Unit 24 The Halogens, Their Uses and Compounds

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Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 19: The Transitional Metals
Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 27: Energy Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 29: Electricity Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
19 9 35 17 80 35
F
9P+ 10N 9E35P+ 45N 35E-
Cl
Fluorine
17P+ 18N 17E-
Bromine
53P+ 74N 53E-
Br I
127 53
Chlorine
Iodine
Unit 24 The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds
Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds
Understand:
1. 2. 3.
Keywords:
Halogens, Halides, Physical, Chemical, Properties, Ionic, Covalent, Compounds, Metals, Non metals, Ions, Bonds, Reactions, Atoms, Molecules, Reactivity, Monatomic, Diatomic & Antiseptic.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
That group VII elements are called the halogens. The physical and chemical properties of the group VII elements, the halogens. That they have similar chemical and physical properties based on their electronic configuration. That the halogens can be involved in either ionic or covalent compounds. Their reactions and compounds with reactive metals. Their reactions and compounds with non metals. That their reactivity increases as you ascend the group. The uses of the halogens and their compounds. That the halogens and their compounds have antiseptic properties.
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Physical properties of the halogens one

Group VII of the periodic table contains a family of very r________ non-metals known as the halogens. This group contains fluorine, a pale yellow gas, chlorine a pale green gas, bromine a dark brown liquid and iodine a dark purple solid. They are not found in their pure state like gold, but are found tied up in c________ or ionic compounds. They have low melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity at all. Give a use for the chloride and fluoride ion ?
The halogens: Position of the halogens
Diagram
Word bank: reactive covalent
The halogens
Cl
17
Br
35
53
Fluorine
Chlorine
Notes
Found in group VII of the periodic table, all the halogens have seven electrons in their outermost electron shell. They are therefore just one short of a full outer shell. This is what makes them reactive with other elements.
The halogens have similar chemical properties because they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. Their colour darkens as you descend the group from fluorine a pale yellow gas to iodine a dark purple solid. Their melting and boiling points also rise as you descend the group.
Physical properties of the halogens two

The group VII elements, the halogens are all reactive non-metals, able to form both ionic and covalent compounds with other elements. They have similar physical and chemical properties. They are all diatomic m_________. As you descend the group their colour deepens from pale yellow to dark purple. Their melting and b__________ points also increase with fluorine and chlorine being a gas, bromine a liquid and iodine a solid at room temperature. Give a definition of an ionic and covalent compound ? Physical properties of group VII halogens:
Element Symbol
F
9
Word bank: molecules boiling
Formula
Electron configuration
F
Colour
Boiling point
State at room temperature
Fluorine
Fluorine
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
2,7
Ye
w llo n ee
-188oC
Gas
Chlorine
Cl
17
Cl
2,8,7 2,8,18,7
-34oC
Gas
Chlorine
r G
Bromine
Br
35
Br
wn o Br e pl
59oC
Liquid
Iodine
53
2,8,18,18,7
337oC
Solid
r Pu
General antiseptic properties of the halogens
The group VII elements, the halogens are well known for their antiseptic properties. Although they are very toxic to humans at high doses, small quantities of the halogens or their ions (F- ClBr- & I-) have an antiseptic effect, destroying many m_______. Our drinking water is now chlorinated, making sure that we have clean w______ to drink. Our toothpaste contains fluoride to help reduce the amount of bacteria in your mouth. Before surgery, iodine water is applied to our skin to make sure that it is free from microbes. How else can we sterilise surfaces ? Antiseptic properties of group VII halogens:
Fluorine
F
9
Word bank: microbes water
Chlorine
F
Bromine
Br
Cl
35
Iodine
I
Br
53
Cl
17
Fluorine
Chlorine
All the halogens are potentially harmful substances. Fluorine and chlorine in particular are highly toxic. It is highly dangerous to ingest or breathe halogen vapour or their solutions. They are used to kill bacteria therefore sterilising water for domestic supply or in swimming pools. Chlorine compounds are used in disinfectants like 'dettol' or 'TCP'. Iodine water is also used as a disinfectant prior to surgery or to sterilise dirty drinking water.
Properties and uses of fluorine
Fluorine is a pale yellow diatomic gas. Two atoms of fluorine form a covalent molecule, where the atoms share a pair of electrons. Fluorine is the most reactive halogen. Fluorine is found in a wide range of chemicals including teflon a non stick inert coating for kitchen equipment like s_________. Small amounts of fluoride is found in toothpaste, to reduce bacteria in our mouths. Fluorine is also used in CFCs, a refrigerant now banned because of its effects on the o_______ layer. Find out about
other uses of fluorine and its compounds ? Properties and uses of fluorine:
Fluorine Diatomic gas Non-stick Fluoride
Word bank: saucepans ozone
Refrigerants
F
Fluorine
Fluorine is a pale yellow diatomic gas. Two atoms of fluorine covalently bond, sharing two electrons. The formula of fluorine is F2. Fluorine is the most reactive halogen.
Fluorine is the most reactive and dangerous of the halogens. It was used during the first world war to make mustard gas which when inhaled would destroy your lungs within minutes. Fluorine forms an extremely stable non-stick compound called teflon. Developed by NASA scientists, it now coats millions of frying pans and artificial implants like hip replacement joints.
Properties and uses of chlorine
Chlorine is a pale green diatomic gas. Two atoms of chlorine form a covalent molecule, where the atoms share a pair of electrons. Chlorine is the second most reactive halogen. Chlorine is found in a wide range of chemicals including bleach, a disinfectant used to clean surfaces, f______ and toilets. Small amounts of chloride is added to drinking water to kill any remaining b_________. Chlorine is also found in sodium chloride or table salt (excessive salt in the diet leads to high blood pressure and cardiovascular problems) Find out about other uses of chlorine and its compounds ?
Properties and uses of chlorine:
Chlorine Diatomic gas Chlorination Bleach Salt
Word bank: floors bacteria
Cl
17
Cl
Chlorine
Cl
Chlorine is a pale green diatomic gas. Two atoms of chlorine covalently bond sharing two electrons. The formula of chlorine is Cl2. Chlorine is the second most reactive halogen.
Chlorine gas is very dangerous if inhaled but in small amounts it is extremely useful. Since we have chlorinated our drinking water, our life expectancy has risen dramatically over the decades. It is also added to swimming pools in higher concentrations to kill bacteria. Chlorine is also found in salt or sodium chloride (NaCl)
Properties and uses of bromine
Bromine is a dark brown diatomic liquid. Two atoms of bromine form a covalent molecule, where the atoms share a pair of e________. Bromine is the third most reactive halogen. Bromine is found in a wide range of chemicals including pesticides, which when sprayed on crops kills pests like locusts. Halon f______ extinguishers contain bromine which extinguishes small fires that cannot be put out using powder or water. Small amounts of bromine are added to plastics to prevent their decomposition by bacteria. This is useful for plastics that are used over long periods of time. Find out about other uses of bromine and its compounds ? Properties and uses of bromine:
Bromine Diatomic liquid Pesticides Fire extinguishes Plastics
Word bank: electrons fire
Br
35
Br Br
Bromine is a brownish diatomic liquid. Two atoms of bromine covalently bond, sharing two electrons. The formula of bromine is Br2. Bromine is the third most reactive halogen
Bromine is a very toxic brown liquid, but it does have several uses. Bromine toxicity is used to kill pests that destroy crops. Bromine is also used in fire extinguishers. It works by reacting with the oxygen, therefore preventing further combustion. Bromine is also added to plastics so that bacteria and moulds do not rot or decompose them.
Properties and uses of iodine
Iodine is a dark purple diatomic solid. Two atoms of iodine covalently bond sharing two electrons. Iodine is the l_______ reactive halogen. Iodine is found in high concentrations in certain seaweeds and in salt water. Iodine is used by the thyroid gland to make the h_________ thyroxin. Humans require small amounts of iodine in their diets. If iodine is lacking in the diet then goitre, a disease of the thyroid gland can develop. Iodine is also used to sterilise skin prior to surgical operations. Why dont surgeons use bleach to sterilise the skin ?
Properties and uses of iodine:
Iodine Diatomic solid Goitre Thyroid
Word bank: least hormone
Sterilisation
53
I I
Iodine is a deep purple diatomic solid. Two atoms of iodine covalently bond sharing two electrons. The formula of iodine is I2. Iodine is the least reactive halogen.
Iodine is used by the human thyroid gland in order to produce thyroxine, an essential hormone. If your diet is poor in iodine, you may develop goitre which is a medical condition where your thyroid becomes enlarged. Iodine is also used to sterilise your skin prior to major surgery. It kills the bacteria on your skin. Explain why halogens, like iodine have an antiseptic effect ?
Reactions of the halogens
The halogens can either gain electrons to form negative ions during the formation of ionic compounds or they can form a single covalent bond with other non metals during the formation of covalent compounds. They do this to become like n______ gases, having a full outer shell. The halogens can react with many metal and non metal elements forming a number of different ionic and covalent compounds, for example s_________ chloride (NaCl) and carbon tetra chlorine (CCl4) Draw the electronic configuration of a single atom of fluorine and iodine ? Formation of ionic and covalent compounds:
Ionic compounds Diagram
+
Na
Cl
Word bank: noble sodium
Covalent compounds
Cl
Na
Cl
Cl
Sodium
Chlorine
Sodium chloride
Hydrogen +
Chlorine
Hydrochloric acid
Notes
During the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl), a single electron from the outer shell of sodium is transferred to the outer shell of a single chlorine atom. Both ions (Na+ & Cl-) are now stable having the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
During the formation of the covalent hydrochloric acid, both atoms form a single covalent bond. This sharing of electrons fills the outer shell of both hydrogen and chlorine atoms making them both stable.
Ionic halide compounds
All reactive metals found in groups I, II and III can form metal halide compounds by losing electrons to the halogens. This group of i______ metal halides includes sodium chloride. They are all soluble and mostly white crystalline solids. Draw a dot and cross diagram for NaI, MgBr2 and FeBr3 Ionic halide compounds:
Word bank: ionic
Group
Lithium + Chlorine
Magnesium + Chlorine
Cl
Mg
Aluminium + Chlorine
Cl
Atoms
Li
Al
Cl
Lithium Chloride (LiCl)
Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
Aluminium Chloride (AlCl3)

3+
Al
Cl
Ions of atoms
+
Li
Cl
Mg
2+
Cl
x2
x3
Others: LiF LiBr LiI Ratio Metal:Halogen 1:1
Others: MgF2 MgBr2 MgI2 Ratio Metal:Halogen 1:2
Others AlF3 AlBr3 AlI3 Ratio Metal:Halogen 1:3
Covalent halide compounds
Halogens also react with themselves and other non-metals to form covalent compounds by s__________ electrons with the halogens. Carbon tetra chlorine (CCl4) is an important solvent used in dry cleaning. Draw a dot and cross diagram for C2H4Cl2. Covalent halide compounds:
Group
Word bank: sharing
Atoms
Chlorine + Chlorine
Carbon + Chlorine
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
x2
Ions of atoms
Chlorine molecule (Cl2)
Carbon tetra chlorine (CCl4)

Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Others: F2 Br2 I2 Ratio halogen:halogen 1:1
Ratio non metal:halogen 1:4
Displacement of halogens from their compounds
The halogens become less reactive as you descend the group, for example reactions with other elements involving fluorine and chlorine occur without heating. Reactions with bromine only occur if heated and reactions involving iodine proceed slowly with strong heating. The reason why fluorine is the most r_________ halogen is because its the smallest atom and it is the best at capturing or gaining an electron from other e_________ during reactions. What's the rule for the group I metals ? Reactivity of the group VII halogens:
Reactivity Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine
Fluorine
Displacement of halide ions from their solution
Word bank: reactive element
Reactivity of the halogens during reactions
_
+
_
+
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Displaces Iodine
Displaces
9
Chlorine Bromine Iodine
Cl
Displaces
17
Bromine Iodine
Br
35
Displaces Nothing
53
Fluorine
Chlorine
Fluorine will displace chlorine, bromine and iodine ions from their solutions like KCl, KBr and KI, because it is the most reactive halogen.
Electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride)

Chlorine and its compounds are used in huge quantities around the World. Chlorine is extracted from sodium chloride using e____________. During electrolysis the sodium ion regains its single electron forming the metal: sodium. Conversely, the chloride ion loses its electron to form molecular chlorine gas which is then captured at the anode. Equation: Cathode: 2Na+ + 2e2Na Anode: 2ClCl2 + 2eWord bank: electrolysis
Electrolysis of sodium chloride:

Electrolysis of sodium chloride
Chlorine gas Anode NaCl
What happens during the electrolysis
Cl
17
Molten Sodium Cathode
Molten Sodium
Chlorine
Cathode (-ve) Concentrated sodium chloride or brine is added to the electrolysis cell. This is heated and allowed to become molten. The current is then switched on and electrolysis starts.
Sodium (Na+) ions when molten are free to move. The sodium ions being positively charged travel to the negative cathode and regain the electron lost. Molten sodium is formed at the cathode.
Anode (+ve)
Chloride (Cl-) ions when molten are free to move. The chloride ions being negatively charged travel to the positive anode. Chloride ions (Cl-) lose their electron and form diatomic chlorine (Cl2.) Chlorine is then used as a gas.
Extension questions and homework

1: 2: Define the following terms: Halogens, Elements, Reactivity, Gases, Ionic and Covalent. Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table.
Picture
One Two Three
Element
Chlorine Iodine Bromine
Properties and uses
3:
Answer the following: a) From physical data, chlorines melting and boiling point is -101oC and -35oC. Between what temperatures would chlorine be a solid, liquid and gas. b) All the halogens are diatomic molecules. Explain this term. c) Name a compound in which a halogen can share an electron in a covalent bond. Do a dot & Cross diagram. d) Name a compound in which a halogen gain an electron to form an ion. Do a dot & cross diagram. e) State the type of bonding in the following compounds. Hydrogen fluoride, Lithium chloride, Tetra chloro35.5 methane, Potassium bromide and Hydrochloric acid. Cl f) Draw an atom of chlorine from the information given. 17
4:
Complete the following table.

Halogen
Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine
Electrons in outer shell

7
State at room temperature

Gas
Colour
Symbol
Brown I
5:
Answer the following questions: a) The chemical reactivity of the halogens decreases as you go down the group. Explain why. b) The boiling and melting points of the halogens increases as you go down the group. Explain why. Complete the following table: Write down the salts formed during the following reactions.
Reactants
Iron + Chlorine Iron + Bromine Magnesium + Chlorine Sodium + Iodine
6:
Salt
Iron (III) Chloride
Formula
MgCl2
7:
Answer the following questions: a) How could you determine the pH of bromine liquid, chlorine gas and hydrogen chloride gas. b) What are silver halide films used for...clue you might have one if you have a suspected broken bone. c) If you electrolyse sodium chloride solution. (i) What ions would be attracted to the cathode (-ve) (ii) What ions would be attracted to the anode (+ve) (iii) Why is it impossible to form sodium when electrolysing a solution of sodium chloride...Explain your answer. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out the use of fluoride and chloride in drinking water. What form are they used and when were they first used and what do they aim to prevent.

Unit 24 The Halogens, Their Uses and Compounds

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Unit 24 The Halogens, Their Uses and Compounds

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