Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

Devin Capela Golden Ratio Project (Phase Two) Stats 1510

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Abstract

This project compares males and females in regards to The Golden Ratio. Each person that was measured for this project was selected from the same population of interest (high school students) and was selected in the same manner (SRS). A Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare the data sets to one another and to see if the Golden Ratio was present in each of the ratios derived from our data sets. This project comes to the conclusion that the Golden Ratio is not preserved in the data and that the three recorded ratios differed from each other very significantly.

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Introduction

In this experiment, males and females were compared to one another in regards to The Golden Ratio. The Golden Ratio, refers to the length to width ratio of rectangles that is most pleasing to the eye. (http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~demo5337/s97b/art.htm) The Golden Ratio is also thought by many to be found in infinite aspects of nature, such as sunflower patterns, snails, pinecones, seashells, and even the human body in many different variations and measurements. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=085KSyQVbU&feature=fvst) The Golden Ratio was originally traced back to Ancient Greece, where a man named Leonardo Fibonacci devised a geometric sequence of numbers that was believed to be correlated to many, if not all things in the universe, and that somehow all of these things are derived from this sequence of numbers. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zWivbG0Rio) This experiment was carried out in order to observe and analyze the validity of The Golden Ratio, and to see if both men and women fall into the categorizations of The Golden Ratio, or to what degree of this ratio males and females differ from one another. It was hypothesized that The Golden Ratio would not be held completely intact upon examination of the data of this experiment; the ratios derived from the separate samples will be somewhat close to The Golden Ratio, but the exact ratio of 1.618 will not be found within the data.

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Methods

In order to conduct this experiment, two samples of 20 people each (20 males and 20 females) were taken from the population of interest (High School students). This sampling method resembles a stratified random sample, yet since the people that were selected to be measured in the experiment werent necessarily randomly selected via random number generation, this type of sampling method doesnt quite fall under the category of a true stratified random sample. Twenty high school females and twenty high school males were selected by way of randomly stopping by classrooms and asking if a few willing students would like to be measured for a college statistics project. These two samples (one sample of twenty males and one sample of twenty females) are representative of the population; all individuals measured in this experiment were selected in the same manner, measured with the same measuring tape, and do not deviate from the population of interest, high school students, in any way. Six total measurements (in inches) were taken with the one measuring tape from each individual to the nearest half-inch, and three ratios were derived from the data: Total Height and Belly Button to Foot (ratio 1), Finger to Elbow and Wrist to Elbow (ratio 2), and Length of face by Width of Face (ratio 3). TC Stats was used to record the measurements of each individual and to derive the summary statistics, perform a Kruskal Wallis test, as well as graphical displays for both males and females in regards to the three ratios observed. (Normal Plots, Box and Whisker Plots, etc.)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

Results

Upon completion of the experiment, the data that was collected was analyzed by way of graphical display, comparison of five number summaries, and a Kruskal Wallis test. Figure 1.1, which is the summary statistics of the females measured in this experiment, and Figure 1.2, which is the summary statistics of the males measured in this experiment, illustrate the five number summaries of both samples side-by-side so that they may be easily compared to one another in each aspect of the five number summaries. The sample sizes, mean, and standard deviation are also presented in the summary statistics, and allow for the viewer to easily make comparisons between each simple random sample. Figure 1.3 and 1.4 show graphical displays of the five number summaries for both samples presented as box and whisker plots. A box and whisker plot is a type of graph that displays the five number summaries for each desired group on a number line. A box and whisker plot can be very helpful in many cases, and was used in this report to visually show how both samples differed from one another in regards to their three ratios. A Kruskal Wallis test was performed on the three observed ratios to determine if the ratios were equal to one another; the ratios were significantly different from one another. (p<0.05)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

Figure 1.1 (Female Summary Statistics)

Figure 1.2 (Male Summary Statistics)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

Figure 1.3 (Female Box and Whisker Plot)

Figure 1.4 (Male Box and Whisker Plot)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Discussion

In the introduction, it was hypothesized that The Golden Ratio would not be held completely intact upon examination of the data of this experiment; the ratios derived from the separate samples will be somewhat close to The Golden Ratio, but the exact ratio of 1.618 will not be found within the data. This hypothesis was supported by the data when using a Kruskal Wallis test. It is likely that many people searching for the Golden Ratio in nature, often find the ratio because they are looking for it with a very fixated point of view; it is very easy to see reoccurring themes and patterns in just about anything you study, but that doesnt mean that the subject is based solely on the specific pattern that was observed. The Golden Ratio is claimed to be in every aspect of nature, but this project does not support this claim when pertaining to several measurements of the human body. The Golden Ratio tries to explain why and how nature is the way it is, but it is best not to force an idea somewhere it does not belong; the Golden Ratio isnt the only ratio found within nature, it is only the most talked about ratio observed in nature. (See: Fibonacci FlimFlam in Appendix) Although not a confounding factor, it would have been an improvement if a greater number of subjects were measured for this project. Another idea that would have added a nice component to this project would have been to sample from several different geographical locations to encompass a greater diversity of people. One more good idea would have been to measure non-human subjects, such as sunflowers, seashells and pinecones to add another dimension to the study of the Golden Ratio.

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Appendix In TC Stats, a Kruskal Wallis test was performed because the recorded ratios were not

normal and we had more than two samples to compare. (See normal plots 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7) Independence was justified because none of the ratios affect each other in any way. All three ratios were selected in TC Stats in our Kruskal Wallis test, which yielded a test statistic of 89.8983, and a p-value of 6.05E- 19 (approximately 0.0000). This p-value is less than our significance level (alpha) of 0.05, which means that we reject the null hypothesis. For our Kruskal Wallis test, Ho: Theta (ratio one) = Theta (ratio two) = Theta (ratio three), and Ha: At least one of these values is not equal to the others. Since we reject Ho based on our p-value, we can confirm that at least one of our ratios is not equal to the others. When we take a look at the medians of the three ratios and compare them, we can easily see that all three are different from each other, and that ratio three is significantly different than the other two. (See Summary Statistics) These results lead us to conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that the Golden Ratio does not exist within our data. Fibonacci Flim-Flam This article (http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/fibonacc.htm) offers a very detailed explanation, complete with research and several test results, as to why the Golden Ratio is not a reality in nature, and provides an interesting change-of-pace counterargument to the other research offered within this project.

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

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Figure 1.5 (Normal Plot of Ratio #1)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

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Figure 1.6 (Normal Plot of Ratio #2)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

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Figure 1.7 (Normal Plot of Ratio #3)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

Total Height (inches) 66.5 65.5 69 68 66.5 64 66 67 63 68 61 65.5 64 65 59 66.5 65 65 63 67 67 71 70 72 66 65 70 69 68 71 68 69.5 70 72 71 69.5 68 66 71 71 Belly Button to Foot (inches) 42 39 42 43 42 40 39 43 39 43 39 40 41 40 37 41 40 41 40 41 42 46 43 46 40 40 44 41 42 43 42 43 43 46 44 44 42 41 43 44 Finger to Elbow (inches) 16.5 15 17 18 17 17 16 17 16.5 17.5 15 17 17 16 15.5 17 16 17 15 16.5 17 19 19 18 17 17 18 17 18 18.5 18 17.5 18.5 19 18 18 18 17 21 19 Wrist to Elbow (inches) 10 9 10 11 10 10.5 9 10 10 11 9 10 10.5 10 9 10 9.5 10 9 9.5 10 11 11.5 11 10 10 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10.5 13 12 Length of Face (inches) 7 7 7 7 6.5 6 7 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7 7.5 6 6 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7 7 Width of Face (inches) 5.5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 4.5 5 5 4.5 5 5 4.5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5.5 5 5 4.5 4.5 5 5 5.5 5 5 Ratio #1 1.5833 1.6795 1.6429 1.5814 1.5833 1.6 1.6923 1.5581 1.6154 1.5814 1.5641 1.6375 1.561 1.625 1.5946 1.622 1.625 1.5854 1.575 1.6341 1.5952 1.5435 1.6279 1.5652 1.65 1.625 1.5909 1.6829 1.619 1.6512 1.619 1.6163 1.6279 1.5652 1.6136 1.5795 1.619 1.6098 1.6512 1.6136 Ratio #2

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Gender Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male

Ratio #3 1.2727 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4444 1.2 1.4 1.7778 1.4 1.4 1.3333 1.2 1.2 1.3333 1.3333 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.1667 1.4 1.4 1.25 1.3333 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2727 1.4 1.4 1.4444 1.5556 1.4 1.4 1.2727 1.4 1.4

1.65 1.6667 1.7 1.6364 1.7 1.619 1.7778 1.7 1.65 1.5909 1.6667 1.7 1.619 1.6 1.7222 1.7 1.6842 1.7 1.6667 1.7368 1.7 1.7273 1.6522 1.6364 1.7 1.7 1.6364 1.7 1.6364 1.6818 1.6364 1.5909 1.6818 1.7273 1.6364 1.6364 1.6364 1.619 1.6154 1.5833

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

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Works Cited

Blacker, Steve, Jeanette Polanski, and Marc Schwach. "The Golden Ratio." The Geometry Center Welcome Page. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. <http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~demo5337/s97b/art.htm>. HighFlyingDutchman. "Golden Ratio in Human Body." YouTube. YouTube, 18 Sept. 2008. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=085KSyQVb-U>. Angiegreek. "The Golden Mean." YouTube. YouTube, 23 Nov. 2007. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zWivbG0RIo>. Simanek, Donald E. "Fibonacci Flim-Flam." Fibonacci Flim-Flam. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/fibonacc.htm>.

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Phase One of this Project

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Devin Capela Golden Ratio Project (Phase One) Stats 1510

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Introduction

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In this experiment, males and females were compared to one another in regards to The Golden Ratio. The Golden Ratio, refers to the length to width ratio of rectangles that is most pleasing to the eye. (http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~demo5337/s97b/art.htm) The Golden Ratio is also thought by many to be found in infinite aspects of nature, such as sunflower patterns, snails, pinecones, seashells, and even the human body in many different variations and measurements. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=085KSyQVbU&feature=fvst) The Golden Ratio was originally traced back to Ancient Greece, where a man named Leonardo Fibonacci devised a geometric sequence of numbers that was believed to be correlated to many, if not all things in the universe, and that somehow all of these things are derived from this sequence of numbers. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zWivbG0Rio) This experiment was carried out in order to observe and analyze the validity of The Golden Ratio, and to see if both men and women fall into the categorizations of The Golden Ratio, or to what degree of this ratio males and females differ from one another. It was hypothesized that The Golden Ratio would not be held completely intact upon examination of the data of this experiment; the ratios derived from the separate samples will be somewhat close to The Golden Ratio, but the exact ratio of 1.618 will not be found within the data.

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Methods

17

In order to conduct this experiment, two samples of 20 people each (20 males and 20 females) were taken from the population of interest (High School students). This sampling method resembles a stratified random sample, yet since the people that were selected to be measured in the experiment werent necessarily randomly selected via random number generation, this type of sampling method doesnt quite fall under the category of a true stratified random sample. Twenty high school females and twenty high school males were selected by way of randomly stopping by classrooms and asking if a few willing students would like to be measured for a college statistics project. These two samples (one sample of twenty males and one sample of females) are representative of the population; all individuals measured in this experiment were selected in the same manner, measured with the same measuring tape, and do not deviate from the population of interest, high school students, in any way. Six total measurements (in inches) were taken with the one measuring tape from each individual to the nearest half-inch, and three ratios were derived from the data: Total Height and Belly Button to Foot (ratio 1), Finger to Elbow and Wrist to Elbow (ratio 2), and Length of face by Width of Face (ratio 3). TC Stats was used to record the measurements of each individual and to derive the summary statistics as well as graphical displays for both males and females in regards to the three ratios observed.

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Results

18

Upon completion of the experiment, the data that was collected was analyzed by way of graphical display and comparison of five number summaries. Figure 1.1, which is the summary statistics of the females measured in this experiment, and Figure 1.2, which is the summary statistics of the males measured in this experiment, illustrate the five number summaries of both samples side-by-side so that they may be easily compared to one another in each aspect of the five number summaries. The sample sizes, mean, and standard deviation are also presented in the summary statistics, and allow for the viewer to easily make comparisons between each simple random sample. Figure 1.3 and 1.4 show graphical displays of the five number summaries for both samples presented as box and whisker plots. A box and whisker plot is a type of graph that displays the five number summaries for each desired group on a number line. A box and whisker plot can be very helpful in many cases, and was used in this report to visually show how both samples differed from one another in regards to their three ratios.

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

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Figure 1.1 (Female Summary Statistics)

Figure 1.2 (Male Summary Statistics)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Figure 1.3 (Female Box and Whisker Plot)

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Figure 1.4 (Male Box and Whisker Plot)

Appendix (Next Page)

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two

Total Height (inches) 66.5 65.5 69 68 66.5 64 66 67 63 68 61 65.5 64 65 59 66.5 65 65 63 67 67 71 70 72 66 65 70 69 68 71 68 69.5 70 72 71 69.5 68 66 71 71 Belly Button to Foot (inches) 42 39 42 43 42 40 39 43 39 43 39 40 41 40 37 41 40 41 40 41 42 46 43 46 40 40 44 41 42 43 42 43 43 46 44 44 42 41 43 44 Finger to Elbow (inches) 16.5 15 17 18 17 17 16 17 16.5 17.5 15 17 17 16 15.5 17 16 17 15 16.5 17 19 19 18 17 17 18 17 18 18.5 18 17.5 18.5 19 18 18 18 17 21 19 Wrist to Elbow (inches) 10 9 10 11 10 10.5 9 10 10 11 9 10 10.5 10 9 10 9.5 10 9 9.5 10 11 11.5 11 10 10 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10.5 13 12 Length of Face (inches) 7 7 7 7 6.5 6 7 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7 7.5 6 6 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 6.5 7 7 7 7 7 7 Width of Face (inches) 5.5 5 5 5 4.5 5 5 4.5 5 5 4.5 5 5 4.5 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 4.5 5 5 5 5 5 5.5 5 5 4.5 4.5 5 5 5.5 5 5 Ratio #1 1.5833 1.6795 1.6429 1.5814 1.5833 1.6 1.6923 1.5581 1.6154 1.5814 1.5641 1.6375 1.561 1.625 1.5946 1.622 1.625 1.5854 1.575 1.6341 1.5952 1.5435 1.6279 1.5652 1.65 1.625 1.5909 1.6829 1.619 1.6512 1.619 1.6163 1.6279 1.5652 1.6136 1.5795 1.619 1.6098 1.6512 1.6136 Ratio #2

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Gender Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male

Ratio #3 1.2727 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4444 1.2 1.4 1.7778 1.4 1.4 1.3333 1.2 1.2 1.3333 1.3333 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.1667 1.4 1.4 1.25 1.3333 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2727 1.4 1.4 1.4444 1.5556 1.4 1.4 1.2727 1.4 1.4

1.65 1.6667 1.7 1.6364 1.7 1.619 1.7778 1.7 1.65 1.5909 1.6667 1.7 1.619 1.6 1.7222 1.7 1.6842 1.7 1.6667 1.7368 1.7 1.7273 1.6522 1.6364 1.7 1.7 1.6364 1.7 1.6364 1.6818 1.6364 1.5909 1.6818 1.7273 1.6364 1.6364 1.6364 1.619 1.6154 1.5833

Golden Ratio Project Phase Two Works Cited

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Blacker, Steve, Jeanette Polanski, and Marc Schwach. "The Golden Ratio." The Geometry Center Welcome Page. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. <http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~demo5337/s97b/art.htm>. HighFlyingDutchman. "Golden Ratio in Human Body." YouTube. YouTube, 18 Sept. 2008. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=085KSyQVb-U>. Angiegreek. "The Golden Mean." YouTube. YouTube, 23 Nov. 2007. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zWivbG0RIo>.