FOUNDER Homi Jehangir Bhabha was the visionary who conceptulised the Indian Nuclear Programme and along

with a handful of Scientists initiated the nuclear science research in India in March, 1944. He envisaged the vast potential of nuclear energy and its possible successful utilization in the field of power generation and allied areas. Dr. Bhabha started working with the goal of achieving self reliance in the fields of nuclear science and engineering and todays Department of Atomic Energy which is a consortium of different and diversified fields of science and engineering is the final outcome of the farsighted planning of Dr. Bhabha. Thus, in his own words When Nuclear Energy has been successfully applied for power production in, say a couple of decades from now, India will not have to look abroad for its experts but will find them ready at hand. Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, realizing the immense potential of nuclear energy as a viable alternative source for electric power generation, launched the Indian Nuclear Programme in March 1944. It was the farsightedness of Dr. Bhabha to start nuclear research in India at a time following the discovery of nuclear fission phenomena by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman and soon after Enrico Fermi etal from Chicago reporting the feasibility of sustained nuclear chain reactions. At that time very little information was available to the outside world about nuclear fission and sustained chain reactions and nobody was willing to subscribe to the concept of power generation based on nuclear energy. Dr. Bhabha was an astute scientist and committed engineer, a dedicated architect, a meticulous planner and a perfect executive. An ardent follower of fine arts and music, he was a philanthropist too. The path to perfection paved by Dr. Bhabha has taken the Indian Atomic Energy Programme to one amongst the best in the world. The family members of the Department of Atomic Energy and also the whole country salute the great scientist of our country- Dr. Homi Bhabha and rededicate ourselves in the pursuit of perfection set forth by him through the coming years. HERITAGE Dr. Bhabha approached Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for starting nuclear research in India leading to the establishment of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, which was inaugurated on December 19, 1945. Atomic Energy Act was passed on April 15,1948 and Atomic Energy Commission was constituted on August 10, 1948 in order to intensify the studies related to the exploitation of nuclear energy for the benefit of the nation. Exhaustive survey for rare minerals and Uranium deposits started by

Atomic Minerals Division and on August 18, 1959 Indian Rare Earths Ltd was set up for the chemical processing and recovery of rare earth compounds and Thorium-Uranium deposits. Atomic Energy Commission started Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay on January 3, 1954. Atomic Energy Commission functioning under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research was brought under the Department of Atomic Energy from August 3, 1954 with Dr. Homi Bhabha as the Secretary to the Government of India for the department. Department of Atomic Energy functioned under the direct control of the Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and continued to remain under the direct charge of successive prime ministers since then. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor design and development, instrumentation, metallurgy and material science etc were transferred along with their respective programme from TIFR to AEET to become an integral part of the newly created AEET. TIFR has become an institution fully dedicated to carry out fundamental research in Nuclear Science. The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was formally dedicated to the nation by the then Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on January 20, 1957. Later, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi renamed AEET as Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) on January 22, 1967 as a fitting tribute to Dr. Homi Bhabha who died in an air crash on January 24, 1966. Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay has already made its impressions in the world of science as one of the unique nuclear research institution where high quality research and development is taking place in the areas of nuclear reactor design and installation, fuel fabrication, chemical processing of depleted fuel and also acquired sufficient expertise in the development of radioisotope application techniques in medicine, agriculture and industries. Basic and advanced research investigations were in full progress in nuclear physics, spectroscopy, solid state physics, chemical and life sciences, reactor engineering, instrumentation, radiation safety and nuclear medicine etc. In a nutshell, BARC provides a broad spectrum of scientific and technological activities extending from basic laboratory bench scale research to scaled up plant level operations and its functional domain covers all walks of science and technology stretching from classical school of thoughts to the emerging novel fields of interest. The core mandate of this institution is to provide Research and Development support required to sustain one of the major peaceful applications of nuclear energy viz. power generation. This includes conceptualization of the programme, finalisation of the design of the reactor and the peripheral components, preparation of computer generated working models and their evaluation studies under simulated reactor running conditions, identification, selection and testing of materials and components for their risk analysis under extreme conditions of reactor

operating environments, development and testing of new reactor fuel materials etc. Besides, BARC also extends its expertise to chemical processing of spent fuels, safe disposal of nuclear waste besides developing new isotope application techniques in industries, medicine, agriculture etc. Advanced frontline research in physical, chemical and biological sciences are intensely being pursued in BARC in order to give the nation a cutting edge in the fields of science and technology at the international levels. Thus, BARC is a multifaceted institution wherein the in house research findings were further translated into the development stage and finally through successful demonstration phase is taken for deployment in the respective fields. Advanced equipments and instruments, well set laboratories, vibrant ambience and availability of expertise from all fields of science and engineering are the unique features of BARC committed in taking the nation to the new horizons of knowledge and development.

FOUNDER Homi Jehangir Bhabha was the visionary who conceptulised the Indian Nuclear Programme and along with a handful of Scientists initiated the nuclear science research in India in March, 1944. He envisaged the vast potential of nuclear energy and its possible successful utilization in the field of power generation and allied areas. Dr. Bhabha started working with the goal of achieving self reliance in the fields of nuclear science and engineering and todays Department of Atomic Energy which is a consortium of different and diversified fields of science and engineering is the final outcome of the farsighted planning of Dr. Bhabha. Thus, in his own words When Nuclear Energy has been successfully applied for power production in, say a couple of decades from now, India will not have to look abroad for its experts but will find them ready at hand. Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, realizing the immense potential of nuclear energy as a viable alternative source for electric power generation, launched the Indian Nuclear Programme in March 1944. It was the farsightedness of Dr. Bhabha to start nuclear research in India at a time following the discovery of nuclear fission phenomena by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman and soon after Enrico Fermi etal from Chicago reporting the feasibility of sustained nuclear chain reactions. At that time very little information was available to the outside world about nuclear fission and sustained chain reactions and nobody was willing to subscribe to the concept of power generation based on nuclear energy. Dr. Bhabha was an astute scientist and committed engineer, a dedicated architect, a meticulous planner and a perfect executive. An ardent follower

of fine arts and music, he was a philanthropist too. The path to perfection paved by Dr. Bhabha has taken the Indian Atomic Energy Programme to one amongst the best in the world. The family members of the Department of Atomic Energy and also the whole country salute the great scientist of our country- Dr. Homi Bhabha and rededicate ourselves in the pursuit of perfection set forth by him through the coming years. HERITAGE Dr. Bhabha approached Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for starting nuclear research in India leading to the establishment of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, which was inaugurated on December 19, 1945. Atomic Energy Act was passed on April 15,1948 and Atomic Energy Commission was constituted on August 10, 1948 in order to intensify the studies related to the exploitation of nuclear energy for the benefit of the nation. Exhaustive survey for rare minerals and Uranium deposits started by Atomic Minerals Division and on August 18, 1959 Indian Rare Earths Ltd was set up for the chemical processing and recovery of rare earth compounds and Thorium-Uranium deposits. Atomic Energy Commission started Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay on January 3, 1954. Atomic Energy Commission functioning under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research was brought under the Department of Atomic Energy from August 3, 1954 with Dr. Homi Bhabha as the Secretary to the Government of India for the department. Department of Atomic Energy functioned under the direct control of the Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and continued to remain under the direct charge of successive prime ministers since then. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor design and development, instrumentation, metallurgy and material science etc were transferred along with their respective programme from TIFR to AEET to become an integral part of the newly created AEET. TIFR has become an institution fully dedicated to carry out fundamental research in Nuclear Science. The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was formally dedicated to the nation by the then Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on January 20, 1957. Later, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi renamed AEET as Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) on January 22, 1967 as a fitting tribute to Dr. Homi Bhabha who died in an air crash on January 24, 1966. Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay has already made its impressions in the world of science as one of the unique nuclear research institution where high quality research and development is taking place in the areas of nuclear reactor design and installation, fuel fabrication, chemical processing of depleted fuel

and also acquired sufficient expertise in the development of radioisotope application techniques in medicine, agriculture and industries. Basic and advanced research investigations were in full progress in nuclear physics, spectroscopy, solid state physics, chemical and life sciences, reactor engineering, instrumentation, radiation safety and nuclear medicine etc. In a nutshell, BARC provides a broad spectrum of scientific and technological activities extending from basic laboratory bench scale research to scaled up plant level operations and its functional domain covers all walks of science and technology stretching from classical school of thoughts to the emerging novel fields of interest. The core mandate of this institution is to provide Research and Development support required to sustain one of the major peaceful applications of nuclear energy viz. power generation. This includes conceptualization of the programme, finalisation of the design of the reactor and the peripheral components, preparation of computer generated working models and their evaluation studies under simulated reactor running conditions, identification, selection and testing of materials and components for their risk analysis under extreme conditions of reactor operating environments, development and testing of new reactor fuel materials etc. Besides, BARC also extends its expertise to chemical processing of spent fuels, safe disposal of nuclear waste besides developing new isotope application techniques in industries, medicine, agriculture etc. Advanced frontline research in physical, chemical and biological sciences are intensely being pursued in BARC in order to give the nation a cutting edge in the fields of science and technology at the international levels. Thus, BARC is a multifaceted institution wherein the in house research findings were further translated into the development stage and finally through successful demonstration phase is taken for deployment in the respective fields. Advanced equipments and instruments, well set laboratories, vibrant ambience and availability of expertise from all fields of science and engineering are the unique features of BARC committed in taking the nation to the new horizons of knowledge and development.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future Perspectives Strategy for Nuclear

Strategy for Nuclear Energy

India has consciously proceeded to explore the possibility of tapping nuclear energy for the purpose of power generation and the Atomic Energy Act was framed and implemented with

the set objectives of using two naturally occurring elements Uranium and Thorium having good potential to be utilized as nuclear fuel in Indian Nuclear Power Reactors. The estimated natural deposits of these elements in india are : Natural Uranium deposits - ~70,000 tonnes Thorium deposits - ~ 3,60,000 tonnes

Energy Evolution of PHWR Design Fast Breeder Reactors

Indian Nuclear Power Generation : Envisages a Heavy Water A Three Stage(STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 ) Nuclear Fuels and Programme

structural Components Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research & Development Conclusion

STAGE 1 -> Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor using

Natural Uranium di oxide as fuel matrix Heavy water as moderator and coolant

Natural U isotopic composition is _ 0.7 % fissile U-235 and the rest is U-238. In the reactor o U-235 (n,f) several radioactive fission products + large amount of energy U-238 (n,,-) Pu-239 The first two plants were of boiling water reactors based on imported technology. Subsequent plants are of PHWR type through indigenous R&D efforts. India achieved complete self- reliance in this technology and this stage of the programme is in the industrial domain.

The future plan includes o o Setting up of VVER type plants based on Russian Technology is under progress to augment power generation . MOX fuel (Mixed oxide) is developed and introduced at Tarapur To conserve fuel and to develop new fuel technology.

Reprocessing of spent fuel => By an Open Cycle or a Closed Cycle mode.

Open cycle refers to disposal of the entire waste after subjecting to proper waste treatment. This Results in huge underutilization of the energy potential of Uranium (~ 2 % is exploited)

Closed cycle refers to chemical separation of U-238 and Pu-239 and further recycled while the other radioactive fission products were separated, sorted out according to their half lives and activity and appropriately disposed off with minimum environmental disturbance. Both the options are in practice. As a part of long term energy strategy, Japan and France has opted closed cycle India preferred a closed cycle mode in view of its phased expansion of nuclear power generation extending through the second and third stages.

Indigenous technology for the reprocessing of the spent fuel as well as waste management programme has been developed by India through its own comprehensive R&D efforts and reprocessing plants were set up and are in operation thereby attaining self - reliance in this strategic field

STAGE 2Fast Breeder Reactor

Indias second stage of nuclear power generation envisages the use of Pu-239 obtained from the first stage reactor operation, as the fuel core in fast breeder reactors (FBR). The main features of FBTR are Pu-239 serves as the main fissile element in the FBR A blanket of U-238 surrounding the fuel core will undergo nuclear transmutation to produce fresh Pu-239 as more and more Pu-239 is consumed during the operation. Besides a blanket of Th-232 around the FBR core also undergoes neutron capture reactions leading to the formation of U-233. U-233 is the nuclear reactor fuel for the third stage of Indias Nuclear Power Programme. It is technically feasible to produce sustained energy output of 420 GWe from FBR. Setting up Pu-239 fuelled fast Breeder Reactor of 500 MWe power generation is in progress. Concurrently, it is proposed to use thorium-based fuel, along with a small feed of plutonium-based fuel in Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs). The AHWRs are expected to shorten the period of reaching the stage of large-scale thorium utilization.

STAGE 3Breeder Reactor

The third phase of Indias Nuclear Power Generation programme is, breeder reactors using U-233 fuel. Indias vast thorium deposits permit design and operation of U-233 fuelled breeder reactors. U-233 is obtained from the nuclear transmutation of Th-232 used as a blanket in the second phase Pu-239 fuelled FBR. Besides, U-233 fuelled breeder reactors will have a Th-232 blanket around the U-233 reactor core which will generate more U-233 as the reactor goes operational thus resulting in the production of more and more U-233 fuel from the Th-232 blanket as more of the U-233 in the fuel core is consumed helping to sustain the long term power generation fuel requirement. These U-233/Th-232 based breeder reactors are under development and would serve as the mainstay of the final thorium utilization stage of the Indian nuclear programme. The currently known Indian thorium reserves amount to 358,000 GWe-yr of electrical energy and can easily meet the energy requirements during the next century and beyond.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Evolution of PHWR Design

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future Perspectives Strategy for Nuclear Energy Evolution of PHWR Design Fast Breeder Reactors Heavy Water Nuclear Fuels and structural Components Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research & Development Conclusion

Indias first stage of Nuclear Programme was based on the PHWR Technology for the following advantages. Optimum utilization of the limited uranium resources Higher Plutonium yield, for the second stage fuel Availability of Indigenous Technology

The most significant feature of the PHWR design is Multiple pressure tube configuration instead of a large pressure vessel. The first two reactors were built at Rawatbhata near Kota in Rajasthan with the Canadian collaboration. Two units located at Kalpakkam near Madras built later were of the same design but using indigenous technology.

Subsequently, the Reactors at Narora offered first opportunity to our engineers to evolve an indigenous design based on operating experience and other requirements such as stringent safety norms and seismic design.

The design of 500 MWe PHWR is the next step in the process of evolution and the first two units based on this design were built at Tarapur. The First Unit was dedicated to the Nation in 2005 and the second in 2006 and both the units are working well. At present 4 units of 700 MWe are under construction.Technology for the manufacture of various components and equipment is now well established and has evolved through active collaboration between the DAE and the industry. Several universities and national institutions have also participated in the development of PHWR technology apart from in house efforts in DAE. As we gain experience and master technology, performance of our plants is improving.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Fast Breeder Reactors

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future Perspectives Strategy for Nuclear Energy Evolution of PHWR Design Fast Breeder Reactors Heavy Water Nuclear Fuels and structural Components Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research & Development

Indias first 40 MWt Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) attained criticality on 18th October 1985. India becomes the sixth nation having the technology to built and operate a FBTR besides USA, UK, France, Japan and the then USSR. The unique features of Indian FBTR are Indigenously developed U-Pu carbide fuel rich in Pu Design, development and fabrication of all machineries, peripheral units and materials are by the Indian Scientists in close co ordination with industry.

Status Initial operational problems sorted out and the

reactor operates smoothly at a steady power level of 10.5 Mwt- maximum possible power output owing to its small core.

Conclusion

Future plans based on the Design, setting up and

operation of FBTR has provided rich experience and immense information with liquid metal cooled Fast Breeder Reactor Technology and also confidence to embark upon the design of a 500 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor [PFBR], planned to be constructed at Kalpakkam.

PFBR design requires

A detailed and complete understanding of thermal- hydraulics phenomena Creep, creep-fatigue interaction, and buckling and fluid- structure interaction for the design optimization and also for an assessment of structural integrity. A large number of codes, in the disciplines of thermal- hydraulics and structural mechanics have been developed.

The codes have been validated either through experimental data or through international benchmark tests.

Engineering R&D
For fast breeder reactor programme through simulated experiments and component development. Experimental data for validating the analytical codes and performance evaluation codes. Facilities to carryout these experiments in air, water and sodium environment. Expertise for modeling phenomena, special instrumentation for measuring flow patterns, vibration etc. and interpretation of data. Capability to set up high temperature sodium facilities and their safe operation. Large component testing rig facility for testing reactor components in sodium at temperatures up to 833o K.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Heavy Water

High purity heavy water is used in PHWRs for serving as the moderator and the primary coolant.
The first heavy water plant was set up in India at Nangal in 1962. Other Heavy water plants are at Baroda, Tuticorin, Kota, Thal, Hazira and Manuguru. The hydrogen sulphide - water process used at Kota and Manuguru plants is based on the expertise developed through indigenous R&D. The technology for upgrading heavy water was developed at BARC. The current research is directed towards the development of alternative, more costeffective, technologies for heavy water production, such as hydrogen-water exchange process.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Nuclear Fuels & Structural Components

The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) was established in Hyderabad in the early 70s. Making nuclear fuel assemblies and core structural components for the entire nuclear power programme of the country. The activities at NFC includes Processing of uranium ore concentrate and zircon sand brought from Bihar and Kerala, through a series of indigenously developed chemical and metallurgical operations. Making seamless tubes of stainless steel, carbon steel, titanium and other special alloys of Nickel, Magnesium etc. by hot extrusion and cold pilgering process.

Hot extruded tubes of diameter 180 mm, and cold pilgered thin wall tubes of diameter 4.5 mm are regularly made. NFC offers its expertise to Indian Navy, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and other Defence Organizations well as chemical, fertilizer and mechanical ball bearing manufacturing industries and many other chemical equipment manufacturers. The other products NFC fabricates include tantalum, niobium, silver and various high -purity materials as per the specifications of customers. Apart from supplying products to Indian market, the NFC has also ventured recently into export of some of its products like zirconium bars and anhydrous magnesium chloride.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Back-end of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future Perspectives Strategy for Nuclear Energy Evolution of PHWR Design Fast Breeder Reactors Heavy Water Nuclear Fuels and structural Components Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research & Developmen t Conclusion

Nuclear Power Generation Programme Front end of the nuclear fuel cycle Back- end of the nuclear fuel cycle Reprocessing of spent fuel, Mining of U, segregation, chemical separation of fissile, fertile purification components, safe disposal of Conversion to appropriate form and radioactive Waste after proper fuel rod fabrication treatment The back end of the nuclear fuel cycle is a strategically important activity due to its significance both in terms of the sensitivity as well as safety. Fuel reprocessing technology was developed and standardized entirely by in house R&D efforts. Three reprocessing plants one at Trombay, second at Tarapur and recently the third one cold commissioned at Kalpakkam to extract Plutonium from spent fuel.

The Kalpakkam plant incorporates a number of innovative features such as Hybrid maintenance concept in hot cells using servo-manipulators

Engineered provisions for extending the life of the plant. This plant will cater to the needs of reprocessing fuels from MAPS as well as FBTR.

In this part of the activity top priority is given to efficient handling, safe management and proper disposal of the highly radioactive waste generated in the fuel cycle with minimum environmental impact. Indigenous technology for safe handling and disposal of waste developed by the R&D efforts meeting the stringent regulatory standards. Waste processing plants set up and are in operation at all nuclear power plant sites.

Long-term action plan formulated for waste management is identified with the following: High-level waste immobilized by vitrification in glass matrix and after double encapsulation in corrosion resistant canisters, stored separately in engineered storage facility provided with continuous cooling for 20 30 years. The ultimate disposal is then carried out in deep underground geological formations with extra protection barriers. Medium level wastes after solidification into a suitable matrix was stored in leak tight containers and buried them in water- proof concrete tiled holes with adequate shielding.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Research and Development

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future Perspectives Strategy for Nuclear Energy Evolution of PHWR Design Fast Breeder Reactors Heavy Water Nuclear Fuels and structural Components Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research & Development Conclusion

Indias achievements in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology are well accepted and acknowledged at the international level. Excellent infrastructure and years of dedicated research and development activities vigorously pursued by India has directly resulted in making significant progress in nuclear power generation and allied fields and attaining scientific and technological self reliance. Exhaustive and comprehensive research and development studies in the fields of Nuclear Power and Reactor Technologies, Isotope Applications and Radiation Technologies, Accelerator and Laser Technology Programme, Health and Safety aspects of radiation are carried out at the four R&D centers viz. BARC, IGCAR, VECC and CAT by DAE. Strong emphasis on basic and applied research in a number of core disciplines in Science and Engineering has enabled a significant level of synergy between growth of technology and basic research in these institutions, benefiting not only Atomic Energy, but also a number of other sectors.

Some of the significant achievements in areas other than power generation

include Development of 22 different varieties of high yield seeds through radiation induced mutation.(10 of pulses,8 of ground nut, 2 of mustard and 1 each of rice and jute). In the medical applications of radioisotopes six lakhs patients undergoing diagnostic investigations and 15-20 lakhs patients receiving radiation therapy every year through dedicated and affiliated centres. In the industrial applications of radioisotopes scenes - ~1000 industrial radiographic cameras are in routine use. Hydrology and tracer applications also has made a significant progress in carrying out underground leak detection, silt movement studies in harbours as well as mapping of ground water resources and their courses. Many more new applications are getting appended too.

Research Reactors: Provides an ideal platform for basic and applied research in a
number of disciplines. The research reactors have been used for Test irradiation of nuclear fuel, for developing structural materials, components for reactors, and for training personnel needed to operate the power stations. Extensive research in fission physics, solid state physics and radiation chemistry

DHRUVA Reactor at BARC was designed, constructed and commissioned by

Indian Engineers and scientists. Natural U is the fuel used and heavy water as moderator and coolant, Dhruva enabled India to attain self sufficiency in the production of radioisotopes

Kamini, a 30 kWt reactor at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
at Kalpakkam, achieved criticality in October 1996 for providing neutron radiography facilities and is a small but significant step towards utilisation of our vast thorium reserves. It is the only operating reactor in the world using U233 fuel. Some of the larger facilities built by DAE are now available to university researchers through Inter-university Consortium for DAE facilities.
Besides carrying out research at its own research centres, the DAE provides full support to seven aided institutions Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar Saha Institute of Physics, Calcutta Mehta Research Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Allahabad Institute of Mathematical Science, Chennai Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhinagar

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Conclusion

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future Perspectives Strategy for Nuclear Energy Evolution of PHWR Design Fast Breeder Reactors Heavy Water Nuclear Fuels and structural Components Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research & Development Conclusion

In pursuit of the peaceful uses of Atomic Energy, power generation based on nuclear energy assumes first and foremost place and India has achieved many milestones in this area. A well planned programme for the progressive expansion for the tapping of atomic energy for electricity keeping in view of the countrys future requirements for increased power generation capacity and available resources has been under implementation. A strong R&D base has been established and functions as a back bone for the smooth transition of the research and development activities to the deployment phase and thereby realising the Department of Atomic Energys mandate. Many technologies of strategic importance have been mastered to meet developmental needs. Indigenous technology development in the areas of fuel reprocessing, enrichment, production of special materials, computers, lasers, accelerators represents a whole spectrum of activities necessary for realising full potential of our energy resources to meet future energy needs. Radiation Technology and Isotope Applications represents another prominent area of the peaceful uses of Atomic Energy in health care, agriculture, industries, hydrology and food preservation where self- reliance has been accomplished.

Department of Atomic Energy: Milestones

Uranium Corporation of India Ltd of DAE commissions April 20, 2012 : Uranium mines and processing plant at Tummalapalle, Andhra Pradesh July 18, 2011 January 07, 2011 : First pour of concrete at Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rawatbhata Unit 7 & 8

Honourable Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh inaugurated power reactor spent fuel reprocessing plant : (PREFRE II) at BARC, Tarapur and dedicated it to the Nation. Production started in July 2011

December 31, CIRUS decommissioned and permanently shutdown on : 2010 31.12.2010

December 7, 2010

: India and France signed agreement for the fuel supply

November 27, Unit 4 of Kaiga Atomic Power Project achieved first : 2010 criticality and synchronised to grid on January 19, 2011 June 9, 2010 Plans for establishing Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership : (GCNEP) announced. Establishment of GCNEP was declared on 27 June 2011 India and USA completed negotiations on "arrangements : and procedures" for reprocessing U.S. - obligated spent nuclear fuel. : : India & Russia agreed on a Roadmap for the construction of reactors of Russian design in India India and United Kingdom sign joint declaration on nuclear cooperation

March 29, 2010 March 12, 2010 February 11, 2010 January 23, 2010

Unit 6 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) achieved first criticality. It was syncronised to grid on : March 28, 2010 and goes commercial operations on March 31, 2010

Unit 5 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) November 11, : achieved first criticality. It was syncronised to grid on 2009 December 22, 2009 November, 2009 : Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB) formed

September 30, India and France signed agreement on cooperation for : 2008 peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy April 7, 2008 March 13, 2008 : Low power critical facility at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) attained first criticality

DAE and University Institute of Chemical Technology : (UICT), Mumbai signed MoU to establish a new DAE-UICT Centre for Chemical Engineering Education and Research Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL)developed a 32 metre : diameter Indian Deep Space Antenna System IDSN 32 for providing steering, tracking and science data reception support for ISROs Moon Mission Chandrayaan I : Units 3 & 4 of the Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) dedicated to the Nation

September 2007 August 31, 2007 1 August,

: India and USA signed agreement on cooperation for

2007

peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy

The first Opencast Uranium Mine of Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) was inaugurated at Banduhurang. June 25, 2007 : A Uranium Ore Processing Plant, also of UCIL inaugurated at Turamdih in Singhbum (East) district of Jharkhand India exported the first consignment of 720 kg Alfonso April 26, 2007 : and Keasr mangoes to the US after being irradiated at BARCs KRUSHAK plant at Lasalgaon, Nashik. Unit 3 of the 220 MWe Kaiga Atomic Power Project in North Karnataka attained criticality. The criticality was achieved in less than 5 years, the first pour of concrete : having been done in March 2002. It was syncronised to grid on April 14, 2007 and commercial operations started on May 6, 2007. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, Honourable President of India : dedicated Bhabhatron II to the cancer patients at the Indian Red Cross Society Cancer (IRCS) Hospital, Nellore : APSARA the first nuclear research reactor in the whole of Asia completed 50 years.

February 26, 2007

December, 2006 August 4, 2006 May 21, 2006

The 540 MWe Unit 3 of Tarapur Atomic power Project (TAPP 3) attained criticality. It was syncronised to grid : on June 15, 2006 and goes commercial operations on August 18, 2006. : Bhabhatron I, the first indigenous Teletherapy unit was installed at ACTREC, TMC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

March 2006

Centre for Advanced Technology (CAT) Indore dedicated December 17, in the memory of Dr. Raja Ramanna. The centre was : 2005 renamed as Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT). December 5, 2005 India was admitted to the International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) venture. Other parties in this : venture are China, European Union, Japan, South Korea and United States. India signs agreement on November 21, 2006 to join ITER project.

November 15, New Supercomputing facilities building of Computer : 2005 Centre, BARC was inaugurated at Trombay. June 3, 2005 July 10, 2004 : : Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) with a Deemed to be University status has been established. Crystal and Mat Laboratories was inaugurated at Trombay.

2003 October 22, 2003 November 2002 October 31, 2002

1.7 MeV Tandetron Accelerator and the demo facility Lead Mini Cell (LMC), for reprocessing of FBTR carbide fuel on : lab scale, are commissioned at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR). : Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI) was set up at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.

UCIL's Turumdih Mine, Jharkhand was inaugurated and : Technology Demonstration Pilot Plant becomes operational at Jaduguda. Waste Immobilisation Plant and Uranium-Thorium Separation Plant(both at Trombay), and the Radiation : Processing Plant Krushak at Lasalgaon, district Nasik, Maharashtra, are dedicated to the Nation.

September18, First pour of concrete of Unit-5 of Rajasthan Atomic Power : 2002 Station (RAPS) 5 & 6. September, 2002 March 31, 2002 : : Medical cyclotron facility of BARC was commissioned at Parel, Mumbai (TMC campus) First pour of concrete of Unit 1 & 2 of Kudankulam Atomic Power Project.

March 30, First pours of concrete respectively of Unit-3 and Unit-4 2002 & : of Kaiga Atomic Power Project 3 & 4. May 10, 2002 February 12, 2002 March 18, 2001 : : India signed the contract with the Russian Federation for the Nuclear Power Station at Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu. Units 3 & 4 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) was dedicated to the nation.

Unit-4 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) attained November 03, : criticality. It was synchronised to grid on November 17, 2000 2000 and goes commercial on December 23, 2000. Unit-1 of Kaiga Atomic Power Station attained criticality. September 26, : It was synchronised to the grid on October 12, 2000 and 2000 goes commercial on November 16, 2000. May 1, 2000 : BARC Safety Council was formed Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) delivered first beam on target. Unit-3 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) synchronised to the grid.

April 21, 2000 : March 10, 2000 2000 :

March 8, 2000 : Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS)- 3 & 4 rises up. : Boron Enrichment Plant was commissioned at IGCAR,

Kalpakkam. January 1, 2000 : BRIT's plant for radiation processing of spices was commissioned at Vashi, Navi Mumbai.

Unit-3 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station attained December 24, : criticality. It was synchronised to the grid on March 10, 1999 2000, and becomes commercial on June 1, 2000. October 01, 1999 : Indias first Nuclear Power Plant Simulator was upgraded.

Unit-2 of Kaiga Atomic Power Station attained criticality. September 24, : It was synchronised to the grid on December 02, 1999, 1999 and becomes commercial on March 16, 2000. July 1999 : Solid Storage and surveillance Facility at Tarapur was commissioned.

450 MeV Synchrotron Radiation Source Indus-1 achieved April 22, 1999 : electron beam current of 113 milli-ampere superceding the design value of 100 milli-ampere. August 10, 1998 May 27, 1998 May 11 & 13, 1998 December 1997 March 31, 1997 October 20, 1996 The 500 KeV industrial electron accelerator developed : indigenously by the BARC was commissioned for its first phase of operation. Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) Unit-2 was : recommissioned after enmasse replacement of coolant channels. : Five underground nuclear tests were conducted at Pokhran Range,Rajasthan.

Jadugudda Mill was expanded to treat 2,090 tonnes ore : per day. PRYNCE(95% Neodymium Oxide) Plant was commissioned at Rare Earths Division. : Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) Unit-1 was recommissioned after repair of OPRD valve.

Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI), with Uranium-233 fuel, attained criticality at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic : Research, Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu. On September 17, 1997 Research Reactor KAMINI attained full power level of 30 kWt. Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KARP) was cold : commissioned. It was dedicated to Nation on September 15, 1998. : Narwapahar mine was inaugurated. : Technology Offer Centre was inaugurated at DAE,

March 27, 1996 January 995 August 12,

1993

Mumbai.

Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KARP) - Unit I attained September 03, : criticality. Its Unit II attained criticality on January 08, 1992 1995 May 16, 1991 : First ECR heavy ion source of the country becomes operational at the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre.

November 09, Research Reactor PURNIMA-III, a Uranium-233 fuelled : 1990 reactor, attained criticality March 12, 1989 : Narora Atomic Power Station Unit I attained criticality. Its Unit II attained criticality on October 24, 1991 Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) commenced operations. Regional Radiation Medicine Centre (RRMC) was inaugurated at Kolkata.

March 1, 1989 : January 3, 1989 :

December 30, : 12MV Pelletron Accelerator was inaugurated. 1988 December 1986 1986 October 18, 1985 August 08, 1985 March 05, 1985 May 10, 1984 March 08, 1984 February 19, 1984 : Mosabani Uranium Recovery Plant commissioned. : : : : : : Dredge Mining, Mineral Separation and Synthetic Rutile Plant at OSCOM, Orissa was commissioned. Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam attained criticality. Research Reactor DHRUVA (100 MWt) attained criticality. It attained full power on January 17, 1988. Waste Immobilisation Plant (WIP) at Tarapur was commissioned. Research Reactor PURNIMA-II, Uranium-233 fuelled homogenous reactor, attained criticality. Plutonium- Uranium mixed Carbide Fuel for fast breeder test reactor was fabricated in BARC.

Centre for Advanced Technology at Indore( Madhya Pradesh) inaugurated and later renamed by Honourable : Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh on December, 17 2005 to Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) Madras Atomic Power Station - Unit I at Kalpakkam : started commercial operation. Unit II goes commercial on March 21, 1986.

January 27, 1984

November 15, : Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) was constituted. 1983 February,1983 : Rakha Uranium Recovery Plant of Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) was commissioned.

November 19, Power Reactor Fuel Reprocessing Plant at Tarapur was : 1982 commissioned. November 18, Plutonium-Uranium mixed oxide fuel was fabricated at : 1979 Trombay June 16, 1977 : September 1975 May 1975 March 1975 May 18, 1974 1974 1974 : : Variable Energy Cyclotron becomes operational at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC)Kolkata. Surda Uranium Recovery Plant of Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) was commissioned. Commercial production of by-products - Molybdenum and Copper concentrates started

Commercial production of Uranium Mineral Concentrates : from Copper plant tailings at Surda, Hindustan Copper Limited commenced. : : : Peaceful underground Nuclear Experiment was conducted at Pokhran, Rajasthan. Radiation sterilisation plant (ISOMED) commenced at Trombay By-product Recovery Plant of Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) at Jaduguda was commissioned.

Unit-1 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station at Kota began November 30, : commercial operation. Unit II goes commercial on 1972 November 1, 1980. May 18, 1972 February 3, 1972 February18, 1971 : Research Reactor PURNIMA-I attained criticality. : Formation of DAE Safety Review Committee : Plutonium fuel for Research Reactor PURNIMA-I was fabricated at Trombay

September 06, : Uranium-233 was Separated from irradiated thorium 1970 October 02, 1969 May 01, 1969 March 12, : : Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) starts commercial operation. Heavy Water Projects was constituted. Later, it becomes Heavy Water Board.

: Reactor Research Centre was started at Kalpakkam.

1969

Renamed as Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR). on December 18, 1985.

December 31, : Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) was set up at Hyderabad. 1968 May 1968 Uranium Mill at Jaduguda, with a capacity of 1,000 TPD, commenced commercial production of Magnesium : diuranate (yellowcake). Jaduguda Mine Shaft was commissioned in November 1968. Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) was : established with headquarters at Jaduguda for mining and milling of uranium ores. Formation of Power Projects Engineering Division, Mumbai, which was subsequently converted to Nuclear : Power Board on August 17, 1984. It became as Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited on September 17,1987.

October 04, 1967

June 1, 1967

Electronics Corporation of India Limited was set up at April 11, 1967 : Hyderabad for producing electronic systems, instruments and components. January 22, 1967 January 22, 1965 January 14, 1961 July 10, 1960 February 19, 1960 January 30, 1959 August 19, 1957 January 20, 1957 August 04, 1956 August 01, 1955 August 03, : Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) was renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.

: Plutonium Plant was inaugurated. : Research Reactor ZERLINA attained criticality. It was decommissioned in 1983 First lot of 10 Fuel Elements for CIRUS reactor was fabricated at Trombay

: CIRUS the 40 MWt research reactor attained criticality. :

: Uranium Metal Plant at Trombay started production : : : Atomic Energy Establishment Training School started functioning. Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was inaugurated APSARA - first research reactor in Asia, attained criticality at Trombay, Mumbai.

: Thorium Plant at Trombay goes into production. : Department of Atomic Energy was created.

1954 Rare Earths Plant of IRE at Alwaye, Kerala, was dedicated December 24, : to the nation and production of Rare Earths & Thorium 1952 Uranium concentrate commenced. April, 1951 August 18, 1950 : Uranium Deposit at Jaduguda was discovered by AMD. Drilling operations commenced in December 1951.

Indian Rare Earths Limited was set up for recovering : minerals, processing of rare earths compounds and Thorium - Uranium concentrates. Rare Minerals Survey Unit was set up. Later, this unit becomes Atomic Minerals Division. It was renamed as : Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research on July 29, 1998. : The Atomic Energy Commission was constituted.

July 29, 1949 August 10, 1948

April 15, 1948 : Atomic Energy Act was passed December 19, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) , Mumbai : 1945 was inaugurated. March 12, 1944 : Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha writes to Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for starting Nuclear Research in India.

DIRECTOR, B.A.R.C.Dr.

R. K. SINHA

GROUP OF DIRECTORS ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS HEAD OF DIVISIONS

GROUP DIRECTORS
ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP BEAM TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP BIO-MEDICAL GROUP CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY GROUP CHEMISTRY GROUP DESIGN, MANUFACTURING & AUTOMATION GROUP ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION GROUP ENGINEERING SERVICES GROUP Mr. S. G. MARKANDEYA, Controller Dr. L. M. GANTAYET Dr. K. B. SAINIS Mr. S. K. GHOSH Mr. T. K. BERA Dr. T. MUKHERJEE Mr. MANJIT SINGH Mr. G. P. SRIVASTAVA Mr. MANJIT SINGH

HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT GROUP KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT GROUP MATERIALS GROUP NUCLEAR FUELS GROUP NUCLEAR RECYCLE BOARD NUCLEAR RECYCLE GROUP PHYSICS GROUP RADIO CHEMISTRY & ISOTOPE GROUP REACTOR DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GROUP REACTOR GROUP REACTOR PROJECTS GROUP

Dr. A. K. GHOSH Dr. R. K. SINHA Dr. A. K SURI Dr. G. J. PRASAD Mr. S. BASU Mr. S. D. MISRA Dr. S. KAILAS Dr. K. L. RAMAKUMAR Mr. K. K. VAZE Mr. V. K. RAINA Mr. R. R. S. YADAV

ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS
BIO-MEDICAL GROUP (A) BIO-MEDICAL GROUP (B) CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY GROUP ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION GROUP (C) ENGINEERING SERVICES GROUP ENGINEERING SERVICES GROUP (V) HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT GROUP NUCLEAR FUELS GROUP RADIO CHEMISTRY & ISOTOPE GROUP (I) RADIO CHEMISTRY & ISOTOPE GROUP (R) Dr. S. F. DSOUZA Dr. S. K. APTE Mr. G. GOUTHAMAN Mr. R. K. PATIL Mr. RAM KISHAN Mr. P. LAHIRI Dr. D. N. SHARMA Mr. ARUN KUMAR Dr. GURSHARAN SINGH Dr. S. K. AGGARWAL

HEAD OF DIVISIONS
ACCELERATOR & PULSE POWER DIVISION ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DIVISION APPLIED PHYSICS DIVISION APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY DIVISION ARCHITECTURE & CIVIL ENGINEERING DIVISION ASTROPHYSICAL SCIENCES DIVISION ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS DIVISION ATOMIC FUELS DIVISION BIO-ORGANIC DIVISION CENTRE FOR DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DIVISION CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION Mr. D. P. CHAKRAVARTHY Dr. A. V. R. REDDY Dr. S. C. GUPTA Dr. N. K. SAHOO Mr. K. SRINIVAS Mr. RAMESH KOUL Dr. B. N. JAGTAP Mr. K. K. ABDULLA Dr. S. CHATTOPADHYAY Mr. S. B. JAWALE Mr. HANMANTH RAO Mr. C .S. R. PRASAD

CHEMISTRY DIVISION CIVIL ENGINEERING DIVISION (V) COMPUTATONAL ANALYSIS DIVISION COMPUTER DIVISION CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION DIVISION CRYO - TECHNOLOGY DIVISION DESALINATION DIVISION DIVISION OF REMOTE HANDLING & ROBOTICS ELECTRONIC & INSTRUMENTATION SERVICES DIVISION ELECTRONICS DIVISION ENERGETCS & ELECTROMAGNETIC DIVISION ENGINEERING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION DIVISION ENGINEERING DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION ENGINEERING SERVICES DIVISION (V) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DIVISION FOOD TECHNOLOGY DIVISION FUEL CHEMISTRY DIVISION FUEL REPROCESSING DIVISION GLASS AND ADVANCED CERAMICS DIVISION HEALTH PHYSICS DIVISION HEAVY WATER DIVISION HIGH PRESSURE PHYSICS DIVISION HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DIVISION INTERNAL FINANCIAL ADVISOR / HEAD, ACCOUNTS DIVISION ION ACCELERETOR DEVELOPMENT DIVISION ISOTOPE APPLICATION DIVISION LASER & PLASMA TECHNOLOGY DIVISION LIGHT WATER REACTOR DIVISION MACHINE DYNAMICS DIVISION MATERIAL PROCESSING DIVISION MATERIALS SCIENCE DIVISION MECHANICAL DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT DIVISION MECHANICAL METALLURGY DIVISION MEDICAL DIVISION METALLIC FUELS DIVISION MINERAL PROCESSING DIVISION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DIVISION

Dr. D. DAS Mr. K. SRINIVAS Dr. SHASHANK CHATURVEDI Mr. R. S. MUNDADA Mr. Y. K. TALY Mr. S. K. GHOSH Dr. P. K. TEWARI Mr. MANJIT SINGH Mr. V. M. JOSHI Mr. C. K. PITHAWA Dr. ANURAG SHYAM Mr. D. S. RANA Mr. K. N. MAHULE Mr. P. LAHIRI Mr. V. D. PURANIK Dr. A. K. SHARMA Dr. S. K. AGGARWAL Mr. P. M. GANDHI Dr. G. P. KOTHIYAL Dr. P.K. SARKAR Dr. (Mrs.) SADHANA MOHAN Dr. S. M. SHARMA Dr. R. R. PURI Mr. AYYANAN RAMAIAH Dr. P. SINGH Dr. GURSHARAN SINGH Dr. A. K. DAS Mr. A. B. MUKHERJEE Mr. G. GOUTHAMAN Dr. R. C. HUBLI Dr. G. K. DEY Mr. P. K. NEMA Dr. J. K. CHAKRAVARTTY Dr. R. K. KULKARNI Dr. G. J. PRASAD Dr. T. SREENIVAS Dr. S. K. APTE

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISATION OF MATERIALS (CCCM), Hyderabad NEUTRON AND X-RAY PHYSICS FACILITIES NUCLEAR AGRICULTURE & BIO-TECHNOLOGY DIVISION NUCLEAR PHYSICS DIVISION PERSONNEL DIVISION PLANNING AND COORDINATION DIVISION POST IRRADIATION EXAMINATION DIVISION POWDER METALLURGY DIVISION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT DIVISION PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT DIVISION PROPULSION REACTOR PLANT DIVISION QUALITY ASSURANCE DIVISION RADIATION & PHOTOCHEMISTRY DIVISION RADIATION BIOLOGY & HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION RADIATION MEDICINE CENTRE RADIATION SAFETY SYSTEMS DIVISION RADIATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION RADIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DIVISION RADIOCHEMISTRY DIVISION RADIOLOGICAL PHYSICS & ADVISORY DIVISION RADIOMETALLURGY DIVISION RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS DIVISION REACTOR CONTROL DIVISION REACTOR ENGINEERING DIVISION REACTOR OPERATIONS DIVISION REACTOR PHYSICS DESIGN DIVISION REACTOR PROJECTS DIVISION REACTOR SAFETY DIVISION REFUELING TECHNOLOGY DIVISION RESEARCH REACTOR DESIGN & PROJECTS DIVISION RESEARCH REACTOR MAINTENANCE DIVISION RESEARCH REACTOR SERVICES DIVISION SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION RESOURCE DIVISION SEISMOLOGY DIVISION SOLID STATE PHYSICS DIVISION TECHNICAL PHYSICS DIVISION

Dr. J. ARUNACHALAM Dr. AMAR SINHA (Project Manager) Dr. S. F. D'SOUZA Dr. A. CHATTERJEE Mr. S. GOVERDHAN RAO Mr. S. G. MARKANDEYA Mr. S. ANANTHARAMAN Dr. D. SATHIYAMOORTHY Mr. P. K. WATTAL Mr. S. G. KULKARNI Mr. K. V. RAVI Mr. S. ANANTHARAMAN Dr. S. K. SARKAR Dr. J. R. BANDEKAR Dr. M. G. R. RAJAN Dr. D. N. SHARMA Dr. LALIT VARSHNEY Dr. B. S. TOMAR Dr. A. GOSWAMI Dr. Y. S. MAYYA Mr. ARUN KUMAR Dr. M. R. A. PILLAI Mr. B. B. BISWAS Dr. P. K. VIJAYAN Mr. D. K. SHUKLA Mr. P. D. KRISHNANI Mr. K. N. VYAS Mr. K. K. VAZE Mr. R. J. PATEL Mr. A. BHATNAGAR Mr. G. BHARADHWAJ Mr. R. C. SHARMA Dr. K. BHANUMURTHY Dr. FALGUNI ROY Dr. S. L. CHAPLOT Dr. S. K. GUPTA

TECHNICAL SERVICES DIVISION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND COLLABORATION DIVISION THEORETICAL PHYSICS DIVISION URANIUM EXTRACTION DIVISION WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION WATER & STEAM CHEMISTRY DIVISION

Mr. RAM KISHAN Mr. K. N. S. NAIR Dr. S. P. KALE Dr. VINOD KUMAR Dr. (Mrs.) S. B. ROY Dr. P. K. SINHA Dr. S. VELMURUGAN

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"BARC" redirects here. For other uses, see BARC (disambiguation).

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

Formation

January 3, 1954[1]

Purpose/focus

Nuclear research

Headquarters

Trombay, Mumbai,

Location

India

Director

Dr. Ratan Kumar Sinha

Parent organization

Department of Atomic Energy

Budget

13.61 billion (US$271.52 million)(2008-09)

Website

barc.ernet.in

The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear researchfacility based in Mumbai. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, engineering and related areas. BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation. It manages all facets of nuclear power generation, from theoretical design of reactors, computerized modeling and simulation, risk analysis, development and testing of new reactor fuel materials, etc. It also conducts research in spent fuel processing, and safe disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for isotopes in industries, medicine, agriculture, etc. BARC operates a number of research reactors across the country.[2]
Contents
[hide]

1 History 2 India and the NPT 3 Civilian research 4 References

[edit]History

India's first reactor (Apsara) and a plutonium reprocessing facility, Mumbai, as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966.

The Government of India created the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) on January 3, 1954. It was established to consolidate all the research and development activity for nuclear reactors and technology under the Atomic Energy Commission. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor design and development, instrumentation, metallurgy and material science etc were transferred with their respective programmes from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) to AEET, with TIFR retaining its original focus for fundamental research in the sciences. After Homi J. Bhabha's death in 1966, the centre was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre on January 22, 1967. All the DIRECTORS of BARC till date were

highly qualified,doctorate in their discipline and internationally recognized, that was crown of this prestigious research organization.[1] The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the west. India's first power reactors, installed at the Tarapur Atomic Power Plant (TAPP) were from the United States. The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and the Indian government has consistently maintained that the reactors are used for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; named by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru when he likened the blue Cerenkov radiation to the beauty of the Apsaras (Indra's court dancers), CIRUS (1960; the "Canada-India Reactor" with assistance from Canada), the now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and Neutron Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II (1984), Dhruva (1985), Purnima III (1990), and Kamini. The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came from CIRUS. The 1974 test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientists the technological know-how and confidence not only to develop nuclear fuel for future reactors to be used in power generation and research, but also the capacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in the development of nuclear weapons. BARC also designed and built India's first Pressurised water reactor at Kalpakkam, a 80MW land based prototype of INS Arihant's nuclear power unit,[3] as well as the Arihant's propulsion reactor.[4][5]

[edit]India

and the NPT

India is not a part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), citing concerns that it unfairly favours the established nuclear powers, and provides no provision for complete nuclear disarmament. Indian officials argued that India's refusal to sign the treaty stemmed from its fundamentally discriminatory character; the treaty places restrictions on the nonnuclear weapons states but does little to curb the modernization and expansion of the nuclear arsenals of the nuclear weapons states. More recently, India and the United States signed an agreement to enhance nuclear cooperation between the two countries, and for India to participate in an international consortium on fusion research, ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) so there are signs that the west wants to bring India in the Nuclear mainfold. India is the only country to be given such a status due to its impeccable record of Nuclear non proliferation.

[edit]Civilian

research

The BARC also conducts research in biotechnology at the Gamma Gardens, and has developed numerous disease resistant and high-yielding crop varieties, particularly groundnuts. It also conducts research in Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics for power generation. Recruitment in BARC is done mainly through its training school(OCES) as group A officers of the government of India.

Many crucial decisions are taken by some privileged senior officers in this center.Trombay council and trombay scientific council is the names given to this group of privileged officers.[citation needed] Safety record of the chemistry laboratory in this organisation got a jolt recently.Lured by the media hyped reputation of this organisation two chemistry Ph D students paid a big price with their lives.They got burnt in apparently what is claimed as an accident in the chemistry laboratories of this institution. [citation needed] On 4 June 2005, with the goal of encouraging research in basic sciences, BARC started the Homi Bhabha National Institute. Research institutions affiliated to BARC(Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) include IGCAR (Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research), RRCAT (Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), and VECC (Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre). Power projects that have benefited from BARC expertise but which fall under the NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited) are KAPP (Kakrapar Atomic Power Project), RAPP (Rajasthan Atomic Power Project), and TAPP (Tarapur Atomic Power Project).

BUDGETORY ALLOCATION (Rs. in crores) CAPITAL PLAN NONPLAN 0.00 REVENUE PLAN NONPLAN 632.29 TOTAL

Budget estimates 2007-2008

629.10

13.66

1,275.05 crore (US$254.37 million) 1,324.06 crore (US$264.15 million) 1,302.10 crore (US$259.77 million) 1,361.15 crore (US$271.55 million) 214.70 crore (US$42.83 million)

Final grant 2007-2008

610.00

0.00

21.04

693.02

Actual exp. 2007-2008

599.61

0.00

19.33

683.16

Budget estimates 2008-2009 Actual exp. 2008-2009 (Up to May 2008) [edit]References
a b

630.10 55.53

0.00

23.45 4.63

707.60

0.00

154.54

1. 2. 3. 4.

"Heritage". Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Retrieved 2012-02-10.

^ "Milestones". Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Retrieved 2012-02-10. ^ "Unveiled: Arihants elder brother". The Telegraph. 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2011-01-24. ^ "INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar". The Hindu. 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2012-01-08.

5.

^ "PWR building shows indigenous capability, says Kakodkar". The Hindu. 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2011-0330.