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International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
FEATURE
Brewers yeast
as a supplement in aquaculture
by Jan Frericks, Leiber GmbH, Germany
he effect of stress caused by environmental pollution and farming conditions on the health and yield of fish in intensive aquacultures is becoming increasingly important. Factors such as stocking density, contamination, toxins, pollutants and outbreaks of disease have a negative effect on the immune status of the fish. The consequence of this is an increased susceptibility to infection through bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic pathogens. Increased loss rates and reduced growth performance result in lower profitability for the fish production industry. As a consequence, the monetary and
therapeutic antibiotics for fish. The transfer of genes for resistance between different species of bacteria is accelerated, leading to an exacerbation of the problem of resistance in the treatment of human diseases worldwide. Future-oriented production methods in the fish farming industry should therefore be targeted towards minimising the use of antibiotics and medicinal drugs. It is of great importance to analyse the negative effects caused by environmental pollution and farming methods. More crucial still will be to influence the animal's metabolism so that external toxins have a lesser impact, even under intensive conditions. A healthy gut and a functioning
nutrients accumulate within the cells of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Being organically bound ensures high availability of these active substances. Dried brewers yeast is used very often in fish nutrition due to the high bioavailability of the constituent compounds. In addition to this, brewers yeast has cell walls that are composed of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS). This complex network of mannans and glucans serves as a substrate for the beneficial gut flora. The fish's limited digestive tract benefits in particular from the prebiotic properties of the yeast cell walls, which stabilise the gut and ensure a healthy balance of microflora
"The cell wall of brewers yeast comprises approximately 20-25% mannans and 25-30% -glucans. 1,3/1,6(D) glucan molecules can be isolated from it using special hydrolytic processes. The molecules consist of characteristic (1,3)-beta-glycosidic linked D-glucose subunits connected with with irregular beta-(1,6)-linked side chains of various length. Only this free -glucan structure from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an immunomodulatory effect on the metabolism"
quantitative overheads for the vaccination and medicinal treatment of the fish increases. In many cases, antibiotics are given not only therapeutically, but also prophylactically as a standard additive in fish feed. The intensive farming methods used for fish cultivation in aquatic environments with a direct connection to the groundwater are especially liable to facilitate the very rapid and direct spread of problematic production residues to humans. Resistant pathogens and germs do not just limit the effectiveness of
(eubiosis). In addition to this, the mannanoligosaccharides in brewers yeast are able to bind harmful toxins in the food, and thus inhibit their absorption and resultant metabolic harm. Last but not least, the formation of a biofilm on the intestinal mucosa enhances this protective barrier against pathogens.
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FEATURE
Tests were recently performed on several species of fish that confirm a stimulatory effect on the non-specific immune system
and 25-30 percent -glucans. 1,3/1,6(D) glucan molecules can be isolated from it using special hydrolytic processes. The molecules consist of characteristic (1,3)-beta-glycosidic linked D-glucose subunits connected with with irregular beta-(1,6)-linked side chains of various length. Only this free -glucan structure from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an immunomodulatory effect on the metabolism. In contrast with intact yeast cells or mannan-oligosaccharides, free 1,3/1,6(D)glucan molecules are able to pass through the protective epithelial barrier in the gut with the help of specialised M cells. In gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT), -glucans act like antigens, stimulating specific macrophage receptors with their characteristic surface structures (epitopes) (Engstad and Robertsen 1993). A cascade of immune responses is triggered, and non-specific immune system cells such as monocytes, natural killer cells, B-cells, T-cells or lysozymes are released or activated. They put the animal on a high state of alert and preparedness to defend against all types of foreign attack. What differentiates this from an actual infection is that -glucan does not possess any pathogenic properties, and acts without causing any adverse health effects. A quality criterion for the effectiveness of
-glucan products is not only the source and characteristic molecular structure, but also the purity of the product. A minimum content of 70 percent pure 1,3/1,6(D)glucan should be aimed for. The standard grade Leiber BetaS has a -glucan content of 80 percent. The metabolic activity of this product has already been tested on many animal species and verified. Tests were recently performed on several species of fish that confirm a stimulatory effect on the non-specific immune system. Rainbow trout and carp received 0.02 percent glucan (Leiber BetaS) administered in their feed ration. The potential killing activity of phagocytes, the proliferative response of T and Blymphocytes and the concentration of immunoglobulins and lysozymes in the blood serum was measured four weeks and eight weeks after beginning administration. In two repetitions, a significant stimulation of these parameters was demonstrated in both rainbow trout and carp. In subsequent infection studies using two bacterial (Aeromonas salmonicida; Yersinia ruckeri) and one viral pathogen (IPN virus), the survival rate of rainbow trout and carp with 0.02 percent Leiber BetaS in their feed showed an absolute increase of 30-40 percent (Siwicki, et al. 2008; Siwicki, et al. 2009).
FEATURE
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