PARTHIBAN. S.

COMPRESSION Signals are compressed before transmission to reduce the bandwidth and overall performance increases. Advantage on digital modulation is that information is conveyed in a bit rather in original analog form. Video sequences are scanned at the rate of either 30 or 25 frames per second with 525 or 625 lines. Redundancy exist while scanning the video signals, hence this redundancy are removed on sending end and restored at receiving end. Encoder at the source end, does this operation. Encoder examines the statistical and subjective properties of frame then decodes a minimum set of information and placed on link. Effectiveness of this compression depends on amount of redundancy contained in original image and compression technique. For TV distribution and broadcast over satellite, data rates are below 10Mbps per video stream in order to save transponder bandwidth and RF power from the satellite and Earth station. Compression system depends on compression hardware and software and the complexity of the image or video scene Simple textures and low video activity are easy to encode But varying textures fast moving live action (sports) are very big task.

Digital Processing: Any analog single can be digitized through two step processes of sampling at discrete intervals and converting each sample into a digital code (called Quantization) simple example is as shown,

 Only 8 quantization level, which corresponds to 3 bits per frame No. of bits determines the total number of levels that are available to show detail in image. Gray code is superior as there is 1-bit change corresponding to s change of one level Resulting quality of reproduction can be specified in terms of signal-to-quantization ratio. More bits per sample, better the reproduction as evidenced by equation

M are in the range of 6-12, 8 being the most common. A further refinement is companding (applying a nonlinearity before transmission) at sending end and removing it at receiver side (Expanding) Companding provides improvement to basic quality provided by quantization. Compression is not applied uniformly across the standard color television signal. Black and white (luminance) component of picture has more information content and hence requires more bandwidth than color component (chrominance), it is sampled at half the interval of luminance

Spatial compression:(transform coding) Most popular technique to reduce the no. of bits required to represent a digital image. Actual image is replaced by mathematical derivations like Fourier, Laplace, Z and wavelet. Only parameter coefficient which are further compressed are transmitted. DCT discrete cosine transform is most popular one used in MPEG and JPEG st. In DCT, a image is divided into square and rectangular segments and transform is applied to each individual After transformation it converts into a matrix of coefficients that represent the equivalent spatial frequencies Redundancy and zero coeff. are remvd

Temporal compression:(frame- frame) Fixed camera has only a few aspects of change from frame to frame.(news) Only first frame need to be encoded in its complete form and remaining frames must only be updated with the information about the images. Both DCT and DPCM are combined to provide a highly compressed picture.