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Fuzzy Logic - Introduction

Nidhika Birla Asst. Prof., Dept. Of Electronics Engg., H.E.C., Jagadhri
Unit I

Commercial Products

Sendai subway: 16 stations and 13.5 km route, designed by Hitachi Washing machines that measure weight, saturation time and water clarity in order to set program cycles Portable camcorders with automatic focus and anti-jitter Vacuum cleaners that measure air dust to set suction power Microwave ovens that measure temperature, humidity, weight of food to set time and power.
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Commercial Products

Sugeno designed a voice controlled system to operate an unmanned helicopter Anti-Lock Braking Systems: Nissan, Mitsubishi. Honda, Mazda, Hyunday, BMW, Bosch and Peugeot Suspension, transmission and fuel injector systems are usual. Hitachi uses approximately 150 rules to trade in Japanese bonds and futures Yamaichi Securities uses hundreds of rules to manage a stock fund Anaesthesia Control and Fuzzy Data Analysis for Unit I Cardio-Anaesthesia

Commercial Products
Air conditioning Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Avoids temperature oscillations and Sharp saves energy Injection based on throttle, O2 tax, water temperature, RPM, etc Mix inputs and controls time and temperature Chooses clubs

Electronic fuel NOK/Nissan injection Steel Nippon Steel

Golf

Maruman Golf Club Fujitec

Lifts

Improves response time based on traffic

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Artificial Intelligence?

AI is the activity of providing such machines as computers with the ability to display behaviours that would be regarded as intelligent if it were observed in humans (R. McLeod) AI is the study of agents that exist in an environment, perceive and act. (S. Russel and P. Norvig)

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Artificial Intelligence?

AI emphasizes symbolic processing Acts on higher levels of intelligence AI seeks to understand

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Computational Intelligence

Acts on lower levels of Intelligence Uses learning extensively Pattern recognition and heuristics play important roles

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Computational Intelligence

Fuzzy Logic Artificial Neural Networks Evolutionary Systems Swarm Intelligence Hybrid Systems
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Computational Intelligence

Fuzzy Logic Artificial Neural Networks Evolutionary Systems Swarm Intelligence Hybrid Systems
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Fuzzy Logic

Logic that deals mathematically with imprecise information usually employed by humans. Multi-valued logic that extends Boolean logic usually employed in computer science.

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Fuzzy Logic

Used to alleviate difficulties in developing and analysing complex control systems. Function approximator Decision systems

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Fuzzy Logic

Who is greater than 1.80 m? Who is tall? Who weighs more than 60 kg? Who is heavy? The driver was heavy and tall.
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Why do we reason as we do?

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Aristotle

Macedonian philosopher who lived between 384 e 322 AC Studied under Plato in the Academy Creator of formal logic His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas Associates the spirit of observation and a classification instinct He was considered during the middle ages the philosopher He shaped much of the western mind.
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Limitations of the Aristotles Logic

Objects are separated on very clear categories One object either belongs to a category or another Either you are or not Helps to separate objects into well defined categories.
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Why fuzzy logic?

Every language is vague. All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise symbols are being employed. It is therefore not applicable to this terrestrial life, but only to an imagined celestial one. Everything is vague to a degree you do not realize till you have tried to make it precise.

Bertrand Russel
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Why fuzzy logic?

As far as the laws of Mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. Albert Einstein

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How to classify?

Happy people Small rooms High temperatures Faster cars High tax rates High people

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To be or not to be?

Bertrand Russel, while trying to formalize Mathematic had difficulties due to the liars paradox. I am lying. If Eubulides statement was true, then he is lying when he says I am lying and so he isn't, i.e. his statement is false. If his statement is false, then he isn't lying when he tells us he is, and so his statement is true.
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Answer: To be and not to be.

Consider the set of all sets that are not members of its own set. Is it a member of this set? If it is a member then it is not, but if it is not then it is.

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MiddleMiddle-Aged or Old-Aged? Old

Variable: AGE
Middle-Aged: 40 Years AGE < 55 Years Old-Aged: AGE 55 Years

Is a person with age 54 Years 364 Days 23 Hours 59 Minutes 59 Seconds OldAged? NO Is a person with age 55 Years OldAged? Unit I YES

MiddleMiddle-Aged or Old-Aged? Old1

M.G.

Middle - Aged

0.5

40

M.G.
1

55

Age
M.G.

35 40

55 60

Age

1 Old - Aged 0.5

M.G.

40

55

75 Age

40

55 60 57

70 75 Age

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The Beginning

Lotfy Zadeh. Fuzzy Sets, Information na Control, 1965 Principle of Incompatibility

As the complexity of a system increases, our ability to make precise yet significant descriptions about its behaviour diminishes until a threshold is reached beyond which precision and significance (or relevance) become almost mutually exclusive characteristics. Lofty Zadeh
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Fuzzy Thinking
No No

Yes

Yes

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Fuzzy Thinking

If the interest rate is high and the deficit is high then there will be a recession If rush hour then diminish the interval between busses If the tyre skids then loose the brake a bit If the soil is very dry then water it for very long time
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Fuzzifying
Measure Temp = 35 Temp = 48 Age = 35 Grade = 10.0 Grade = 8.5 Fuzzified Measure Temp = high, high(t)=0.8 Temp = high, high(t)=1.0 Idade = middle, middle(i)=0.8 Grade = A, A(t)=1.0 Grade = A, A(t)=0.87

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Fuzzy Systems
X Y=F(X)

Function F(x) is unknown

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Architecture of Fuzzy System

Rulebase represents in a structured way the control policy of the domain expert
Fuzzification Module Knowledge Base (Rule Base and Data Base)

Database provides necessary definitions of linguistic variables and fuzzy data manipulation
Defuzzication Engine
Crisp Outputs

Crisp Inputs

Inference Engine

Maps input values in crisp sets to values in fuzzy sets

Simulates decision making capability of human brain

Converts the fuzzy output to corresponding crisp output

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Advantages

Better way of dealing with

Ill-defined systems, imprecise knowledge, incomplete information, complex and non-linear systems.

Use rules that express imprecision of the real world. Easy to understand, test and maintain Easy to be prototyped Robust. It operates even when there is lack of rules or wrong rules.
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Advantages

Circumvents the need for rigorous mathematical treatment. Provides a better way of dealing with the linguistic expressions Can be blended with conventional techniques. Reduction of development and maintenance time.

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Disadvantages

Need more tests and simulation as stability studying criteria is not available. Shortage of trained personnel. Difficult to establish correct rules Lack of precise mathematical model

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Questions?

Is fuzzy logic probability ? Find a fuzzy product description. Find fuzzy development tools.

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