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. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, for any purpose, without the express written permission of WildPackets, Inc. AiroPeek SE, AiroPeek NX, AiroPeek VX, EtherPeek SE, EtherPeek NX, EtherPeek VX, Gigabit Analyzer Card (GAC), GigaPeek NX, iNetTools, NAX, NetDoppler, NetSense, Network Calculator, Omni, Omni Capture Engine, Omni Desktop Engine, Omni DNX Engine, OmniEngine Desktop, OmniEngine Enterprise, OmniEngine Workgroup, Omni Management Console, Omni PacketGrabber, OmniPeek, OmniPeek Enterprise, OmniPeek Enterprise Connect, OmniPeek Personal, OmniPeek Workgroup, OmniPeek Workgroup Pro, OmniPeek Personal, Omnipliance, OmniSpectrum, PacketGrabber, Peek DNX, ProConvert, ProtoSpecs, RFGrabber, RMONGrabber, WAN Analyzer Card (WAC), WANPeek NX, WildPackets, WildPackets Academy, and WildPackets OmniAnalysis Platform are trademarks of WildPackets, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders. The material in this document is for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. While reasonable efforts have been made in the preparation of this document to assure its accuracy, WildPackets, Inc. assumes no liability resulting from errors or omissions in this document, nor from the use of the information contained herein. WildPackets, Inc. reserves the right to make changes in the product design without reservation and without notification to its users.
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20060531-E-AP31/11_d3
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
System requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Installing AiroPeek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Main program window and Start Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2
Capturing Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Capturing packets into a Capture window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Creating Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Creating a graph from a Capture window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Displaying Conversations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Conversations view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Creating Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Enabling a filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Creating filters with the Make Filter command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Contents
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Appendix A
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CHAPTER Introduction
Welcome to AiroPeek, the award-winning wireless network analyzer from WildPackets!
AiroPeek incorporates advanced capabilities for monitoring and troubleshooting wireless LANs, including full decodes for 802.11a/b/g WLAN standards, encryption and decryption features, and sophisticated displays of channel and signal strength statistics of your wireless network. This Getting Started Guide provides information about three programs:
AiroPeek SE (Wireless LAN Protocol Analyzer): AiroPeek SE (Standard Edition) offers all the features of a great wireless analyzer at an affordable price. In addition, the Conversations tab is unique to AiroPeek SE. See Chapter 7, Displaying Conversations. AiroPeek NX (Expert Wireless LAN Analyzer): AiroPeek NX has all the features of
AiroPeek SE plus an advanced set of expert troubleshooting and diagnostic capabilities (available in the Expert tab) and a graphical view of peer-to-peer communications (available in the Peer Map tab). See Chapter 8, Troubleshooting with the Expert and Chapter 10, Using the Peer Map.
AiroPeek VX (Expert Voice over Wireless LAN Analyzer): AiroPeek VX has all the features of AiroPeek NX plus the analysis of real-time voice data and statistics on both open and closed VoIP connections (available in the VoIP tab). See Chapter 11, Using VoIP Analysis.
Note The term AiroPeek will be used throughout this Getting Started Guide to refer to the program with features common to all three versions, unless otherwise noted. Screenshots will depict the fullest version, AiroPeek VX, unless otherwise noted.
System requirements
The system requirements for AiroPeek are:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Minimal testing on AiroPeek SE and AiroPeek NX has been done with Windows Server 2003 (SP1). AiroPeek VX does not support Windows Server 2003.
AiroPeek supports portable computers as long as the basic system requirements to run the supported operating systems are met. Depending on traffic and the particular usage of AiroPeek, the requirements may be substantially higher. The following system is recommended:
P4 2 GHz (P4 2.4 GHz for AiroPeek VX) 512 MB RAM (1 GB RAM for AiroPeek VX) 10 GB Available Hard Disk Space (20 GB Available Hard Disk Space for AiroPeek VX)
Factors that contribute towards superior performance include, high speed CPU, dual CPUs, two or more GB of RAM, high performance disk storage subsystem (RAID 0), and as much additional hard disk space as is required to save the trace files that you plan to manage. . Note Supported operating systems require users to have Administrator level privileges in order to load and unload device drivers, or to select a network adapter for the programs use in capturing packets. For more information, please see our web site at http://www.wildpackets.com/products.
2 System requirements
however, the advanced functionalities found in the Atheros driver may not be available with these other drivers. For information about configuring 802.11 channel settings and encryption for wireless adapters, please see the AiroPeek User Guide or online help.
Installing AiroPeek
To install AiroPeek, follow these steps: 1. Uninstall any earlier versions of AiroPeek. The recommended way to uninstall is to run the installer and choose to remove the previous version. 2. Insert the AiroPeek Installer CD into your CD or DVD drive. 3. Follow the installation instructions that appear on the screen. During installation you are asked to enter a valid Activation Key. When prompted, you can select Automatic or Manual:
Automatic: The installer uses your Internet connection to send an encrypted message to an activation server, which retrieves and displays your Activation Key. Please write down the Activation Key for future reference. Manual: The installer allows you to enter the Activation Key manually. You can obtain an Activation Key in the following ways: Go to a computer with an Internet connection and web browser and complete the request form, or call WildPackets Technical Support.
For more information about the product activation process, please see our web site at: http://www.wildpackets.com/activation. 4. When the Installer has finished installing the program files, you can choose to view the Readme or launch the program.
The main program window and Start Page appears. The parts of the main program window are described below.
Installing AiroPeek
Chapter 1: Introduction
Toolbar
Monitor Options
AiroPeek Log
Status Bar
Toolbar: Provides icons for frequently-used tasks in AiroPeek. The name of each icons function appears when the cursor passes over it. Choose View > Toolbars to toggle the
Status Bar: Shows brief context-sensitive messages on the left and the current monitor adapter on the right. Choose View > Status Bar under the menu to toggle the display of this status bar. Monitor Options: Lets you choose an adapter for collecting Monitor statistics, as well as configure other settings. See Chapter 4, Monitoring the Network for details on enabling and viewing Monitor statistics. Network Statistics Gauge: Shows network utilization as analog dials with corresponding digital displays. Available by choosing Monitor > Network. AiroPeek Log: Records Start, Stop, and other AiroPeek events. Available by choosing View > Log Window. Start Page: Provides links to useful resources, both local and online.
Some of the quick links accessed from the Start Page include:
opening recently saved Capture files starting a new capture starting Monitor statistics viewing an HTML version of the Getting Started Guide accessing the PDF version of the User Guide viewing the Audit Template instructions accessing the WildPackets Technical Compendium
Chapter 1: Introduction
Packets are the units of data carried on the network and the basis for all higher level network analysis. The Packets view of a Capture window is where you can view information about the individual packets transmitted on your network. AiroPeek can capture packets in multiple configurable Capture windows, each with its own dedicated capture buffer and settings for filters, triggers, and statistics output. You can establish and view multiple Capture windows up to the limits of available system resources. Capture windows allow you to:
View and monitor network traffic in real time Use a different adapter for each Capture window, or use the same adapter for multiple Capture windows Apply filters, both before and after capture Start or stop capture based on network events or time settings View statistics based on selected network traffic View packet contents, raw and/or decoded Save packets for post-capture analysis in Capture file windows
Click the New Capture button on the Start Page Choose File > New
2. Configure the options in the General view. 3. Click the Adapter view to select the capture adapter. Note For information on configuring settings in the other views of the Capture Options dialog, see the AiroPeek User Guide or online help. 4. Click OK. A new Capture window appears.
5. Click Start Capture to begin capturing packets. The Start Capture button changes to the Stop Capture button and packets begin populating the Capture window.
Note You can right-click a column heading to hide or display available column headings in the Packets view. 6. Click Stop Capture when you want to stop capturing packets.
Tip To resume capturing from where you left off, hold down the Shift key and click the Start Capture button. To empty the capture buffer and start a new capture, simply click the Start Capture button again.
Network problems are revealed more quickly by looking at the detailed information contained in individual packets. Looking into the packets can help you troubleshoot your network, track down a security breach, or examine protocol structure and compliance.
Offsets
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Tip You can open individual Packet Decode windows for up to 10 packets at once. When multiple packets are selected in the active Packet List, click Enter to open them all. 2. Click on the - minus or + plus signs in the margin to collapse or expand the view of any header section.
Window header:
Click the Decode Previous or Decode Next buttons at the top of the window to step through the packets shown in the Packet List of the active Capture window.
Decode view:
The items in green at the top of the Decode view include information on the Flags, Status, Packet Length, and Timestamp of the packet. This information is not in the packet itself, but is added by AiroPeek. The body of the Decode view is laid out in the same order as it appears in the packet. A quick glance at this section often reveals the source of trouble. Problems like a misconfigured client, or incompatible versions of the same protocol from different vendors can be easily understood when you can see and compare the packets themselves.
Hexadecimal view:
The Hex view at the bottom of the decode window shows the offset of the first character in each line, the raw packet data in hex, and the ASCII version of raw packet data
3. Highlight an item in one part of the window. The same bytes of the packet are highlighted in all the other views or panes as well. The highlight matches in the Decode, Hex, and ASCII panes. Color coding is used to link the Decode view with the Hex view for both Hex and its ASCII equivalent. The Hex and ASCII views are in turn linked to the color of the protocol shown in the Protocols column of the Packet List. Tip Right-click and choose Show Colors to toggle display of colors.
Hex
ASCII
Tip Use the Toggle Orientation icon in the toolbar to tile the Decode and Hex views vertically or horizontally.
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The Monitoring statistics function provides insight into the overall flow of network traffic. It is like the view from a traffic helicopter and can indicate bottlenecks and anomalies. Use Monitor statistics to identify trends and current conditions that may signal unexpected network problems. To enable Monitor statistics: 1. Choose Monitor > Monitor Options.... The Monitor Options dialog appears.
2. Click the Adapter view. 3. Select a locally installed network adapter listed under Local machine. 4. Click OK.
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5. Select Monitor Statistics in the Monitor menu to enable the collection of Monitor statistics. The program begins monitoring traffic from the selected adapter in the background. AiroPeek will continue to collect Monitor statistics from the selected adapter until you quit the program or deselect Monitor statistics from the Monitor menu.
Nodes: Displays real-time data organized by network node. Protocols: Displays network traffic volume, in packets and in bytes, broken down by protocol and subprotocol. Network: Displays network statistics in two different ways:
The Gauge tab displays network statistics as three analog dials with corresponding digital displays at their centers. A history graph under the gauges displays maximum (red line) and average (yellow line) values. The Value tab displays network statistics: duration, aggregate counts and volumes, error packets, and both Total Errors and CRC.
Size: Displays the Packet Size Distribution graph, showing what percentage of the packets on the network are in each size class (according to their length in bytes).
Summary: Displays summary of key network statistics in real time. You can use summary Statistics to baseline normal network activity, save the data, then compare saved statistics with those observed during periods of erratic network behavior. See Baselining with summary statistics. History: Displays a graph of network performance at selected intervals over time. Channel: Displays channels statistics in two different ways:
The Channel tab displays a variety of statistics and counts for each channel, laid out in tabular form. The Signal tab displays continuously updated bar graphs of signal strength for monitored network traffic
WLAN: Displays an SSID (Service Set Identifier) tree view of wireless nodes.
Note Equivalent views of Monitor statistics windows are available in Capture windows. See Chapter 6, Wireless Statistics in Capture Windows and Chapter 5, Creating Graphs.
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To baseline with summary statistics: 1. Choose Monitor > Summary. The Summary Statistics window appears.
Snapshot icon
2. Click the Snapshot icon. The real-time network traffic data displayed in the Current column is copied to a new column identified as Snapshot # (where # is the sequence number of the Snapshot). The new Snapshot column also shows the date and start time at which the Snapshot was made. Tip Right-click in the column of a Snapshot you wish to remove and select Delete Snapshot #. 3. Choose File > Save Summary Statistics to save the information to a text file.
In addition to the standard statistical displays available from the Monitor menu and Capture window views, AiroPeek offers multiple methods for displaying individual statistical items or groups of statistics in user-defined graphs.
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3. Select Display graph in new window. 4. Complete the dialog and click OK. The graph is displayed in a new window.
Area Bar Line Options Pause
5. Click the Bar, Area, and Line icons to vary the display of the graph. Tip Click the Options icon for more graph display options.
CHAPTER
Statistics presented by the Monitor statistics function are based on all the traffic seen on the adapter selected in the Monitor Options dialog since Monitor statistics calculations began. (See Chapter 4, Monitoring the Network). Statistics in a Capture window reflect all the packets accepted into the buffer of the Capture window since capture began, based on traffic seen on the adapter selected in the Capture Options dialog. Capture windows provide the following statistics views: Conversations (unique to AiroPeek SE), Nodes, Protocols, Summary, Graphs, WLAN, Channels, and Signal.
This chapter introduces the features in the WLAN, Channels, and Signal views of Capture windows.
ESSID (Extended Service Set Identifier): the name of a logical group of access points
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Summary Counts
Color Globe
The header section provides summary counts of Wireless Networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Access Points, and Clients (STAs).
Node Type: Lets you limit the display to selected nodes (All Nodes, Stations, Access Points, ESSID, Ad Hoc, Admin, and Unknown). Color globes: Indicate the type of node.
Blue: ESSID Pink: AP or Ad Hoc equivalent Orange: STA or client Gray: Admin or otherwise unknown Gray with (?): Indications for a particular node are contradictory or unexpected.
Tip Select a node and click on the icons to Make Filter, Graph, Make Alarm, and more.
Refresh
The arrow in the left column shows which channel is being scanned. Tip Right-click in the column headers to add or remove columns from the display.
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All or AP only: Choose to show signals on all channels, or show only the signals of access points detected on the channels advertised in AP beacon and probe response packets. Node Type: Limit the display to traffic between certain types of nodes. Units: Choose the units of display. Options: Opens the Signal Statistics Options dialog, where you can choose to Reset graph occasionally or to toggle the Legend in the Signal view on or off. Pause: Temporarily suspend the update of the display. Geiger Counter: Acts as toggle. When enabled, makes an audible click each time the userspecified number of packets is processed on the selected adapter.
The Conversations view, unique to AiroPeek SE, groups traffic in a Capture window into conversations between pairs of network nodes.
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Flows analyzed: Summary count of conversations. Upper pane: Current conversations, with information about each conversation displayed in a user-definable set of columns. Color coding:
Green: Demonstrates that a conversation is still active. White: Demonstrates that a conversation is completed.
Right-click options:
When one or more conversations are highlighted, you can use the context menu to Select Related Packets either By Source and Destination, which chooses packets with matching source and destination addresses, or By Conversation, choosing packets sent between two nodes in either direction, with the matching protocol and port.
Node Details view: Additional information about a selected peer appears here.
3. Select the Flat view. Flows (conversations) are numbered in the Flow ID column in the order in which they are identified. This view allows you to compare flows to one another, regardless of the node pair to which they belong.
The Expert features in AiroPeek NX and AiroPeek VX provide real-time analysis of response time, throughput, and a wide variety of network events and potential problems in a flowcentered view of traffic in a Capture window. The Expert EventFinder detects nearly 200 different network events and provides descriptions, possible causes, and possible remedies organized by OSI layer. Depending on your version of the program, network events specifically related to VoIP, Wireless, WAN, and user-defined Network Policy items are also shown. The Visual Expert presents a variety of ways to look at an individual flow found in the Expert view, providing a static snapshot of all of the packets that were in the buffer for a particular flow at the time the window was created.
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Chapter 8: Troubleshooting with the Expert EventFinder Settings Network Policy Refresh
2. Right-click in the upper pane to collapse or expand the hierarchy to display the most relevant information.
The Expert EventFinder Settings window provides information on what sensitivity or setting value was used to flag this event as significant. Tip Click Show Info to see a more complete description of the event, possible causes, and possible remedies.
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The six tabs at the bottom of the window are described below.
PacketVisualizer: This tab displays all of the packets for both sides of a flow. Payload: This tab reconstructs the TCP data without the header information. Graphs: This tab displays five types of graphs:
Throughput: Displays the rolling average throughput for the flow, in TCP Sequence Number order over time. Latency: Displays the time between a packet and the request packet that it acknowledges. Sequence: Displays TCP SEQ numbers across time, a simple version of the information in the tcptrace graph. tcptrace: Displays varied visualizations of a TCP flow. TCP window: Displays the size of the available TCP window as it expands and
contracts through the course of the TCP session in the current flow.
Tip Highlight the graph names in the navigation bar to see all of the graphs at once.
What If: This tab lets you estimate the effects of changes in various network and
application parameters on throughput, utilization, and response times in the current flow.
Compare: This tab can find a particular flow in any other open file or capture, and display the two separately captured instances of that flow side by side, noting any detailed differences between the two. Summary: This tab displays the same data that appears in the Node Details pane of the Expert tab.
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Filters let you focus on specific traffic. If you want to check a problem between two particular devices, perhaps a computer and a printer, address filters can capture just the traffic between these two devices. If you are having a problem with a particular function on your network, a protocol filter allows you to focus on traffic related to that particular function. Filters work by testing packets against the criteria specified in the filter. Packets whose contents meet these criteria match the filter. You can build filters to test for just about anything found in a packet: addresses, protocols, sub-protocols, ports, error conditions, and more. Filters are so easy to create in that you can often create a custom filter on-the-fly while analyzing suspect traffic on your network.
Enabling a filter
In addition to the filters that you create, the program includes numerous pre-defined filters. You can enable one or more filters when capturing or monitoring packets. To enable filters when capturing packets: 1. Click the Filters view in a Capture window.
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Reject Matching
2. Select the filter or filters that you want to enable. 3. Click the Start Capture button to begin capturing packets. Any packets that match the filters that are enabled are placed into the capture buffer. Alternately, you can choose to place the packets that do not match the filter in the capture buffer by clicking the Reject Matching icon.
Click the Filters view in an open Capture window Choose View > Filters from the main menu
Insert
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3. Give your new filter a name. 4. Complete the address, protocol, or port setting information and click OK. The new filter is now available whenever a list of available filters is displayed. 5. To enable the new filter in your Capture window, click the Filters view and select the check box of the new filter. The filter is applied immediately, even if a capture is already under way.
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The Peer Map view in AiroPeek NX and AiroPeek VX is a powerful tool for visualizing network traffic in a Capture window. The Peer Map graphically displays all of the nodes, or a user-defined subset, detected in a particular Capture window. Communications between nodes is indicated with line segments. The line between nodes can be color-coded to show which protocol is used. The thickness of the line indicates the volume of traffic between nodes.
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3. Click the Peer Map Options icon to open the Peer Map Options dialog. This dialog lets you choose to show or hide displayable icons, node visibilities, and protocol line segment gaps. 4. Use the tabs in the right pane to configure Peer Map settings:
Profiles: This tab lets you configure settings into a profile that controls the
appearance and layout of the Peer Map. The toolbar in the task pane allows you to save, edit, duplicate, delete, import, and export profiles.
Configuration: This tab lets you set the basic parameters of the Peer Map, what part of
the traffic in the Capture windows buffer is displayed, and how the protocols (line segments) are displayed in the Peer Map.
Node Visibilities: This tab displays node counts and nodes that are both shown and hidden in the Peer Map.
Arrange: If you have changed the appearance of the Peer Map by dragging nodes to
new positions, this option arranges the node back to the ellipse of the Peer Map.
Node Details: This option opens the Detailed Statistics dialog and shows details of the selected node.
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VoIP (Voice over IP) refers to the protocol suites used to set up and maintain two-way voice and video communications over the Internet. If you have purchased AiroPeek VX, a VoIP view is available in Capture windows. The VoIP view provides real-time data and statistics on both open and closed calls found on a particular network interface.
2. Click Start Capture. VoIP calls appear first under Open Calls and then under Closed Calls as they are completed.
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Toolbar
Open Calls
Closed Calls
3. Click the Closed Call Statistics button. The Statistics view for the sum total of current closed calls appears. 4. Click the tabs to see each type of statistics, such as Bandwidth Utilization below.
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Chapter 11: Using VoIP Analysis Save txt Back Help Initial VoIP view
2. Double-click a media channel in the Media table. The Channel Properties window appears.
3. Click the tabs to see the information available in each field. 4. Click the Audio button. The playback feature allows you to hear what difference various jitter buffer settings will make in the sound quality of the selected media channel.
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Description Restores all previously hidden packets to normal status. Opens the Go To dialog where you can choose a packet number to jump to. If packets are selected, the number of the first selected packet is shown. Jumps to the next selected packet. Undoes the last edit. Opens the Filters window. Opens the Log window. Toggles the packet capture function. Opens the monitor Node Statistics window. Opens the monitor Protocol Statistics window. Opens the monitor Network Statistics window. Opens the monitor packet Size Statistics window. Opens the monitor Summary Statistics window. Opens the monitor History Statistics window. Opens the monitor Channel Statistics window. Opens the monitor WLAN Statistics window. Makes the next window in sequence the active window. Makes the previous window in sequence the active window. Launches the Online Help.
Ctrl + J Ctrl + Z Ctrl + M Ctrl + L Ctrl + Y Ctrl + 1 Ctrl + 2 Ctrl + 3 Ctrl + 4 Ctrl + 5 Ctrl + 6 Ctrl + 7 Ctrl + 8 Ctrl + Tab Ctrl + Shift + Tab F1
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Index
Numerics 802.11 channel settings and encryption 3 A adapter view, capture options dialog 8 ASCII 12 B bandwidth utilization 40 baselining with summary statistics 17 BSSID (basic service set identifier) 21 C call oriented mode 39 capture options dialog 7 capture packets 7 capture window 7, 9 channel statistics 17, 23 compare tab, visual expert 31 conversations view 25 E ESSID (extended service set identifier) 21 expert analysis 27 expert EventFinder settings 27, 28 F filter 33 creating a simple filter 35 enable a filter 33 insert filter dialog 35 make filter command 34 reject matching 34 filters reject matching 34 flat view conversations view 25, 26 expert view 29 G gauge tab 16 geiger counter 24 general view, capture options dialog 7 graphs 19 graph data options dialog 19 statistical displays 19 graphs tab, visual expert 30 H hexadecimal view 12 hierarchy view conversations view 25 expert view 27 history statistics 17 L latency graphs, visual expert 30 M media table 42 monitor statistics 15 N network statistics 16 network traffic 15 node statistics 16 O OSI layer 27 P packet decode 11 packet size distribution graph 16 packetvisualizer tab, visual expert 30 payload tab, visual expert 30 peer map 37 playback feature (VoIP call channel) 43
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Index
protocol statistics 16 R raw packet data 12 reject matching 34 S sequence graphs, visual expert 30 service set identifier 17 signal statistics 17, 24 size statistics 16 SSID 17 STA (station) 21 start capture 9 stop capture 9 summary statistics 17 baselining with summary statistics 17 snapshot 18 summary tab, visual expert 31
system requirements 1 T TCP window graphs, visual expert 30 tcptrace graphs, visual expert 30 throughput graphs, visual expert 30 V value tab 16 visual expert 27, 29 Voice over IP 39 VoIP view 39 W what if tab, visual expert 31 wireless nodes 17 WLAN statistics 17, 21 WLAN view 21
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