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IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 21, NO.

5, MAY 2011

225

A Laguerre-FDTD Formulation for Frequency-Dependent Dispersive Materials


Myunghyun Ha, Student Member, IEEE, and Madhavan Swaminathan, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractIn this letter, Laguerre nite-difference time domain (FDTD) formulation for linear dispersive materials is proposed. Laguerre-FDTD is a time-domain method using Laguerre polynomials that ensures unconditional stability. Being free from CourantFriedrichLewy (CFL) stability condition, Laguerre-FDTD is advantageous in the simulation of multiscale structures. The derived formulation has been implemented in 3-D and veried with a test structure containing frequency-dependent dispersive materials. Index TermsDispersive materials, nite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, Laguerre-FDTD, Laguerre polynomials.

II. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION A. Time-Domain Formulation for Frequency-Dependent Materials In this letter, materials are assumed to be linear and isotropic. The frequency domain information (such as permittivity and permeability) is Fourier-transformed to a time-domain susceptibility function [7]. For simplicity, only the permittivity (electric susceptibility) is discussed in this letter. The extension to magnetic permeability is similar. In the time domain, we have (1) represent electric susceptibility, permitwhere , , and tivity of free space, and innite frequency relative permittivity, respectively. B. Transform of Convolution From Time Domain Into Laguerre Domain In order to represent (1) in the Laguerre domain, transform of the convolution term in (1) into Laguerre domain is required. Laguerre domain is based on orthonormal Laguerre basis functions using Laguerre polynomials. The th Laguerre basis function is dened as the product of the th Laguerre polynomial and exponential function [3], given by (2) where is the th Laguerre polynomial and is the timescaling constant. Let and be arbitrary time-domain waveforms dened for . They can be represented in Laguerre domain as a sum of Laguerre basis functions scaled by Laguerre basis coefcients and as follows: (3) (4) Let be the convolution of temporal testing procedure with coefcients can be obtained as and . Applying the s th Laguerre basis

I. INTRODUCTION HE nite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been widely used to analyze the interactions of electromagnetic waves with various structures since its introduction by Yee [1]. However, the time-step in the FDTD method is constrained by the well-known CourantFriedrichLewy (CFL) criteria to ensure the stability of the FDTD simulation [2]. To overcome these limitations, unconditionally stable FDTD method has been proposed using Laguerre polynomials by Chung et al. [3], which is called the Laguerre-FDTD method in this letter. Due to its unconditional stability, Laguerre-FDTD is free from CFL condition and is very efcient for analyzing multiscale structures that require a ne time-step [4], [5]. Luebbers introduced the frequency-dependent FDTD formulation for dispersive materials in 1990 [6]. However, due to CFL condition, it has been difcult to simulate multiscale structures such as chip-package structures using FDTD by including the frequency-dependent dielectric loss. In this letter, frequency-dependent Laguerre-FDTD formulation to model wave propagation is introduced using Laguerre transform of the convolution operator. The proposed formulation is veried with a numerical example and compared to the results from the FDTD formulation. The comparison reveals that the frequency-dependent FDTD formulation for dispersive material is properly implemented in Laguerre domain so that frequency-dependent dispersive materials can be analyzed using Laguerre-FDTD simulation method.

Manuscript received October 12, 2010; revised January 07, 2011; accepted February 11, 2011. Date of publication March 28, 2011; date of current version May 11, 2011. This work was supported by the Interconnect and Packaging Center through Semiconductor Research Corporation. The authors are with the Interconnect and Packaging Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA (e-mail: m.ha@gatech.edu; madhavan.swaminathan@ece. gatech.edu ). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this letter are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/LMWC.2011.2119296

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1531-1309/$26.00 2011 IEEE

226

IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 21, NO. 5, MAY 2011

Summation of

from

to

is

Using (12) and the fact that vergent series, the rst derivative of can be derived as

is a uniformly conwith respect to time

(13) (6) In (6), the following property of Laguerre polynomial has been used: (7) Dening and substituting it in (6), we get D. Laguerre-Domain Formulation for Frequency-Dependent Materials Under the assumption that is dened only for can be rewritten using the innite integral as , (1) The second derivative can be derived similarly as (14)

(8) From the summation of in (8), the basis coefcient for the convolution of th-order Laguerre and is (9) C. Transform of Derivatives From Time Domain Into Laguerre Domain The rst derivative of the Laguerre basis function is

(15)

This assumption is reasonable since the Laguerre transform . Laguerre-domain is for functions of dened for representation of (15) can be written as

(16) where , , and represent th Laguerre basis coefcients of , , and , respectively, . Maxwells curl equations in differential form are (17) (18) In (18), we assume that for linear and isotropic media. By applying the curl operation on (18) and substituting (17), we get (19)

(10) In the derivation of (10), the following property of Lagurre polynomial has been used: for (11)

For a casual function , the summation of all of its Laguerre basis coefcients goes to zero as (12)

HA AND SWAMINATHAN: LAGUERRE-FDTD FORMULATION FOR FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT DISPERSIVE MATERIALS

227

Fig. 1. Test structure: microstip transmission line.

Now, (19) is transformed into Laguerre domain with consideration of frequency-dependent behavior of dispersive material using (13), (14), and (16), which results in

Fig. 2. Simulated time-domain waveforms.

(20) resulting in

Fig. 3. Comparison between simulated time-domain waveforms with dispersive and nondispersive FR-4 model.

(21) The double curl on the left side in (21) can be represented in discretized form using Yees space lattice and the central difference scheme. It is important to note that the right side of (21) consists of Laguerre basis coefcients up to th order for and Laguerre basis coefcients for source current , while the left side has only th-order Laguerre basis coefcients for electric eld . Therefore, (21) enables recursive calculation of Laguerre coefcients using previous coefcients for electromagnetic waves within structures containing dispersive material. III. NUMERICAL RESULTS The proposed formulation is applied on a simple microstrip transmission line, as shown in Fig. 1. Two ports are dened at both ends of the microstrip line made of PEC whose length is 90 mm with conductor width and thickness of 3 mm and 10 m, respectively. Dielectric thickness is 200 m. The substrate material is FR-4, and it is assumed to be dispersive and modeled with the rst-order Debye model. Parameters for the Debye model are , , and s [7]. The structure is discretized into 46 400 cells that contain 278 400 unknowns. The Gaussian derivative current source is used to excite the structure at port1. Thin thickness of the conductor compared to its lateral dimension results in a very long simulation time of 11 h using FDTD due to the small time-step size of 33 fs. However, Laguerre-FDTD could be used to solve the same structure in 8 min on the same computer using 665 Laguere basis functions. In this example, Laguerre-FDTD showed 80 speedup over FDTD.

The simulated time-domain waveforms of E-eld at the ports show very good agreement between FDTD and Laguerre-FDTD, as shown in Fig. 2. For comparison, the same structure has been simulated without frequency-dependent dispersive material property using a constant permittivity of 4.301 with no loss. Fig. 3 shows the time-domain waveform variation as the material property changes from dispersive to nondispersive. IV. CONCLUSION A Laguerre-FDTD formulation for frequency-dependent dispersive materials is presented. The proposed formula has been veried using a test example. Simulation results show that Laguerre-FDTD with the proposed formulation solves the example structure with dispersive material properties more efciently than FDTD while maintaining accuracy. REFERENCES [1] K. S. Yee, Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwells equations in isotropic media, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-14, no. 3, pp. 302307, Mar. 1966. [2] A. Taove and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2005. [3] Y.-S. Chung, T. K. Sarkar, B. H. Jung, and M. Salazar-Palma, An unconditionally stable scheme for the nite-difference time-domain method, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 697704, Mar. 2003. [4] K. Srinivasan, P. Yadav, E. Engin, M. Swaminathan, and M. Ha, Fast EM/circuit transient simulation using Laguerre equivalent circuit (SLeEC), IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 51, no. 3, pt. 2, pp. 756762, Aug. 2009. [5] M. Ha, K. Srinivasan, and M. Swaminathan, Transient chip-package cosimulation using the Laguerre-FDTD scheme, IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 816830, Nov. 2009. [6] R. Luebbers, F. Hunsberger, K. Kunz, R. Standler, and M. Schneider, A frequency-dependent nite-difference time-domain formulation for dispersive materials, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 222227, Aug. 1990. [7] M. Koledintseva, K. Rozanov, A. Orlandi, and J. Drewniak, Extraction of Lorentzian and Debye parameters of dielectric and magnetic dispersive materials for FDTD modeling, J. Elect. Eng., vol. 53, no. 9/s, pp. 97100, 2002.

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