Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I , "Darnley Portrait", c. 1575 Queen of England and Ireland (more...) 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 (44 years, Reign 127 days) 15 January 1559 Coronation (25 years, 130 days) Predecessor Mary I Successor James I House Father Mother Born Died Burial Signature House of Tudor Henry VIII Anne Boleyn 7 September 1533 Greenwich, England 24 March 1603 (aged 69) Richmond, England Westminster Abbey

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 24 March 1603) was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called Elizabeth of

England, Elizabeth Tudor, The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey, cutting his sisters out of the succession. His will was set aside, Lady Jane Grey was executed, and in 1558 Elizabeth succeeded the Catholic Mary I, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.

Queen Elizabeth the First made a habit of dropping in for dinner. After she and her many courtiers finished eating, they would stay around for days or weeks. If you had a nice manor house or estate, you would be both honored and burdened to host your monarch at banquet after banquet. During her 45 year reign -- from 1558, when she was 25 years old, until 1603, when she died at the then-remarkable age of 70 -Elizabeth did this all the time. An Elizabethan manor house was a busy and heavily populated place. Workers of many social levels were attached to the noble family. The manors fields and gardens produced much of the food that would be used in case Elizabeths Royal Progress came their way. Gardeners, field hands, kitchen servants, and other workers raised pigs, fattened goslings, cultivated vegetables, grew and preserved fruit and grain, brewed ale and beer, and stored food from season to season. Stills in the kitchen produced flavored waters like lavender water or rose water and sometimes distilled spirits. The manor kitchens fed large numbers of people, but the Queens arrival

definitely swamped them! When the manor ran low on a particular food -- or to obtain something exotic or hard to produce -- they sent purchasers to fairs such as the great fair at Stourbridge near Cambridge, or to London, or to a port, where imports were available on the docks. They bought claret, white wine, and sack by the keg. They bought many sorts of fresh water fish and salt water fish, sometimes still alive in barrels. For celebrations, fatted calves were available from dairy farmers, for whom the calves were a by-product. Oranges, prunes, figs, almonds, and other warmer-weather fruits appeared in records of household purchasing. Menus list venison pasties, roast swans and larks, and elaborate meat and vegetable stews. English gardeners were beginning to cultivate many new vegetables such as the potato, brought from the New World by Sir Walter Raleigh. Another New-World import was the turkey. Nobles and eventually more ordinary folks -- were beginning to eat many types of lettuce, olive oil for their salads, several types of cucumbers, and many other new foods from all over Europe as well. Manor houses hired foreign gardeners to cultivate new trendy plants such as globe artichokes, eggplant, and pumpkins. They arranged to plant finicky trees, such as apricots and peaches, in the hopes of impressing Elizabeth when she arrived. They made special arrangements such as heated walls that helped the sensitive fruit to ripen. In planting their gardens and choosing their produce, the nobles were very aware of what was in and what was out. At first introduction, Jerusalem artichokes were dainties for a queen. But they turned out to grow like weeds, and the attitude toward them changed from enthusiasm to indifference when just anyone could eat them. All kinds of distinctions were made. Which was better Dutch or French cheese? Which was better an English or a French turnip? Which of the numerous varieties of local or imported apples were best? Queen Elizabeth was renowned for her love of sweets. Her closed smile in some portraits creates speculation that her teeth were all rotten from eating sugar. Throughout her reign, sugar imports grew continually. Recipe books describe fruit preserves made with a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit the same as a modern jam recipe. Sweet! Her hosts would surely have provided fruit pies, cakes, cheese tarts, and other treats. The Queen deserved the whitest bread, the sweetest and rarest fruit, and the most lavish selection of meat, poultry, fish, and elaborate pastry. Heres how one recipe from Elizabethan times says to bake a cake. First, you bake the flour in the oven (evidently to get rid of weevils). Sift it. Mix butter, sugar, cream, and egg yolks with the flour. Flavor with cloves, mace, and saffron. Bake it. Elizabethans worried about both health and taste. They thought of herbs as healthgiving. For instance, sage eaten with butter for breakfast gave people strength, good health, and wisdom. (Its called sage, isnt it?) Imported spices mace, cinnamon, ginger, coriander, and so on made the food taste good. Despite the modern myth that people used to employ spices to cover rotting flavors, the Elizabethans were fastidious about their foods tastes. Whatever they served their Queen was surely very high quality. In the Queens own household, spices and exotic fruits were an important purchase

showing how valued they were. Her Office of the Spicery in 1582 wrote a document expressing alarm at the varying prices for currants, raisins, prunes, mace, cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs. Her accountant mentioned increases in prices for sugar, cloves, and nutmegs, but decreases in other prices. No wonder she liked to go and eat at someone elses table. Famines occurred in several years of Elizabeths reign: 1585, 1586, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597. Starvation among the poor was an issue in these years. City people planted root crops in dung heaps, and writers advised the poor to eat beans, vetch, bran and other famine foods. The rich, however, could continue in their lavish food ways, feeding the Queen when she arrived at their manor homes.
Queen Elizabeth the First ascended the throne of England on November 17, 1558, and ruled until her death in 1603. Also referred to as the Virgin Queen, the Good Queen Bess, the Faerie Queen, and Gloriana, she was the 5th and the last ruler belonging to the Tudor dynasty. Queen Elizabeth I, in fact, was the daughter of the notorious Henry VIII, while her mother was Anne Boleyn, his second wife. Anne Boleyn, who was accused on trumped up charges of adultery as well as incest, was famously one of the wives that was beheaded, at Henry VIIIs behest, at the Tower of London, when Elizabeth was just three years old. Given below are some fascinating facts on Queen Elizabeth I. Once her mother was executed, and Edward, her half-brother was born, the chances of Elizabeths succession to the throne became very small, since she was henceforth declared as illegitimate. At that time, Elizabeth was third in line to the throne, the first being Edward, and the second, Mary Tudor, her half sister, the daughter of Jane Seymour, the third wife of Henry VIII. When Henry VIII died, Edward, who was just 10 years of age, became king as Edward VI. Both Edward and Elizabeth were brought up in the Protestant faith, whereas Mary Tudor, their half sister, grew up as a Roman Catholic. Mary succeeded to the throne in 1553 on the death of Edward, and immediately made Catholicism the religion of the state. She had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months, suspecting her of hatching a plot with the Protestants to take over the throne. As a matter of fact, Roman Catholics always regarded her as illegitimate, and Elizabeth narrowly escaped from being executed after the rebellion against Queen Mary had failed in 1554. However, when Queen Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth finally did manage to ascend to the throne of England. Not only was she well educated, but she had also inherited the shrewdness, determination, and intelligence of both her parents. The 45 years of her rule is generally regarded as the most glorious in the history of England, during which saw the establishment of a secure Church of England, with its doctrines being instituted in the 39 Articles created in 1563, which was a compromise made between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. This compromise was accepted by most of her subjects, and it is thought that this settlement probably prevented England from experiencing the religious wars that beset France in the latter part of the 16th century. Despite being capricious and autocratic, Queen Elizabeth the First was blessed with shrewd political savvy, which led to her choosing her ministers wisely, such as: Walsingham, who was head of the intelligence as well as a Secretary of State; Hatton, who was the Lord Chancellor; and Burghley, the Secretary of State. When Queen Elizabeth I succeeded to the throne, England was in dire straits, with it being divided by religious strife and weakened by war, plus the treasury was also empty. Both the powerful countries France and Spain wanted to take over the rule of England. Therefore, the people of England hoped that their new queen would marry somebody strong who could give her guidance. However, Elizabeth immediately seized the governing of her country, and although there were several suitors, and she had many men as close friends, she was steadfast in her resolve not to marry, thus getting the name Virgin Queen. Elizabeth gave her country a period of peace, which led to prosperity. She reconciled the hostilities that England had with other countries, going to war only in self-defense.

It was during Queen Elizabeth the Firsts reign that a national identity was created for England. Hence, from a small and insignificant country, England became a world power. England also became a major cultural hub during her reign, while also becoming a country of greater harmony and tolerance. Under the leadership of Queen Elizabeth I, England also extended its exploration and trade. In fact, the final years of her rule is still referred to as the Golden Age of England. The coasts of North and South America were first explored during her reign, with the first colonies being set up in the so-called New World. The State of Virginia, in fact, was named after her, as the Virgin Queen, which was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh, one of Elizabeth Is favorite courtiers. The writers, poets, musicians, and scholars who flourished during Queen Elizabeth the Firsts reign are too many to enumerate, however some of the most famous writers are: Edmund Spencer, the poet; Christopher Marlowe, who authored Doctor Faustus; Ben Jonson, the dramatist; Francis Bacon, the essayist; and, of course, the writer regarded as the greatest poet and playwright in the English language, William Shakespeare. Even today, the mention of the Elizabethan Age still is evocative of the highest artistic and intellectual achievements and creative genius.

Elinor Fettiplace ne Poole (1570-1647) was born 12 years into the reign of Elizabeth the 1st. What the Poole family did well was arrange advantageous marriages that increased their land and fortunes, took positions that had hefty benefits and endeared themselves to important members of the nobility who responded generously to their ministrations. These talents took them very far very fast. So far that Elinors grandfather, Sir Giles Poole (the Patriarch at the time) had his heart set on creating a mansion to rival his Thynne relations at Longleat (where he had been a retainer 30 years before) as befitting his station in the world but died before it could be finished. Sir Giles did well by his granddaughter, Elinor, leaving a lusty dowry for her marriage to Richard Fettiplace in 1589. The Fettiplaces had probably been selected for their ancient pedigree (at least back to William the Conquerer in the 11th century) and large land holdings but they had fallen onto hard times in the current generation. The Pooles made life a little easier for them as part of the marriage agreement in exchange for some acreage.

Appleton Manor, Oxfordshire

Appleton Manor Interior

Elinor and her husband moved to one of his family holdings, a Norman Manor house at Appleton where she raised 5 children and lived with an extended family. Her husband Richard was knighted through her family connections in 1601 (possibly as a result of a meeting with Queen Elizabeth at an enormous wedding celebration for Henry Somerset, Lord Herbert in 1600).

Fettiplace Family Wall Tomb at Swinbrooks 800 year-old Church of Saint Mary

In 1604, Elinor Fettiplace put together a small leather-bound book of recipes, cures and advice that was discovered nearly 400 years later by a descendant, playwright John Spurling

and was brought to life in a book by his wife Hilary -- herself a theatre critic, editor and author. Spurlings book was aptly named Elinor Fettiplace's Recipe Book . Spurling found Elinors work inspirational and full of great recipes. She did a lot of legwork to remake the old recipes while still providing the originals so reinterpretation was possible (which I am thankful for.) In the intervening 20-odd years since the book was published, many ingredients that were impossible to find then are now available so the recipes can be made as written (still no musk though!). Fettiplaces work was one of the first books of its kind that we know of, handwritten by a very literate, well-to-do woman (well actually for her a secretary most likely did the writing). She outlived 2 husbands and lived to be nearly 80 a fine old age for the time.

Sir Walter Raleigh 1554-1618

Many of the recipes came from powerful friends and famous neighbors like Sir Walter Raleigh (she was related to his brother, Carew Raleigh) who contributed some unusual recipes from wondrous new produce obtained on his forays to the New World in 1595 and again in 1616. Aside from tobacco water and syrup, he also shared recipes for sweet potatoes that were brand new imports. The sweet potato member of the Convolvulaceae family (related to morning glory, not the potato) was domesticated in South America at least 5000 years ago.

Sweet Potato

John Hawkins 1532-95

John Hawkins (ship builder and architect of the Elizabethan navy that triumphed over the much larger Spanish Armada in 1588) may have brought the sweet potato to England in 1565, but Elinors neighbor, Walter Raleigh, grew them after his visit to the new world in 1595. I would imagine that the sweet potato was as rare as a white Italian truffle when Elinor wrote her recipe book in 1604. Her recipe for the prized vegetable with rose and ambergris doesnt seem so extravagant given the newness and scarcity of the New World vegetable. The combination is inspirational with the voluptuous texture of the sweet potato -- the rose perfumed syrup transforms the lowly potato completely by treating it like a fine preserved fruit.

Sweet Potatoes with Rose Syrup and Ambergris 1 pound sweet potatoes 1 pound sugar 1 c water (1/2 cup if using rose water) 2 drops Aftelier rose essence or c rosewater juice of 3 oranges a pea sized piece of ambergris, grated or 1 t vanilla Dried Rose Buds for garnish (optional) Boil or bake the potatoes till cooked but not mushy. Remove the skin and then slice. Heat the sugar with the water and rose until liquefied over a low heat, add the orange juice and simmer for 10 minutes. Skim and add the sweet potatoes and heat over a low flame for 20 min. Remove the potatoes. Put the hot liquid into the dish you are using to store/serve them in and add the rose essence or rose water. It is best done the day before so the flavors meld. Serve by warming the mixture (especially the syrup) and grate the ambergris over them (or add the vanilla).

Boile your roots in faire water until they bee somewhat tender then pill of the skinne, then make your syrupe, weying to every pound of roots a pound of sugar and a quarter of a pint of faire water, & as much of rose water, & the juice of three or fowre oranges, then boile the syrupe, & boile them till they bee throughlie soaked in the syrupe, before you take it from the fire, put in a little musk and amber greece.

I love ambergris and wanted to also use it for a special holiday celebration drink after being inspired by Meriton Latroons Punch by historical mixologist, David Wondrich in the NYTs and in his new book, Punch: The Delights (and Dangers) of the Flowing Bowl.

The Heneage Jewel V&A Museum

Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I: The Final Years (15881603)

The Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, c.1588. George Gower. Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, UK.

Copy of The Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, c.1588. School of George Gower. Collection of W. Tyrwhitt-Drake, Bereleigh, Petersfield, Hampshire.

"The Armada Portrait", c.1588. After George Gower. National Portrait Gallery, London.

Copy of the Armada Portrait, c.1590. Artist Unknown. Philip Mould Ltd.

"The Ditchley Portrait", c.1592. Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger National Portrait Gallery, London.

Queen Elizabeth, c. 1590. Attr. to Nicholas Hilliard. Jesus College, Oxford.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1592. After Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1592. After Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger.

Palazzo Pitti, Florence.

Government Art Collection, UK.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1592 After Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger. Burghley House.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1592 After Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger. Wimpole Hall.

Queen Elizabeth I with a Fan, c.1592. Artist Unknown. Compton Verney, UK

Queen Elizabeth with a Fan, c.1592. Artist Unknown. Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio.

Queen Elizabeth I, 1592. Artist Unknown. Parham House.

Queen Elizabeth I, 1592. Circle of Nicholas Hilliard. Hardwick House.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1592. Artist Unknown.

Queen Elizabeth I, c.1592. Circle of John Bettes the Elder. Temple Newsam House.

Queen Elizabeth's Procession to Blackfriars, c.1600. Robert Peake, the Elder. Sherborne Castle.

Queen Elizabeth I c.1590-1592. Preparatory sketch by Isaac Oliver. Victoria & Albert Museum.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1595-1600. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. Victoria & Albert Museum.

Queen Elizabeth I c.1595-1600. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I c.1590. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. Beauchamp Collection.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1590-1603. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. Victoria & Albert Museum.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1595-1600. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. Victoria & Albert Museum.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1595-1600. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. Victoria & Albert Museum.

Queen Elizabeth I c.1595-1600. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

Queen Elizabeth I c.1595-1600. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. The Royal Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I c.1595-1600. Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I, 1590. Artist Unknown. Jesus College, Oxford.

Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I with the Cardinal and Theological Virtues, 1598. Artist Unknown. Dover Museum.

Queen Elizabeth with a Fan, 1590s. Artist Unknown. Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I with a Fan, c.1595. Artist Unknown. Private Collection.

"The Rainbow Portrait", c.1600. Attr. to Isaac Oliver. Hatfield House.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1600. Artist Unknown. City Museum, Plymouth.

Queen Elizabeth's Funeral Procession, 1603. Attr. to William Camden. British Library.

The Phoenix Jewel British Museum

Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I: Young Elizabeth (15451572)

The Children of Henry VIII, c.1650-1680. Copy of a lost original, c.1545-1550. The Duke of Buccleuch, Boughton House. More information.

The Family of Henry VIII, c. 1543-1547. Unknown artist, after Holbein. Hampton Court Palace. The Royal Collection.

Princess Elizabeth, c. 1543-1547. 'The Family of Henry VIII', detail. Anon. Hampton Court Palace. The Royal Collection.

Princess Elizabeth, c. 1546-7. Attr. to William Scrots. Windsor Castle. The Royal Collection.

Elizabeth I as Princess, c.1550. Attr. to Levina Teerlinc. Yale Center for British Art.

Elizabeth I as Princess, c.1555. Artist Unknown. Current whereabouts unknown.

Elizabeth I as Princess, c.1555. Artist Unknown. Private Collection.

Elizabeth I, c.1560. Artist Unknown. Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth's Coronation Procession, 1559. Artist Unknown. College of Arms.

The Coronation Portrait, c. 1600. Copy of 1559 lost original. Artist Unknown. Previously attr. to William Stretes. National Portrait Gallery.

Miniature of the Coronation Portrait. Copy of the 1559 lost original, c.1600. Artist Unknown. Private Collection.

Miniature of Elizabeth I, c. 1560-5. Attr. to Levina Teerlinc. The Royal Collection.

Miniature of Elizabeth I, c. 1560-5. Attr. to Levina Teerlinc. The Royal Collection.

"The Clopton Portrait", c.1560. Artist Unknown. Private Collection. More information

Queen Elizabeth, c.1560. Artist Unknown. Philip Mould Ltd., London. Original of the Clopton portrait?

Queen Elizabeth, c. 1560. Background originally blue. Artist Unknown. National Portrait Gallery.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1565. Artist Unknown. Private Collection. Christie's Images Ltd.

Elizabeth I and the Three Goddesses, 1569. Variously attributed to Joris Hoefnagel and Hans Eworth. The Royal Collection.

Detail of the above. The Royal Collection.

"The Hampden Portrait", c.1563. Steven van der Meulen. Philip Mould Fine Paintings.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1565-1570. Artist Unknown. Collection of the Duke of Beaufort.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1565-1570. Attr. to Steven van der Meulen. Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1565-1570. Previously attr. to Hans Eworth. Present whereabouts unknown.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1565-1570. Artist Unknown. Present whereabouts unknown.

"Allegory of the Tudor Succession", c. 1572. Attr. to Lucas de Heere. Sudeley Castle.

"Allegory of the Tudor Succession: The Family of Henry VIII", c. 1590-95. Artist Unknown. Yale Center for British Art.

The Phoenix Jewel British Museum

Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I: The Middle Years (15731587)

Queen Elizabeth riding the chariot of Fame. Sir William Teshe, 1570. BL Sloane MS 1832.

"The Pelican Portrait", c. 1575. Attr. to Nicholas Hilliard. Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool Museums.

"The Phoenix Portrait", c. 1575. Attr. to Nicholas Hilliard. National Portrait Gallery, London.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1572 Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard. National Portrait Gallery, London.

Queen Elizabeth Lute Miniature, Nicholas Hilliard, c. 1576 Berkeley Castle.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1575 Nicholas Hilliard Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth, c.1575-1578. Attr. to Nicholas Hilliard. Anglesey Abbey.

Queen Elizabeth Receiving Dutch Ambassadors, 1570-1575. Artist Unknown. Neue Galerie, Kassel, Germany.

"The Darnley Portrait", c. 1575. Attr. to Federico Zuccaro. National Portrait Gallery, London.

Sketch of Queen Elizabeth I, 1575. Federico Zuccaro. British Museum.

Queen Elizabeth I, c.1580. Attr. to George Gower.

Queen Elizabeth I, c.1580. Attr. to George Gower. Old Schools, University of Cambridge.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1580. Studio of Marcus Gheeraerts? Government Art Collection, UK.

Queen Elizabeth I, c.1 580. Artist Unknown. The Royal Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1580. Artist Unknown. (Paint has turned blue) National Portrait Gallery, London

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1580. Artist Unknown. Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1580. Artist Unknown.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1580. Artist Unknown. (Paint has turned blue) Reading Museum.

Elizabeth Portrait Frontispiece from Saxton's Atlas (1579).

Elizabeth Portrait Frontispiece from Saxton's Atlas (1579).

"The Plimpton Sieve Portrait", 1579. Attr. to George Gower. Folger Shakespeare Library.

"The Red Sieve Portrait", 1579. Attr. to George Gower. Private Collection.

"The Sieve Portrait", c. 1580-1583. Attr. to Cornelius Ketel. Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena.

Copy of "The Sieve Portrait", c. 1583. Artist Unknown. Collection of the Duke of Hamilton.

Queen Elizabeth I, c.1585. Artist Unknown.

Queen Elizabeth I, c.1580-85. Marcus Gheeraerts, the Younger. Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1580. Unknown Artist after Zuccaro. Government Art Collection, UK.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1580. Artist Unknown. Ambras Castle, Austria.

Queen Elizabeth Watercolour Miniature on Vellum, 1586-7. Nicholas Hilliard. Victoria and Albert Museum.

"The Drewe Portrait", c. 1586. Artist Unknown. Peter Nahum At the Leicester Galleries.

"The Kitchener Portrait", 1585-1590. Artist Unknown. Private Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I with a Fan, 1585-1590. Artist Unknown. The Royal Collection.

Queen Elizabeth I with a Fan, c.1585. Attr. to John Bettes the Younger. National Portrait Gallery, London.

Queen Elizabeth I with a Fan, 1585-1590. Attr. to John Bettes the Younger. Private Collection.

"The Penshurst Portrait", c.1578. Artist Unknown. Penshurst Place, Kent. Viscount de L'isle.

Queen Elizabeth with a Fan, 1585-1590. Attr. to John Bettes the Younger. Hever Castle, Kent.

Queen Elizabeth I, c. 1585. Attr. to John Bettes the Younger. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.

Queen Elizabeth I with a Fan, 1585-1590. Artist Unknown. Private Collection. On Loan to Bristol Museums.

Queen Elizabeth with a Fan, 1585-1590. Artist Unknown. The Yale Elizabethan Club.

"The Welbeck Portrait", c.1585. Marcus Gheeraerts, the Elder. Private Collection.

"The Ermine Portrait", c.1585. Nicholas Hilliard. Hatfield House.