Islamic University of Technology

Advanced Design System (ADS) Software

Electrical Engineering Department

In tutorial 1, we learnt the basics of using ADS. In this tutorial we are going to design Amplifier using BJT. This simulates the S-parameters and noise parameters of the device, versus bias voltage and current, at a single frequency. You specify the collector voltage sweep range and the base current sweep range, and the single frequency for S-parameter and noise analysis. The circuit diagram that we are going to consider is shown in figure-1.

Figure 1 Procedures 1. First of all open a new project and a new schematic window. (the procedure to create a new project is described in tutorial 1). 2. Place the BJT_NPN on the schematic from Insert>Components>Components Library. 3. Place the BJT_Model on the schematic from Insert>Components>Components Library. Double click on the BJT_Model, you will see a window as shown in figure 2.

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Figure 2 4. Insert following parameters in Select parameter box shown in figure 2.

5. From Lumped Components Palette Place 2 inductor (L1,L2), 2 capacitor (C1,C2) and insert their value 1mH, 1mH, 1uF and 1uF respectively. This can be done simply by double clicking on the each component. 6. From the Probe Components palette, select I_Probe and name it IC by double clicking on the probe. Again from Insert> Components> Components Library, place two terminator component named as Term. Give their value Z=Z0 (figure 1).

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7. From the Library List select Sources-Freq Domain palette, place I_DC. Edit this component and define Idc = IBB, rather than a numerical value, Click Apply, then OK. 8. Now connect the components using wire tool as shown in figure 1. 9. Choose the Data Items palette; select Var eqn (Variables and equations). Place this component on the schematic and enter the following equations (as shown in figure 3):

Figure 3 10. Select another Var eqn (Variables and equations). Place this component on the schematic and enter the following equations (as shown in figure 4):

Figure 4
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11. Choose Simulation-DC palette, select Prm Swp (ParamSweep). Place two Prm Swp named as sweep 1 and sweep 2 and edit these as follows: Sweep 1 On the Sweep tab (Figure 5): Parameter to sweep = IBB
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Start = IBBmin Stop = IBBmax Step = IBBstep

On the Simulations tab:

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Simulation 1 = Sweep2 Simulation 2 = DC1

Click OK to accept changes and close the dialog box. Figure 5 Sweep 2 On the Sweep tab (Figure 6): Parameter to sweep = VCE
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Start = VCEmin Stop = VCEmax Step = VCEstep

On the Simulations tab:

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Simulation 1 = SP1

Click OK to accept changes and close the dialog box. Figure 6 12. Choose Simulation-S Param palette, select S P (S-parameters). Place it in the schematic and edit it as follows: On the Frequency tab (Figure 7): Sweep type = single point
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On the Noise tab: Mark Calculate noise Then on the Output tab:
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Mark Measurement equation Insert maximum depth= 2

Then click add/remove in the same window. From the next window select and Z0. Click OK to accept changes and close the dialog box. 13. From Simulation-DC palette, select D C, Place it in the schematic and edit it as follows: Parameter to sweep = VCE. This appears as SweepVar on the schematic if this parameter is displayed on the schematic. Select Linear from sweep type, (Figure 8) and
Figure 7
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Start = VCEmin Stop = VCEmax Step = VCEstep

14. From Simulation-DC palette, select Options, Place it in the schematic and edit it as follows: In MISC tab insert
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Simulation temperature= 16.85 Celsius Model temperature= 25 Celsius

15. That is all for constructing the circuit. The whole schematic will look like as shown in figure 9. 16. Now press simulate to start simulation.

Figure 8

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Figure 9

Plotting the output: In this tutorial we are going to go for a bit detail to plot different parameters. 1. First of all in data display window; place rectangular plot. Then write NFmin[0] in equation box (Figure 10) then press >>Add>> . This will give an output of minimum noise figure versus IBB and VCE (figure 11).
2. Next, similarly using rectangular plot, plot db(S2,1) versus IBB and VCE inserting db(S(2,1)[0]) in equation editor.(figure 11). 3. The Collector Current versus IBB and VCE is plotted simply plotting IC.i using rectangular plot. (figure 12). Now we will put markers in these figures (figure 11 and 12). This can be done selecting insert new marker from the toolbar and just clicking on the plot where we want to put the marker. These markers are visible in figure 11 and 12 (m1,m2,m3). 4. Now we will use some equations to get our desired plot. This will be done opening a new page in

data display window. Go to Page>new page from the menu bar. Give a new name for the page. A new page will open.

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Figure 10

Figure 11

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Figure 12 5. Next Available Gain & Noise Circles, Stability Circle, Source Gamma, Corresponding Load Gamma will be plotted in the smith chart. To do so, we need to introduce some equations. ICindex2 is the index for the collector current, IC, corresponding to marker m3s y-axis location. IC is dependent on both swept variables, IBB and VCE. The [VCEindex2] syntax is equivalent to [VCEindex2] and forces a search of all collector currents corresponding to one collector voltage.

Set step sizes and number of circles, here.

GAcircles are the available gain circles at the frequency specified by marker m3. GAstep_size and num_GAcircles are variables you set to change the number of circles and their spacing.

Source_stabcir is the source stability circle at the m3 bias point.

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Noise_circleMin generates a circle at the source reflection coefficient that will produce the minimum noise figure. Noise_circles generates num_NFcircles noise circles, spaced at NFstep_size dBs. The circles are both at the frequency specified by marker mBiasPt.

GPcircles are the power gain circles at the frequency specified by marker m3. GPstep_size and num_GPcircles are variables you set to change the number of circles and their spacing.

Load_stabcir is the Load stability circle at the m3 bias point.

Ploting Stability Circles, Available Gain circles and Noise circles:

1. In data display window select smith chart and place. In the equation editor (shown in figure 13) write Source_stabcir then click add. 2. Similarly place GAcirles and Noise_cirles and click add. 3. Click OK. The Available Gain & Noise Circles, Source Stability Circle will be plotted. (figure 14)

Figure 13
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Figure 14

Figure 15

4. To plot load stability place another smith chart, and type Load_stabcir in equation editor. (the process is exactly similar to point 1) 5. Similarly place GPcirles and click add. 6. Click OK. Load Stability Circle will be plotted. (figure 15)

Finding S-parameters:
S-parameters at the bias point specified by marker m3.

Now from the data display window, select list from left palette and place it. Then in the equation editor type db(S_11) then add. Similarly add db(S_22), db(S_12) and db(S_21) . Click OK (figure 16).

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Figure 16 The output will be as follow:

Calculating Noise Figure:

To calculate noise figure at particular stable region, first we need to generate spiral on the smith chart to locate arbitrary point. The following equations generate a spiral on the Smith Chart, and allow you to move the GammaS marker nearly anywhere on the chart. tindex is a vector of numbers 0,1,2,3,...,2000. rhos are 2001 complex reflection coefficients. Their magnitude varies slowly as
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tindex increases from 0 to 2000. Their phase varies rapidly for tindex small, but varies more and more slowly as tindex increases.

Plot this rhos in the same smith chart where the source stability circle was plotted. Then place a marker on the smith chart and name it GammaS (Figure 17) shows the smith chart with spiral points.

Figure 17

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The following equations compute the noise figure if the source reflection coefficient is at marker GammaS.

Now from the data display window, select list from left palette and place it. Then in the equation editor type NF_at_GammaS then add. Click OK. The output will display the Noise Figure (dB) at marker GammaS (Figure 18). If you change the marker GammaS the Noise Figure value will be changed automatically.

Figure 18 To see the minimum noise figure at bias point m3 NFmin[ICindex2,VCEindex2,0] in the equation Editor (figure 19). we need to type

Figure 19

THE END

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