid down standards, the quality control department ensures the quality of the product.

The raw materials and components etc. purchased are inspected according to the specifications by the IG department. Similarly QC works department inspects all the items manufactured in the factory. The fabrication inspection checks all the fabricated parts and ensures that these are made as per the part drawing. Plating, Painting and stenciling etc are done and checked as per the BEL standards. The assembly inspection department inspects all the assembled parts such as PCB, cable assembly, cable form, modules, racks and shelters as per latest documents and BEL standards. The mistakes in the PCB can be categorized as: D&E mistake Shop mistake Inspection mistake

A process card is attached to each PCB under inspection. Any error in the PCB is entered into the process card by certain codes specified for each error or defect. After mistake is detected, following actions are taken: Observation is made. Object code is given. Division code is given. Change code is prepared. Recommended action is taken.

RADAR ASSEMBLY
This deals with the assembly of RADARS, e.g. INDRA-I, INDRA-II, FLY CATCHER, EMMCA, IRMA, REPORTER, CAR etc. The main projects under construction are: CAR

In RADAR section RADAR being tested is REPORTER, FLY CATCHER, EMCCA, etc.

PROJECT

PROJECT : GFE (GOVERNMENT FURNISHED EQUIMENT) FOR ROHINI RADAR (RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING)

0-

INTRODUCTION
Some sub-systems of Govt. Furnished Equipment (GFE) are mounted on the Data Centre Vehicle (DCV) of ROHINI Radar. These consist of V/UHF Radio Sets, VCCS, DVDR, HF Radio Sets, SMART-F, personnel Communicator etc.Apart from these, other systems like Mobile Comm. Terminal, Field Shelter For Cooking, Load Carrying Vehicle,TATA Sumo 44 ,Maintenance stores and Mobile,Tentage System and Water Bowser are also part of GFE. The V/UHF Radio Set are capable of transmitting and receiving analogue voice, digital voice and data in the VHF and UHF band .Four V/UHF Radio Sets, which are mounted on the DCV shelter interfaced with the VCCS for switching between the other V/UHF Radio sets.NXU-2A is used for remote access of the PTT of RT set. DVDR interfaced with the VCCS for continuous recording of Voice signal with time stamping of V/UHF Radio set. Spurt Message Alphanumeric Radio Terminal (SMART) is a microprocessor based store and forward terminal that provides reliable burst transmission of messages using forward Error control and data interleaving techniques. SMART is connected with the HF radio set for transmission of message. The message can be received by the SMART connected with other HF Radio Sets. LUP 291 is a portable Radio set for voice clear and secure mode communications.

SUBSYSTEMS OF GFE ROHINI

ROHINI Radar comprises of the following GFE Items:

Sl. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Unit
V/UHF RADIO SETS VCCS WITH DVDR HF RADIO SET SMART F-SET PERSONNEL COMMUNICATOR

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION TERMINAL FIELD SHELTER FOR COOKING LOAD CARRYING VEHICLE TATA SUMO 4X4,TURBO BS(III) 10-S MAINTENANCE STORES AND MOBILE TENTAGE SYSTEM WATER BOWSER(3KL)

GFE SYSTEM

ROHINI DCV

R1
V O IP

R2
V O IP

R3

R4

VCCS

MCT HUB

MCT REMOTE
FO CABLE

ETHERNET SWITCH DVDR MCT SUB RACK OP1 OP 2

WAN/AFNET

IP PHONE

INTEGRATION OF RADIO,VCCS AND DVDR

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V/UHF RADIO SET

The V/UHF Radio Set are capable of transmitting and receiving analog voice, digital voice and data in the VHF and UHF band in the frequency range of . V/UHF Radio Set transceivers operate in Frequency Hopping or Fixed Freq. mode. In fixed frequency mode, fixed frequencies are used. In FH mode the transceiver hops between ranges of different frequencies at high data rates. General features of this software defined V/UHF Radio Set are: Open-system architecture for future needs.IP based system for remote operation. Digital software programming of multiband, multifunction and multimode technology platform for advanced data waveforms. Flexible man-machine interface due to various local control panels and remote control units.Simple data handling in networks compatible with standard interfaces (RS 232, LANNetwork).
V/UHF RADIO SET

V/UHF RADIO SET

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V/UHF RADIO SET

V/UHF RADIO SET- FRONT

TCP/IP Control Panel

Front Panel with Fill Gun Headset con. Indications Vol. control ON/OFF
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V/UHF radio has two parts one is TCP/IP control panel and other is radio unit.Both have their individual IP address.

Front Interfaces for radio

Fill Gun
LAN for SW-download and maintenance (RJ45) Indications and RESET Headset connection volume control

Control Keys ON/OFF Local Select

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V/UHF RADIO SET

POWER SUPPLY

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IN 4000A is the power supply for VHF/UHF RT set .It provides 28 V DC for the radio.

VOICE COMM. CONTROL SYSTEM (VCCS)

The digital voice communication control system (VCCS) has distributed intelligence on the communication server and on the operator positions. The VCCS is fully based on the 2 Mbps E1 standards. E1 offers a consistently high transmission quality with deterministic voice and signaling data transfer. The design of the system is such that all hardware modules are hot swappable (can be replaced online without downtime for the system) and can be exchanged in the running system with no influence on or to the other devices. It uses the digital technology based on the standard E1 2 Mbps PCM bus, and includes powerful microprocessors,digital signal processors and fast, non-blocking switching components,

which supports:

Fast VHF and UHF communications (voice and signaling). Convenient telephone communications with direct and indirect access. Fast operational reconfiguration in terms of resources and functionality of the operator positions. Legal recording at operator positions and at radio/telephone interfaces.

Voice comm. control system

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VOICE COMMUNICATION CONTROL SYSTEM(VCCS)

P rinciple Features

P arallel Access to R adio and Telephone Com m unications Fast Access for Com m unications Control and Audio Set-up SetM ultiple R adio Channel Access by the Operator Positions Telephone Conferencing by the Operator P ositions by

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TOUCH SCREEN OF VCCS

VOICE COMMUNICATION CONTROL SYSTEM(VCCS)

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VOICE COMMUNICATION CONTROL SYSTEM(VCCS)

Junction Box

SZ 691

Operator Communication Unit

Legal Recording

DC

AC

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Dual E1 Loop

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VOICE COMMUNICATION CONTROL SYSTEM(VCCS)

Operator Position Audio Devices

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DIGITAL VOICE AND DATA RECORDER (DVDR)

Digital Voice and Data Recorder (DVDR) is a 19 rack mountable 32 channel redundant recorder having capability to recorder 32 channels of voice signal simultaneously on the system hard disk. Voice signal is stored in different files with time stamping. Any of the recorder file can be copied on the CD/DVD as well as played back on the speakers. System has the capability to be connected over the Ethernet. Stored voice files can be replayed through Ethernet connection also. Any fault in the system is indicated through audio and visual alarms.

SPURT MESSAGE ALPHANUMERIC RADIO TERMINAL (SMART)

& HF RADIO SET
Spurt Message Alphanumeric Radio Terminal (SMART) is a microprocessor based store and forward terminal that provides reliable burst transmission of messages using forward Error control and data interleaving techniques. SMART is connected with the HF radio set for transmission of message. The message is received by the SMART connected with other HF Radio Sets.

SECURE UHF H/H RADIO LUP-291 (VPS MKIII)

LUP 291 is a portable Radio set for voice clear and secure mode communications. The Radio set operates in the frequency band of UHF. 32 Preset Channel frequencies can be programmed in four banks of 8 channels each and stored in the non-volatile memory. There are 32 preset keys for secure mode communication and Key 33 is user programmable manual key. Tone Squelch or carrier squelch operation is possible for compatibility with other Radio sets. Two different power outputs are selectable through the front panel. Critical functionality of internal modules is checked by BITE.

MCT
MCT provides the communication media for transfer of Data / Voice between Hub and Remote or vice versa. MCT is a self contained system which will be used to provide reliable communication between the end points. Each Remote Terminal will be used to provide the last mile access connectivity to PoP over Radio Link (LOS) or through IAF laid ruggedized Fiber or through direct Satcom link to the designated Hub Terminal. The system is briefly described in the following section.

GSAT-2

LOS COMM.
IAF STATION
600m FIBER LAN CONN

OFC COMM.
COUNTER PART EQUP. L3-SW, VOIP GW, PHONES

MCT HUB

AF NET THRO POP

MCT REMOTE
600m FIBER LAN CONN

Set 1

Set 2

V/UHF Radio Set VCCS

HF

VOIP
NMS

SMART

DVDR

ROHINI DCV Shelter

MCT INTEGRERATION WITH ROHINI

The Hub is divided into two parts. Viz. Communication Vehicle and Antenna Trailer. Whereas Remote is a single vehicle solution. Remote is a self contained Shelterized Communication vehicle with 1.8m Roof mount foldable Antenna along with outdo or RF Electronic and Hub will have separate Trailer for 3.8m Antenna and outdoor RF. All other subsystems are similar for LOS, Fiber and Data Segment for Hub & Remote. The VSAT segment comprises of SATCOM mini Hub equipment to handle proposed Remote. Each of the Mobile Communication Terminal has the following communication links. Ku Band V-SAT Link LOS Link. Fiber Optic link for Inter Node Fiber Optic link for Intra Node

Segment wise technical description is given below.