RESULTS

Peace Settlements and wars ending without treaties: Wilsons fourteen points: 1. Abolition of secret diplomacy 2. Free navigation at sea for all nations in war and peace 3. Free trade between countries 4. Disarmament by all countries 5. Colonies to have a say in their own future 6. German troops to leave Russia 7. Restoration of independence for Belgium 8. France to regain Alsace and Lorraine 9. Frontier between Austria and Italy to be adjusted along the lines of nationality 10. Self determination for the peoples of Austria-Hungary 11. Serbia to have access to the sea 12. Self-determination for the people in the Turkish empire and permanent opening of the Dardanelles 13. Poland to become independent state with access to the sea 14. A League of Nations to be set up in order to preserve the peace.

War Guilt: Clause 231 (became known as the war guilt clause): o The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies (Article 231, Treaty of Versailles, 1919) Made Germany pay for all the war debts. Allowed moral justification for the other terms of the treaty.

Disarmament: It was believed that the pre-1914 arms race contributed to the outbreak of the war. Treaty addressed disarmament directly. Germany was forbidden to have submarines, air force, armored cars or tanks and was only allowed to keep 6 battleships and an army of maximum 100,000 men for internal security o The Germans sunk their own ships in protest The west bank of the Rhine was demilitarized

Allied army of Occupation was to be stationed in the area for 15 years.

Territorial changes: Alsace Lorraine was returned to the French. Rhineland was left as a demilitarized zone Saar was put under the League of Nations for 15 years Polish Corridor was given to Poland as an outlet to the sea Danzig became a free city under the League of Nations. East Prussia was separated from the rest of Germany. North Schleswig was given to Denmark Memel was given to Lithuania Upper Silesia was given to Poland Eupen-Malmedy was given to Belgium

Mandates: Germanys colonies were handed over to the League of Nations. The mandate system meant that the nations who were given Germanys colonies had to look after the people. A Mandates: were to become independent in the future B Mandates: considered to be less developed C Mandates: considered to be very backward and were handed over to the powers that had originally conquered them in the war. o North Pacific Islands Japan o New Guinea Australia o South-West Africa Union of South Africa o Western Samoa New Zealand Reparations: The war guilt provided justification for the demands of reparations The allied powers wanted to make Germany pay for all of its material damage and the pensions to war widows and the war wounded. In 1921, the Inter-Allied Reparations Committee came up with the reparations sum of 6,600 million pounds. Punishment for war criminals: The treaty also called for the extradition and the trial of the Kaiser and other war criminals The Dutch government refused to hand over the Kaiser A few German military commanders and submarine captains were tried by a German military court at Leipzig, and received short terms of imprisonment.

The issue of the war guilt: The Germans particularly hated this clause. o Felt that all countries should bear responsibility for the outbreak of WWI. Was very harsh Later helped Hitler to gain support. o Was able to play on the resentment and anger felt by the Germans. Disarmament Clauses: Hard for Germany to accept. An army of 100,000 was too small for Germanys size. None of the other European powers disarmed. Germanys anger grew. Reparations and loss of key resources: Keynes argued that the treaty ignored the economic solidarity of Europe and by aiming at the destruction of the economic life of Germany, threatens the health and prosperity of the Allied themselves. Took away Germanys coal and iron resources. o Germanys economy would be unable to recover Germany was to face hyper-inflation. Territorial changes to satisfy the issue of self-determination: Germany was treated unfairly. Many German speaking people were now ruled by the non-Germans Dawson described Germanys borders as to be literally bleeding. From them oozes out the life-blood, physical, spiritual and material of large populations. Removal of Colonies: Wilson removed German colonies to remove them from the harsh nature of the German rule. However, the states that received German colonies were not that generous to their colonies either. League of Nations: Germany was not involved o Insulted Germany o Less likely the League can promote international cooperation.

Contemporary Responses to the Treaty of Versailles: Germany o List of Complaints o Thought it was harsh and unfair to them o Called it a diktat Britain: o thought it was too harsh on Germany o still wanted it to be harsh in order to preserve their own empire. France: o Felt that the treaty was being way too generous o Wanted more punishment for Germany The American Congress o Didnt like the fact the League of Nations would be binding them o Did not ratify the treaty. People today: o Believe that it was one of the main causes of WWII. o Criticized for the harsh nature of the treaty. o Believe that this contributed in the rise of Hitler. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Gave independence to Finland, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania and Latvia. Congress of Vienna A conference of ambassadors The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress of Vienna was a model for the League of Nations and United Nations due to its goal to constitute peace by all parties. Treaty of St. Germain Austria lost Bohemia and Moravia to Czechoslovakia Austria lost Dalmatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina to Yugoslavia. Poland gained Galicia Italy gained South Tyrol, Trentino, and Istria. Treaty of Trianon Slovakia and Ruthenia were given to Czechoslovakia Croatia and Slovenia were given to Yugoslavia Transylvania and the Banat of Temesvar were given to Romania. Treaty of Neuilly

Bulgaria lost territory to Greece and Yugoslavia Bulgaria received territory from Turkey

Treaty of Sevres Syria went to Face as a mandate Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan went to Greece Rhodes and the Dodecanese Islands went to Italy. The Straits were to become a demilitarized zone administered by the League of Nations. Treaty of Lausanne Turkey regained Eastern Thrace, Smyrna, and some territory along the Syrian border and several Aegean islands. Foreign troops were withdrawn from Turkish territory. Turkey didnt have to pay reparations of have its army reduced. Treaty of Rapallo Germany and Russia mutually canceled all prewar debts and renounced war claims Enabled the German army through secret agreements.

Status of the countries: Britain: o The war cost Britain alone more than 34 billion pounds o U-boats had sunk more than 40% of British merchant shipping. o Britain never regained its pre-war international financial predominance o Britain lost several overseas markets. France: o Had farmland, factories, and railway lines along with Western Front totally ruined. America and Japan: o Did well economically and used WWI as an opportunity to rise as a world power. Demands of Italy: Vittorio Orlando o Wanted to retrieve but also gain as much territory as possible. territory theyd been offered at The Treaty of London 1915 which included Trentino and the Tyrol to the Brenner, Trieste and Istria, and all the Dalmatian coast except Fiume. However, the Great powers were only willing to offer Trentino to the Brenner, the Dalmatian port of Zara, the Island of Lagosta and a couple of small German colonies,

Demands of Britain: Lloyd George: o ensure the security of France o remove the threat of the German High Seas Fleet o settle territorial claims and supporting the Wilsonian League of Nations o German navy would be broken down o also wanted the German colonies in Africa. o Lloyd George wanted to be harsh to keep up public image. o But wanted Germany strong enough to be a barrier between Russian communism and Western Europe.

Demands of France: George Clemenceau o Wanted the harshest punishment possible for Germany. o Wanted to make sure that this never happened again. o Thought Wilson's points were far too lenient. o Believed the only way to prevent future war would be to wipe out Germany for good. o Wanted all French territory to be freed and the invaded portions restored o ultimately wanted Germany to pay for the devastation done to Northern France, o wanted the border between France and Germany (the Rhineland) to be demilitarized o wanted to regain the territory of Alsace-Lorraine of which they lost to Germany during the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. Demands of Japan: Saionji Kinmochi o Wanted racial equality proposal o territorial claims for the former German colonies including Marshall Islands, Carolines, Micronesia, Mariana Islands and Shangdong. o only received half of the rights of Germany leaving them dissatisfied.

Covenant of the League of Nations: 26 articles in the Covenant o Articles 1-7: concerned with the membership and organization of the League, its Assembly, Council and Secretariat o Articles 8-17: concerned with the prevention of the war

Articles 18-21: concerned treaty obligations and the Leagues expectations of its member states. o Article 22: concerned the mandated territories o Article 23: concerned humanitarian issues such as labor conditions, the trafficking of women, children and drugs, health issues and the arms trade o Article 24: concerned the commissions o Article 25: promoted Red Cross o Article 26 Set down how amendments to the Covenant were made Political Repercussions and Territorial Changes Statistics for all nations active in WW1 Total casualties (military and civilian): 37 million Australia: 61,928 deaths Canada: 66,944 deaths Indian Empire: 74,187 deaths New Zealand: 18,050 deaths Newfoundland: 1,204 deaths South Africa: 9,463 deaths United Kingdom: 994,138 deaths East Africa: 365,000 deaths Belgium: 120,637 deaths France: 1,697,800 deaths Greece: 176,000 deaths Italy: 1,240,000 deaths Japan: 415 deaths Montenegro: 3,000 deaths Portugal: 89,222 deaths Romania: 680,000 deaths Russia: 3,311,000 deaths Serbia: 725,000 deaths US: 117,465 deaths Austria-Hungary: 1,567,000 deaths Bulgaria: 187,500 deaths Germany: 2,476,897 deaths Ottoman Empire: 2,921,844 deaths
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Territorial Changes Alsace-Lorraine Was originally part of France, after being annexed by King Louis XIV and was ceded to Germany under the Treaty of Frankfurt but returned to France in the Treaty of Versailles.

Sarr

Also known as Saargebiet, it was a region of Germany that was occupied/governed by Britain and France as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. It was restored to Germany after a plebiscite in 1935.

Eupen/Malmedy Used to belong to Germany but possessions were transferred to Belgium in the Treaty of Versailles.

Rhineland Used to belong to Habsburg Netherlands Duchy of Limburg but were annexed by Belgium after WW1 in the Treaty of Versailles.

Schleswig Was returned to Denmark from Germany under the Treaty of Versailles.

West Prussia/Posen and Thorn Was created out of parts of the provinces of Posen and western parts of Western Prussia in the Treaty of Versailles in which the other larger parts of these provinces became parts of the Polish Republic. Posen West Prussia was dissolved in 1938.

Danzig Was created in 1920 through a part of the Treaty of Versailles. It included the city of Danzig and 200+ nearby towns/villages/settlements and became a city-state. It wasnt an autonomous nation and was put into a binding customs union with Poland under the protection of the League of Nations.

Allenstein and Marienwerder/Upper Silesia The eastern part was put under Polish rule while the western part remained as part of the German Reich as the Province of Upper Silesia.

Memel Was put under the administration of the Council of Ambassadors by the Treaty of Versailles. It remained under the control of the League of Nations until the people were allowed to vote on whether the land would return to Germany or not.

African Colonies Cameroons and Togoland belonging to Germany was split up by Britain and France. Ruanda-Urundi of German East Africa was given to Belgium. Kionga Triangle of German East Africa was given to Portugal. German South West Africa was mandated to the Union of South Africa.

Middle East New Zealand was given German Samoa. German New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, and Nauru were given to Australia.

Far-Eastern Asia Germanys islands north of the equator were given to Japan along with Kiautschou in China.

Political Changes: Huge war debts. Since Europe was the centre of the world before WWI, the impact of WWI was felt internationally. o Power balance was finally shifted. Nine new or revived stated came into existence: o Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lituania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia. Russias government was not a Bolshevik dictatorship. Europe remained divided: victors and defeated Britain and France started to lose power. Inflation The Great Depression emerged. o America and Japan were the only countries that benefited from the war and continued on with their strong economy until the Wall Street Crash. The landed aristocracy lost much of its power and influence Women gained rights which they have been denied to before Japan arose as a dominant power in the East Women were able to vote in several countries: o Russia, Austria, Britain, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, America and Belgium.

Spanish Flu: 1918-19 influenza epidemic killed at least 40 million people worldwide

and 675,000 people in the United States victims were men and women age 15 to 44 - the primary working age class U.S. states with higher influenza mortality also had higher business failures o between 1919 and 1921 Cost of War: High death in WW1 affect tradesmen; local villages and rural areas which gain money through tradesmen practices suffer financially o Most significant costs in war (in US dollars) include Britain: 35,334,012,000, Germany: 37,775,000,000, France: 24,265,583,000, US: 22,625,253,000. This data shows the huge toll the war had on Europe as a whole. Post-war costs included care for disabled soldiers, rebuilding of homes, war memorials and cemeteries. demographic shift in population: Postwar baby booms were succeeded by an accelerated decline in birth rates o population of men decrease (Russia: 1,451,000, Britain: 624,000, France: 1,186,000, Germany: 1,796,000) o 300,000-500,000 African Americans left South for North in America for wartime job openings known as the "Great Migration" o 100,000 Mexicans migrating into Texas, Arizona, California, and New Mexico between 1917 and 1920 o workforce: Increase of women involvement in workforce - pre: 200,000, post: 900,000 in Britain, Munitionettes produced 80% of the weapons and shells used by the British Army Ethnic groups: Persecution of German Americans in America, changing names of hamburger to salisbury steak, sauerkraut to liberty cabbage. Creation of American Protective League, and Boy Spies of America to spy on neighbors and coworkers. Economic: England as great creditor nation to United States o US economy increases as war continues, shown through employment rate and profit in war industries o Germany had reparations to make 269 billion gold marks as well as own losses in the war Political: Rise of working class; disparity between working class and aristocracy decreases o Representative working class power includes the Labor Party (1 of 2 major parties in England) Social: Women involvement in the war as workforces and taking care of children o "War children" left behind as men died in war, also marked the "lost generation"
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