Buku Kupasan Biology SPM

Biology SPM 2009 PAPER 1 QUESTION ANSWER COMMENTS NO 1 C Organelle P is a mitochondrion (typical sausage shape with inner membrane folded inwards), Q is a rough endoplasmic reticulum (flat sealed sac which is continuous with the nuclear membrane, and with ribosomes attached on its outer surface), and R a chromosome (shown as a homologous pair). 2 B The ribosome (B) synthesises protein. The vacuole (A) is for storage, digestion and waste removal. The mitochondrion (C) generates energy in the form of ATPs. The Golgi apparatus (D) to processes and packages proteins and lipids before transporting them out in vesicles. 3 D Carrier proteins (D) span the whole thickness of the plasma membrane. Cholesterol (A) molecules fits in between the phospholipid molecules but do not span the plasma membrane. Phospholipid (B) molecules are the basic units which form the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Carbohydrate (C) is found on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane in the form of glycoprotein. 4 C Distilled water from outside diffuses into the hypertonic 30% sucrose solution in the Visking tubing causing the water level in the capillary tube to rise and the Visking tubing to become turgid. Diagrams A, B and D do not reflect this situation. 5 A Osmosis (A) is the diffusion of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration (i.e. distilled water) to a region of high solute concentration (inside of an egg) through a semi-permeable membrane (i.e. egg membrane). Crenation (B) is the diffusion of water molecules out of a cell by osmosis, thereby shrinking it. Plasmolysis (C) is the separation of the plant cell cytoplasm from the cell wall as a result of water loss. Haemolysis (D) is the rupturing of red blood cells in a hypotonic solution. 6 D Molecule P moves by facilitated diffusion as it diffuses from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a carrier protein without using energy. Responses A, B and C do not fit with the illustration in Diagram 5. 7 C The correct sequence in the production of an extracellular enzyme by a cell is DNA rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus cell surface membrane. Responses A, B and D are in the wrong order. 8 B A turgid plant cell that is left in a hypotonic solution does not change shape as its rigid cell wall helps in retaining the volume of its protoplasm. Diagrams in responses A, C and D do not show this fact. 9 B Condensation (B) occurs when two monosaccharides react to form a disaccharide and a molecule of water. Dialysis (A) is the process of cleansing the blood by passing it through a dialysis machine.

2 Hydrolysis (C) is the breaking down of complex sugar to simpler sugars by the addition of water. Assimilation (D) is the process of changing nutrients into a part of the living organism. Hydrolysis of protein involves the breaking down of polypeptides by the addition of water to form shorter peptides: polypeptides + water dipeptides. Reactions in response A, B and C do not happen. Diagram 9 shows a cell at with four chromosomes (2n = 4) at prophase, where each chromosome consists of a pair of chromatids. These four pairs of chromatids separate equally into half to form two cells. Each cell gets four chromatids which are now called chromosome. Cells in responses B, C and D do not form. Diagram 10 shows the main characteristic of metaphase (D) where chromatid pairs line up at the spindle equator. At prophase (A) chromosomes are distinctly visible as pairs of chromatids in the central region of the cell. At Anaphase (B), each chromatid in the pair of chromatids is seen moving toward opposite poles of the cell. At telophase (C) the chromatids (now called chromosomes) are seen as distinctive clumps at each pole. The construction worker (Q) who does heavy physical work has the highest daily energy. The breast-feeding mother (P) daily energy requirement comes in second because of milk production. The clerk (R), who has a sedentary work, has the lowest daily energy requirement. According to the food guide pyramid, rice (B) is in Level 1, carrot is in Level 2, egg is in Level 3, and butter is in Level 4. Foods Q, S and T, which are all rich in vitamin A form the most suitable menu for suffers of night blindness. Foods P and Q do not contain any vitamin A, while food U contains very little vitamin A. The xylem (M) which is characterised by its thick cell wall, transports water. The phloem (N), which is characterised by its sieve plate, transports organic substances. K is an upper epidermal cell, and L is a palisade mesophyll cell. During assimilation (process X), glucose is used to produce energy for the cell, while amino acid is used to synthesize cell proteins. Detoxification (B), which occurs in the liver, is a process of getting rid of foreign substances or toxins from the body. Hydrolysis (C) is the breaking down of complex sugar to simpler sugars by the addition of water. Deamination (D) is the process of breaking down of amino acids which takes place in the liver. The colon (D) contains beneficial bacteria. The salivary gland (A), stomach (B) and colon (C) have no beneficial bacterial. Removing some leaves- which reduces the number of stomata before transplanting a seedling helps to reduce its rate of transpiration (C). Responses A, B and D are wrong purposes. The number of heartbeats returns to normal (B) two minutes after he has stopped running. The adaptations of an alveolus to increase the rate of gaseous exchange are a close blood capillary network and a thin film of moisture covering the internal surface of the alveolus. Responses A,

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B and C are incorrect. Breathing and ventilation rate increase (II) and the respiratory muscles contract and relax faster (III) are attempts by the body to increase its supply of oxygen back to normal. Processes I and II do not help. The total amount of energy used (incorporated as biomass of the plant) = W kJ absorbed by plant + Z kJ used for growth = W + Z. A total of Y kJ is lost as heat energy during respiration. Responses A, B and D are incorrect. The equation of an aerobic respiration is: Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP Responses A, B and C are inaccurate. Smoking has the immediate effect of destroying the membrane of the alveoli (A). Effects in responses A, B and D are long term. Standard sequence of steps in the capture, mark, release and recapture technique is: R (capture and mark) Q (release) P (recapture and record number marked) S (calculate population). Responses B, C and D are incorrect. Abiotic components are nonliving components which include humidity (II) and light intensity (IV). Consumer (I) and decomposer (IIII) are biotic components. The proper sequence of the three events leading to the thinning of the ozone layer is: P (CFC leaks out) R (UV rays break CFC molecule) Q (chlorine atom breaks down ozone molecule). Responses A, B and C are incorrect. Global warming (D) causes average world temperatures to rise which supply the energy for the melting of ice poles causing water to flood and increase the sea level. Acid rain (A), thermal pollution (B) and the thinning of the ozone layer (C) are concepts which do not fit with the given effects. The correct sequence of four steps to measure the BOD of water is : R (fill reagent bottles with water samples) P (add 1 ml of methylene blue solution with syringe) S (place reagent bottles inside cupboard) Q (record time to decolourise). Responses B, C and D are incorrect. A high BOD value indicates that water from river X is polluted (A), If the content of dissolved oxygen is high (B) then the BOD value will be low. BOD is the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose the organic substances and other living aquatic organisms (C). If the decomposition activity by microorganisms is low (D) then the BOD value should be low. A sieve tube (B) does not have a nucleus, and has perforated sieve plates. The companion cell (C) is the cell next to the sieve tube. A tracheid (A) is elongated, with tapering ends and thick, lignified and pitted walls. A parenchyma cell (D) is a thin-walled cell of the ground tissue. In the lungs, oxygen combines with the haemoglobin of red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. In respiring body cells,

4 oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen. Responses B, C and D are incorrect. The gill filament (D) supports vertical folds of gill lamella (C) which forms the respiratory surface for gas exchange. Structure B is a rigid gill arch. Structure A is a gill raker which prevents solid particles from passing through the gill filaments. The systemic circulation system supplies blood to all parts of the body and flows from left ventricle body right atrium. Circuits in responses A, B and D are incorrect. The bark contains xylem which transports sugar manufactured in the shoots to the roots. Removing a ring of bark from the stem would stop the supply of sugar to the roots causing the tree to die. Responses B, C and D are incorrect. The concentration of antibody in the blood of an individual who has been affected with measles gradually tapers off after having achieved its maximum (C). Responses A, B and D are incorrect. A vaccine is injected into the blood to stimulate it to produce antibody against a particular pathogen (B). Serum (A) is a clear liquid that separates from clotted blood. Antiserum (C) is a blood serum (usually taken from a horse) which contains antibodies against a specific antigen, used to treat or provide immunity to a disease. An antibiotic (D) is a powerful medicine used to fight bacterial infection. The bones that make up the pectoral girdle are the clavicle and the scapula (D). Ulna and radius are the lower forearm bones. Humerus is the bone in the upper arm. Responses A, B and C are incorrect. A neurotransmitter (D) is a chemical which allows the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. An enzyme (A) is a protein that catalyzes (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. A hormone (B) is a chemical released by a cell in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the body. An antibody (C) is a blood protein that is produced in response to and counteracts an antigen. A sensory neurone (A) carries impulse towards the spinal cord. Tendons (B and D) attach muscles to bones. A motor neurone (C) carries impulse from the CNS to the muscles. Alpha () cells secrete glucagon which raises blood glucose level and beta () cells secrete insulin to lower blood glucose level. Responses A, B and C are incorrect. The medulla oblongata (D) controls the breathing process. The sensory area (A) of the cerebrum receives and interprets sensations from the whole body. The cerebellum (B) coordinates body balance. The pituitary gland (C) is the master gland of the endocrine system that controls the functions of the other endocrine glands. Oogenesis (B) is process for the formation of female gametes. Meiosis (A) is a reduction division of diploid cells to produce haploid sex gametes. Gametogenesis (C) is the formation of

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Buku Kupasan Biology SPM

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reproductive cells (gametes). Spermatogenesis (D) is the formation of sperms. The diploid cells are the spermatogonium (Q) and the primary spermatocyte (R). The haploid cells are the secondary spermatocyte (S) and the spermatid (T). The corpus luteum (C) secretes progesterone. The primary follicle (D) matures into a Graafian follicle (A) which secretes oestrogen. The ruptured follicle (B) forms the corpus luteum. Follicle stimulating hormone (A) stimulates the formation of follicles. Luteinizing hormone (B) stimulates ovulation and the development of follicles. Progesterone (C) stimulates the thickening of the endometrium Oestrogen (D) stimulates the regrowth of blood vessels of the endometrium. The genotypes of the boy of blood group A can either be (AA) or (AO). The genotypes of her sister of blood group B can either be (BB) or (BO). For the parents to give birth to siblings of blood group A and blood group B, both the parents must of genotype (AB). Responses B, C and D are incorrect. The ruptured follicle (P) develops into a corpus luteum. Responses A, B and D are incorrect. The sister chromatids are identical to each other, so their separation (C) do not cause variation. Responses A, B and D all cause variation.

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