Study Guide AP Biology Chapter 1 22nd September, 2011

Molarity / Calculating moles / Chem aspect: http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch105-04/calculat.htm http://www.chemteam.info/Solutions/Molarity.html 6.02 x 10-23 = 1 mole. What is pH in relation to H+ ions : pH is actually the measure of conc. of H+ ions in a solution ... its equal to the negetive logirithm of the concentration of H+ ions in solution. A solution having less pH has more H+ ions then a solution with more pH. (Rephrased - (pH) is the negative of the logarithm to the base ten of the hydrogen ion concentration(H+) of a substance(molecule). pH=-log[H+]) Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids: Saturated fats (butter, dairy products, meat) are fats which are evenly filled out with hydrogen, which remains solid at room temperature. The introduction of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain results in the formation of the unsaturated fatty acids (vegetable oils). The fatty acid with a single double bond is called mono unsaturated fatty acid (e.g. oleic acid), and if it has multiple double bonds, its polyunsaturated (e.g. linoleic acid). By virtue of their tightly packed structure, the saturated fatty acids increase the levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and clog the arteries. On the other hand, the unsaturated fatty acids increase the levels of good cholesterol (HDL) by taking the LDL to the liver to be broken down and removed from the body. Poly unsaturated fatty acids remain liquid at room temp. If it needs to be solidified, it has to be hydrogenated, or saturated with hydrogen by breaking the carbon double bonds and attaching hydrogen. The mono unsaturated fats are considered good fats because of the lower cholesterol content. Essential fatty acids are poly unsaturated fatty acids that your body cant manufacture and, therefore, has to be provided through your diet. It is divided into two groups omega 3 and omega 6. Omega 6 is found in corn oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil, while omega 3 is present in salmon, trout and tuna. For a healthy diet, concentrate on mono unsaturated fats like olive oil and essential fatty acids. How can hydrocarbons become water soluble? For example, substituted hydrocarbons: Because hydrocarbons are non-polar molecules and water is a polar molecule. The rule of thumb is "like dissolves like." Therefore polar things are soluble in other polar

things, and non-polar things are soluble in other non-polar things, but not the other way. Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic and are lipids. The predominant use of hydrocarbons is as a combustible fuel source. In their solid form, hydrocarbons take the form of asphalt. No, hydrocarbons don't dissolve in water. They are hydrophobic molecules due to their non-polar nature. This means that when mixed with water they will form a separate layer. To dissolve (or be miscible with water) molecules need to be polar hydrocarbons are not polar due to the lack of polarization in the C-H bonds. Basically we are talking about oil and water here - they will form two layers Substituted Hydrocarbons - formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon chain or ring is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms http://quizlet.com/645591/9-5-substituted-hydrocarbons-flash-cards/ (make use of for studying)

Quizlet sources: http://quizlet.com/2853405/macromolecules-enzymes-flash-cards/ http://quizlet.com/3157386/carbon-chemistry-macromolecules-flash-cards/