Digestion vital process by which the food is broken down into its simplest form.

. Mechanical food is broken down into smaller particles. Chemical food is converted into simplest form. Teeth 4 types: 1.incisors-front teeth -8 2.canine 4 3.premolars 8 4.molars 12 Wisdom teeth develop after the age of puberty Milk teeth 20 Structure of the teeth: Crown visible part of the tooth Neck gum Root part of the tooth imbedded in the jaw bone Enamel outer layer of the crown made up of the hardest substance in the body Dentine second layer of the tooth which is very sensitive to the sudden change in temperature Pulp cavity the central cavity of the tooth which contains nerves and blood capillaries Cement outer layer of the root which protects it Tongue most mobile part of the body : participates in the act of swallowing; articulate speech; for taste perception perceives the taste of food. Papillae tiny protuberance on the surface of the tongue which contains taste buds. Taste bud part of the papillae which contains taste receptor Taste receptor uberance on the surface which contain taste buds Gustatory nerve carries information of taste from tongue to brain Salivary glands produce secrete saliva Saliva mixes with food so that it can easily be swallowed 3 Pairs of salivary glands : Parotid found under the ears (parotitis infection of the parotid) Submandibular under the lower jaw Sublingual under the tongue 3 Enzymes in saliva: Amylase which breaks down starch into maltose Maltase which breaks down maltose into glucose Lysozyme kills bacteria in mouth (prot.enzyme) Oesophagus 25-30 cm long, solid food 35 sec, liquid 3 sec Peristalsis consecutive contraction and relaxation of the digestive wall which allows the passage of food along the digestive organs Stomach digestive organ where food is temporarily stored Parts of stomach: 1. Cardia receives food from oesophagus 2. Fundus upper part of the stomach 3. Stomach body where most of the food is stored 4. Pylorus lower part which leads to small intestine Sphincter ring like muscles which control the passage of food from the stomach to small intestine Gastric juice contains 3 substances: 1. HCl kills microorganisms in stomach; activates pepsin 2. Pepsin converts protein into peptides Peptides small chain of amino acids. 3. Mucus slimy substance which neutralizes the HCl acid in stomach

Small intestine where final digestion of food takes place Parts: duodenum receives food from stomach ; Jejunum -middle part of small intestine where final digestion of food takes place Liver participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; makes poisonous substances harmless; stores glycogen; maintains constant body temperature; produces bile yellowish substance which breaks down fats into small globules Gall bladder pouch-like organ where bile is stored Bile duct tubule where bile passes from the gall bladder to duodenum Pancreas produce pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes : Trypsin breaks down peptides into amino acids Lipase - breaks down fat globules into fatty acid and glycerol Pancreatic amylase - breaks down starch into maltose Pancreatic duct tubule where pancreatic juice passes from pancreas to duodenum Villi finger-like projections on the intestinal wall where absorption of digested food takes place Lymphatic capillaries absorb fatty acid and glycerol capillaries Blood capillaries absorb amino acid and glucose Intestinal glands produce intestinal juice which contains enzymes: Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose Fructase breaks down fructose into glucose Sucrase sucrose into glucose Lactase lactose into glucose Large intestine shorter than the small intestine functions : For reabsorption of liquids ; for storage of undigested food which forms into faeces Blind gut lower part of the large intestine which receives undigested food Appendix rudimentary organ on the lower part of the large intestine Rectum organ where faeces is temporarily stored Anus external opening where faeces is excreted