WELCOME

Class Seminar on
BABUL POD : A UNCONVENTIONAL FEED FOR RUMINANT

Presented to: Dr. Neelam Kewalramani Principal Scientist

Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division National Dairy Research Institute Karnal-132001

Speaker : Umesh Sontakke Ph.D Scholar

INTRODUCTION
Botanical name : Acacia nilotica Acacia- akis meaning thorn/sharp point Nilotica- along the Nile River Prickly acacia Australia Babul India A. nilotica is a native to India, Pakistan and most of the African countries. (Brenan, 1983) The tree is 5-20 m high with a dense spherical crown Pods- resembles beaded necklace, flat, straight or slightly curved Annual availability of A. nilotica pods in India: 600,000 metric tons.
(Punj;1988)
Acacia nilotica Scientific classification

Kingdom:
(unranked): (unranked): (unranked): Order: Family: Genus: Species:

Plantae
Angiosperms Eudicots Rosids Fabales Fabaceae Acacia A. nilotica 3

Babul pods
Scarcity of feed and fodder in developing countries Fodder tree and browse plants are important source Need to use unconventional feed resources Acacia nilotica pods can be used as an energy source in a concentrate mixture for ruminants and improves the efficiency of energy utilization in cattle (Barman and Rai, 2005) Babul pods are important unconventional feed contain 13-14%CP and 65% TDN and can be incorporate in conventional ration (Barman and Rai., 2002) A certain level of tannin containing babul pods in the diet is advantageous to ruminants as it reduces bloat, protect proteins from rumen degradation and act as anti parasitic agent. (Makkar, 2003)

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Acacia nilotica PODS

TANNINS -HT -17.31% -CT -1.4%

EAA (g/100g protein on DM)
Arg His Val 3.10 6.21 1.55

Minerals content ( DM ) Calcium, % 0.34

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (%DM) OM CP CF EE NFE Ash 94.83 13.15 14.94 1.44 65.3 5.17

Phosphorus, % 0.07 Magnesium, % Zinc, ppm Copper, ppm Cobalt, ppm Mn, ppm 0.28 17.00 12.50 2.50 22.50

Isoleu
Leuc Lys Cyst+ Met

2.59
ND 1.03 4.66

Phenyl
Threo Tyros

2.59
ND 2.07

(Barman and Rai, 2002)

Chemical composition of babul leaves and pods & seeds on DMB

Composition Leaves Nitrogen NDF ADF Energy CF 2.2-2.6% 16.9-20.0% 13.3-14.1% Pods and seeds 1.6-2.2% 25% 17%

7.2-8.7 MJ/kg DM 10 MJ/kg DM 10-21% 12-18%

C Tannins

6-12%

4-7%

Barman and Rai, 2006

Proposed metabolism of babul pods tannin in lactating cows

Bioconversion of Tannins into Energy

( Tsai and Jones, 1975,

Tannin
Rumen
Tannase

Tsai et al., 1976; Patel et al., 1981; Krumholz et al., 1986)

Gallic acid
Pyrogallol phloroglucinol isomerase Pyrrogallol

Dihydrophloroglucinol hydratase Dihydrophloroglucinol HOHN-CoA-Transferase

3-Hydroxy- 5 Oxohexanoate (HOHN)

HOHN-CoA-synthetase HOHN-CoA

Acetate

TCA cycle

Butyrate

Chemicals found as a natural component of food or other ingestible forms that have been determined to be beneficial to the human body in preventing or treating one or more diseases or improving physiological performance.

Essential nutrients can be considered neutraceuticals if they provide benefit beyond their essential role in normal growth or maintenance of human body. Example: Antioxidant property of vitamin C and E and poly phenolic compounds like- Catechin, Gallic acid etc.

 Catechin and epicatechin have Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) like activity & prevent lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. (Kim et al., 1995)

Gallic acid is having strong antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities (Shahrzad et al., 2001)

Catechin have an anti-hyperglycemic action & normalizing insulin release. (Wolfram et al., 2006)

Cont

EGCG is at least 100 times more effective than vitamin C and 25 times better than vitamin E at protecting cellular material, DNA, from damage believed to be linked to cancer, heart disease and other potentially life threatening illnesses. (Pillai et al.,1998)

Ellagic acid is inhibiting the metabolism of procarcinogen.

(Cozz et al., 1995)

In vitro degraded products (mg/g) of tannin in cattle

Tannin degraded products (mg/g tannin) Phloroglucinol

22% babul pods in TMR 51.301

Gallic acid
Resorcinol catechin

0.104
62.570 7.630

Barman, 2004

Ingredient composition (%, w/v) of the total mixed ration containing different levels of tannin

HPLC analysis of in vitro degradation products of tannins of TMR II, IV and VI after different incubation periods

13

( Barman et.al.,2008)

In vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and protein of different TMRs containing different tannin levels

( Barman et.al.,2008)
14

DESIGNER MILK POWDER

Feeding babul pods to Cow

Milk collection

Pasteurization

Condensed milk

Spray dryer

Roller dryer

Designer milk powder containing Tannin monomers

Tandon, 2009

Degraded products (g/g tannin) of babul pods tannin in Milk and Milk powder of Cow
Tannin degraded products (g/g)
Phloroglucinol

Milk 268.26 2.89

ND ND

Milk powder 2.91 ND ND ND ND 0.02 Tandon and Rai, 2009

Gallic acid Resorcinol

Catechin gallate

10.24 Catechin Epicatechin Reference 0.07

Barman and Rai, 2006

In vitro fermentation of tannin-rich tree fruits

Partition factor (IVOMD mg /ml) gas species

D. cinerea A. erioloba A. erubescens A. nilotica A. sieberiana

6h
19.9 5.9 13.1 36.0 15.4

12h
8.5 4.2 7.9 18.7 7.0

24h
6.1 4.0 5.7 11.3 5.1

48h
4.7 3.7 4.6 7.8 4.1

96h
4.4 3.2 4.5 6.3 3.7

Smith et al., 2008

Partition factors (IVOMD mg/ml) for separated fruit fractions

species A. erioloba fraction hulls seed A. erubescens hulls seed A. nilotica hulls seed P. thoningii hulls seed A. sieberiana hulls seed 6h 10.7 10.1 13.8 23.2 48.8 9.0 7.0 13.5 19.8 9.3 12h 5.5 6.4 6.7 12.7 23.9 5.7 4.2 6.3 7.5 6.3 24h 4.2 6.3 4.9 8.0 14.9 5.4 4.2 4.5 5.2 5.3 48h 4.0 5.6 4.4 6.2 10.7 4.5 3.6 4.1 4.5 4.4 96h 3.4 4.8 4.3 5.7 7.7 4.0 3.6 3.9 4.3 3.8

Smith et al., 2008

In-vitro digestibility (% DM) and gas production in cattle

Parameters Different levels of Babul Pods (BP)
% 43 % BP 54 % BP Control 22 % BP 32 BP (6 % (8% (10% 0% BP (4%
tannin) tannin) tannin) tannin)

65 % BP (12% tannin)

IVDMD (%) IVOMD (%) IVCPD (%) IVGP (ml/g)

66.64 67.19 77.15 174.07

63.75 64.91 49.34 178.33

60.03 62.34 49.09 187.33

59.74 62.28 47.66 177.67

59.25 60.7.3 46.49 170.33

52.75 54.71 44.65 148.00

(Barman and Rai, 2006)

Effect of graded levels of tannin from Acacia nilotica pods on in vitro nutrient digestibility, gas production and NH3 production in GNC after 24 h

Level of tannin (%)

Parameter 0 1 2 3 4 5

IVTDMD% IVTOMD%

81.96 78.84

77.95 77.07

78.69 77.11

76.83 77.10

75.36 76.64

75.10 76.40

IVGP
(ml/g/h)

5.92 92.50b 15.76b

5.84 90.93b 16.14b

5.77 90.13b 16.56b

5.71 90.08ab 13.76ab

5.82 87.14a 9.56a

5.92 87.05a 6.34a

IVTCPD% NH3-N
(mg/dl SRL)

(Thirumeignanam , 2010)

Effect of treated groundnut cake with graded levels of tannins from Acacia nilotica pods on effective crude protein degradability, RDP, UDP values

parameter

GNC0

GNC1

GNC2

GNC3

GNC4

GNC5

ECPD%

90c

83b

80b

80b

76a

73a

CP( g/kg DM)

440.0

422.2

408.2

397.0

385.2

375.7

RDP( g/kg DM)

397.0

352.0

327.8

319.1

291.9

275.4

UDP( g/kg DM)

43.0

70.2

80.4

77.9

93.2

100.3

(Thirumeignanam, 2010)

Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods with different sources of protein on digestible nutrient intake (Kg/d) in crossbred heifers.
Digestible Nutrient intake(kg/d)

Parameters

GNC(C)

GNC+AP

SBM(C)

SBM+AP

DM
OM CP

2.15a
1.99 0.42b

2.13a
2.06 0.36a

2.36ab
2.15 0.44b

2.41b
2.23 0.41b

EE
CF

0.05b
0.44a

0.04a
0.59b

0.05aab
0.51ab

0.05ab
0.61b

C= control, AP= 3% Acacia pod tannin

( Thirumeignanam,2010)

Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods with different sources of protein on digestibility coefficient(%) of nutrients in crossbred heifers Digestible Coefficient(%) GNC GNC+AP SBM SBM+AP

DM
OM CP EE CF NFE

46.55a
47.90 65.06b 61.41b 40.48a 46.12

46.77ab
49.57 60.06a 52.01a 50.93b 46.09

50.11ab
50.29 66.34b 57.13ab 47.39ab 46.95

51.25b
52.68 66.19b 62.61b 55.30b 47.68

C= control, AP= 3% Acacia pod tannin

( Thirumeignanam,2010)

Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods with different protein sources on energy and protein utilization efficiency for milk production in cows.
parameter Milk yield(Kg/d) Milk energy yield(Mcal/d) GNC(C) 15.47 14.30 GNC+AP 15.65 14.61 SBM(C) 14.62 13.48 SBM+AP 14.92 14.04

DMI(Kg)/Kg milk yield

DMI(Kg)/kg FCM yieid Gross protein efficiency,%

1
0.94 33.20

0.98
0.92 34.40 32.14

1.08
1.05 33.01 27.02

1.04
0.96 34.93 32.86

Gross energetic 31.44 efficiency,% C= control, AP= 3% Acacia pod tannin

( Thirumeignanam,2010)

Effect of Acacia nilotica pods on DMI, Milk yield and its efficiency in Crossbred Cows T1 - 0 % tannin (Without Babul pods) 389.16 13.27 12.29 11.75 1.04 31.86 T2 - 3 % tannin Babul pods (16.7 %) 368.05 13.32 13.41** 12.95** 0.91* 33.89*

Parameters Body weight, kg DMI, kg/d 4 % FCM yield, kg/d Milk yield, kg/d DMI/kg MY Protein utilization efficiency(%)

No change in milk composition between two groups

** HS, * S

(Dubey, 2007)

Ingredients and proximate composition of experimental feeds and fodders

Average body weight, body weight gain and linear body measurements of experimental preweaned lambs

26 ( Trivedi et al.2005)

Cost of rearing and realizable receipts from lambs under different feeding regimes

( Trivedi et al.,2005)

27

Detoxification of Tannin

28

Detoxification of tannin

Physical, chemical and biological treatments have been explored to detoxify tannins

Treatment

of

babul

pods

with

Ca(OH)2

enhanced

the

degradation of tannins to the extent of more than 80% which

improved the utilization of the tannins containing materials.

(Aemiro,2002)

Ingredients composition of the concentrate mixture used for feeding

Effect of feeding different TMRs on digestible nutrients intake by lactating goats

( Kushwaha et.al.,2011)

30

Effect of different TMRs on nutrient digestibility in lactating goats

Effect of different TMRs on Feed conversion, energy and protein utilization efficiency in lactating goats

31

( Kushwaha et.al.,2011)

PEG prevent the formation of tannin-protein complexes thus alleviating the deleterious effect of tannin on protein. (Banerjee, 1998)

PEG is known to break already formed tannin-protein

complexes,as their affinity for tannins is higher than for proteins. (Makkar , 2003)

Tannins could be removed by addition of certain adsorbants, such as PVP and PEG to which it bind more strongly than proteins. (Loomis, 1974)

Inactivation of tannins through PEG increased availability of nutrients and decreased microbial inhibition, which in turn increased degradability of nutrients leading to higher animal performance.

(Makkar, 2003)

Hydrogen bond

 Tannins at low concentration are known to alter rumen fermentation

(Bhatta et al., 2000; Barman and Rai, 2006),

microbial protein synthesis

(Makkar et al., 1995a),

essential amino acids absorption

(Waghorn et al., 1987; Min et al., 1999)

reproduction
(Min et al., 1999, 2000,2001; Luque et al., 2000)

35

Threshold level of tannin in feed

Species Growing calves lactating cows Cattle lactating goats Sheep Poultry Rat %Tannic acid 4 3 3-5 4 2-4 0.5-3 1-2 Reference Barman and Rai, 2004 Dubey, 2007 Begovic et al.,1998 Merga, 2006 Mcsweeney et al., 2003 Smith et al., 2001 Smith et al., 2001

conclusion
Acacia nilotica pods can be used as organic protectant of protein from rumen degradation Acacia nilotica pods at the rate of 3-4% tannin equivalent diet can be added Beyond threshold level, it reduces feed intake, digestibility of various nutrients, milk production and also produce diseases like liver necrosis, degeneration of renal tubules etc in cattle It has neutraceutical properities due to metabolic products of tannin
37

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