Case law

Case law is the reported decisions of selected appellate and other courts (called courts of first impression) which make new interpretations of the law and, therefore, can be cited as precedents in a process known as stare decisis. These interpretations are distinguished from statutory law which are the statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies; regulatory law which are regulations established by governmental agencies based on statutes; and in some states, common law which are the generally accepted laws carried to the United States from England. Trials and hearings which are not selected as "courts of first impression" do not have rulings that become case law; therefore, these rulings cannot be precedents for future court decisions. The legal systems of the Nordic countries are sometimes included among the civil law systems, but as a separate branch, and sometimes counted as separate from the civil law tradition. In Sweden, for instance, case law arguably plays a more important role than in some of the Continental civil law systems. The two highest courts, the Supreme Court (Hgstadomstolen) and the Supreme Administrative Court (Regeringsrtten), have the right to set precedent which is in practice (however not formally) binding on all future application of the law. Courts of appeal, both general courts (hovrtter) and administrative courts (kammarrtter) may also issue decisions that act as guides for the application of the law, but these decisions may be overturned by higher courts.In the common law tradition, courts decide the law applicable to a case by interpreting statutes and applying precedents which record how and why prior cases have been decided. Unlike most civil law systems, common law systems follow the doctrine of stare decisis, by which most courts are bound by their own previous decisions in similar cases, and all lower courts should make decisions consistent with previous decisions of higher courts. For example, in England, the High Court and the Court of Appeal are each bound by their own previous decisions, but neither the County Courts nor the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Generally speaking, higher courts do not have direct oversight over the lower courts of record, in that they cannot reach out on their own initiative (suasponte) at any time to overrule judgments of the lower courts. Normally, the burden rests with litigants to appeal rulings (including those in clear violation of established case law) to the higher courts. If a judge acts against precedent and the case is not appealed, the decision will stand. This may occur more frequently than has been documented, as an appeal is usually quite expensive and difficult to make.

Jurisprudena Jurisprudenareprezintadeciziileraportate ale instanelor de apelselectateialtorinstante (numitetribunale de prima impresie) care facnoiinterpretri ale legiii, prinurmare, pot fi citatecaprecedententr-un procescunoscut sub numele de "decisis". Acesteinterpretri se deosebesc de legistatutare care suntstatuteleicodurileadoptate de organele legislative; dreptul de reglementare, care reprezintareglementrilestabilite de ctreageniileguvernamentalepebazastatutului; inunele state, dreptulcomun care constituielegile general acceptatepreluatenStatele Unite de la Anglia. Studiileiaudierile care nu suntselectateca "instane de prima impresie" nu au hotrri, care devinjurispruden, prinurmare, acestehotrri nu pot fi precedentepentrudeciziileinstanei de viitor. Sistemelejuridice din rilenordicesuntuneoriincluseprintresistemele de drept civil, darca o ramurseparat, i, uneori, priviteseparat de tradiiadreptului civil.nSuedia, de exemplu, jurisprudenajoacprobabilunrolmai important dectnunelesisteme de drept civil continental. Instanelemaimari, dou la numar, CurteaSuprem de Justiie (Hgstadomstolen) iCurteaSupremaAdministrativa (Regeringsrtten), au dreptul de a stabili precedent, care este, npractic, (cu toateacestea, nu formal), legaturapentrutoateaplicarileviitoare ale legii. Curile de apel, ambeleinstane in general (hovrtter) iinstanele administrative (kammarrtter) pot emite, de asemenea, decizii care acioneazcaghiduripentruaplicarealegii, daracestedecizii pot fi anulatede ctreinstanelesuperioare.ntradiia de dreptcomun, instaneledeciddreptulaplicabil la un caz conform interpretariistatuteloriaplicariiprecedentelor care nregistreaz cum i de cecazurileanterioare au fostdecise. Spredeosebire de majoritateasistemelor de drept civil, sisteme de dreptcomunurmeazadoctrinastarii de "decisis", prin care celemaimulteinstanesunt obligate prindeciziipropriianterioarencazurisimilare, itoateinstaneleinferioareartrebuisiadeciziinconformitate cu deciziileanterioare ale instanelorsuperioare. De exemplu, n Anglia, naltaCurteiCurtea de Apelsunt, fiecare, obligate prindeciziipropriianterioare, dar nu siinstaneleJudeeneiniciCurteaSuprem a Regatului Unit. n general vorbind, instanelesuperioare nu au o supravegheredirectaasuprainstanelorinferioare de nregistrare, nsensulcacestea nu pot ajunge, din proprieiniiativ ("suasponte") norice moment sanulezehotrrileinstanelorinferioare. n mod normal, sarcinarevineoamenilorjustitiei de a face apel la hotrri (inclusivncazurile de nclcareclar a jurisprudeneistabilite) la instanelesuperioare. Dac un judectoractioneazampotrivaprecedentului, iarcazul nu esterecurs, deciziava sta. Acestlucrupoateapreamaifrecventdect a fostdocumentat, asa cum o cale de ataceste de obiceidestul de costisitoareigreu de executat .

Appeal-Appeal asking a higher court to review the legality and validity of a nonfinal judgments, for cancellation or change them. Previous-Fact or similar previous case, which can serve as an example, as a rule of conduct or as justification for acts or subsequent similar cases. Guide-Person who leads a group of tourists, a group of visitors to an exhibition, giving explanations. Jurisprudence-All judgments of courts or tribunals in one area. Instance-State body responsible for resolving disputes between individuals or between legal persons

Regulating-Set of legal rules applicable in a particular field.