BSc (Hons) in Civil Engineering

BLT3014 Hydraulics 3C
Worked Examples
1
Uniform flow in open channels Chezy example
A rectangular channel 3.5m wide has a bed slope So of 0.005 (1 in 200) and a Chezy C
value of 50. Determine the flowrate in the channel when the depth is 1.2m
1.2m
3.5m
o
RS AC Q A = 3.5 x 1.2 = 4.2m
2
, P = 1.2 + 3.5 + 1.2 = 5.9m
R = A = 4.2 = 0.712m
P 5.9
005 . 0 x 712 . 0 50 x 2 . 4 Q = 12.53m
3
/sec
Uniform flow in open channels Manning example
A trapezoidal channel is to be designed to convey 15m
3
/sec of water at a maximum velocity
of 2m/sec so as to minimise erosion of the channel bed. The channel is to be cut through
natural ground, which will give a Manning n value of 0.025. The base width of the channel
will be 2m and the sides will slope at 1 vertical to 2 horizontal. Determine the depth of flow y
and the required bed slope So for the channel.
y
2.0m 2y
2
1
0
3
2
S R
n
A
Q

A = Q = 15.0 = 7.5m
2
= ( 2 + 2 + 4y ) x y , 2y
2
+ 2y - 7.5 = 0 , y = 1.5m
V 2.0 2.0
P =
2 2
0 . 3 5 . 1 2 0 . 2 + + = 8.71m
R = A = 7.5 = 0.861m
P 8.71
15 = 7.5 x 0.861
2/3
x So
1/2
, So = ( 15 x 0.025 )
2
= 0.0031 = 1 in 323
2
0.025 7.5 x 0.861
2/3
Specific energy example
Water flows at a rate of 8m
3
/sec in a 2.5m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 1.5m. A
bed hump is located in the channel which causes the water surface to drop by 0.1m.
Determine the height of the hump. What height of hump would cause critical depth flow over
the hump?
Specific energy line
v1
2
/2g v2
2
/2g
1.5m (1.4 h) 1.4m
h
1 2
Specific Energy at any point (relative to the bed at that point)
2g
v
y E
2
+ (pg 7)
Assuming no energy loss across the bed hump
2g
v
y
2
1
1
+ = h
2g
v
y
2
2
2
+ +
y2 + h = 1.4m , v1 = Q = 8 = 2.133 m/sec
A1 2.5 x 1.5
Therefore
19.62
133 . 2
5 . 1
2
+
=
19.62
v
4 . 1
2
2
+ hence v2 = 2.552 m/sec
v2 = Q 2.552 = 8 thus y2 = 1.254m and h = 1.4 1.254 = 0.146m
A2 2.5 x y2
For critical flow over the hump:
q = flow per unit = 8/2.5 = 3.2m
3
/sec/m,
3
2
c
g
q
y =
3
2
81 . 9
2 . 3
= 1.014m (pg 9)
vc = Q = 8 = 3.156 m/sec, (
c c
gy v = 014 . 1 x 81 . 9 = 3.154 m/sec)
Ac 2.5 x 1.014
19.62
133 . 2
5 . 1
2
+
= h
19.62
156 . 3
014 . 1
2
+ + , h = 0.208m
3
Broad crested weir example
A broad crested weir (bcw) 1.5m high is located in a 50m wide river. Measurements taken
during a flood event showed the upstream water level to be 1.2m above the crest of the weir.
Determine the approximate flood flow rate in the river.
Specific energy line
v1
2
/2g vc
2
/2g
2.7m yc
1.5 m
1 2
Providing weir is not drowned (water level downstream artificially raised) then critical depth
flow will occur at some point on the weir.
Q = A x v = yc x B x vc , now
c c
gy v (pg 9)
c c
gy x B x y Q = yc
1.5
x B x 9.81
0.5

now yc = 2 E2 (pg 9) (Note E2 = Ec)
3
Therefore Q =
5 . 1 5 . 1
2
5 . 1
81 . 9 x B x E x
3
2

,
_

= 1.705 x B x E2
1.5
(bcw equation)
We dont know Q and therefore cannot determine vc and E2. As a first guess assume v1 is
small (hence v1
2
/2g is small) and therefore E1 is approximately equal to y1. Assuming no
energy loss across the weir then:
E1 = E2 + h , thus 2.7 = E2 + 1.5 hence E2 = 1.2m

Therefore Q = 1.705 x 50 x 1.2
1.5
= 112.1m
3
/sec
v1 = Q = 112.1 = 0.830 m/sec, v1
2
= 0.83
2
= 0.035m, E1 = 2.735m & E2 = 1.235m
A1 2.7x50 2g 19.62
Q = 1.705 x 50 x 1.235
1.5
= 117.0 m
3
/sec
(Iterating one step further gives v1 = 0.848 m/sec and Q = 117.4 m
3
/sec)
4
Venturi-flume Example
A venturi-flume, situated in a long rectangular channel of width 1.0m, has a throat width of
0.4m. A sluice gate is situated some distance downstream of the flume which can be used to
adjust the water level in the channel. Determine:
a) The discharge, when the sluice is lowered causing a depth just upstream of the flume
of 0.55m and a depth at the throat of 0.47m (i.e. flume is drowned).
b) The depth upstream of the flume, when the sluice is raised and hence the
downstream water level is lowered, to create critical depth flow at the throat for the
same discharge.
c) The upstream depth if a 0.2m bed hump is introduced at the throat. Flow at the throat
remaining critical for the same discharge.
1.0m 1 Flow 2 0.4m 3
Plan view of flume
Specific energy line
1 2 3
Longitudinal sectional view of flume
a)
B1 = 1.0m, B2 = 0.4m, y1 = 0.55m, y2 = 0.47m
Assuming no energy loss through flume, then E1 = E2 = E3
2
2
2
2 2
gA 2
Q
y
2gy
q
y
2g
v
y E + + +
5
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
gA 2
Q
y
gA 2
Q
y + + , thus
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
4 . 0 x 47 . 0 x 62 . 19
Q
47 . 0
1 x 55 . 0 x 62 . 19
Q
55 . 0 + +
0.55 + 0.169 Q
2
= 0.47 + 1.442 Q
2
, 0.08 = 1.273 Q
2
273 . 1
08 . 0
Q = 0.251 m
3
/sec
b)
q = Q (flow rate per unit width)
B
q1 = q3 = 0.251 = 0.251 m
3
/sec, q2 = 0.251 = 0.628 m
3
/sec
1.0 0.4
y2 =
3
2
c
g
q
y
3
2
81 . 9
628 . 0

= 0.343m
E2 = Ec = 3 y2 = 1.5 x 0.343 = 0.515m
2
2
1
2
1
1
2gy
q
y 515 . 0 +
2
1
2
1
y 19.62
0.251
y +
2
1
-3
1
y
3.21x10
y +
By iteration y1 = 0.502m
c)
Specific energy line
y1 yc
0.2m
1 2
From part b) Ec

for this flowrate = 0.515m and y2 = yc
E1 = E2 + 0.2 = 0.515 + 0.2 = 0.715m
2
1
2
1
1
2gy
q
y 715 . 0 +
2
1
2
1
y 19.62
0.251
y +
2
1
-3
1
y
3.21x10
y +
By iteration y1 = 0.708m
6
Hydraulic Jump Example 1
Water is passed along a 4.5m wide rectangular channel at a flow rate of 17.6 m
3
/sec. A
sluice gate is situated at the downstream end of the channel. The opening under the sluice
gate is 0.76m. Just downstream of the sluice a hydraulic jump forms. Assuming no energy
losses across the sluice and that the coefficient of contraction CC for flow under the sluice is
0.6 determine:
1. The depth of flow just downstream of the sluice (i.e just upstream of the hydraulic
jump).
2. The depth of water just upstream of the sluice gate.
3. The depth of water just downstream of the hydraulic jump.
4. The energy and power lost in the hydraulic jump.
5. The resultant thrust on the sluice gate.
Specific energy line
y1
y3
y2

1 2 3
1) y2 = 0.6 x 0.76 = 0.456m
2) E1 = E2 therefore
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
gA 2
Q
y
gA 2
Q
y + +
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
1
456 . 0 x 5 . 4 x 62 . 19
6 . 17
456 . 0
y x 5 . 4 x 62 . 19
6 . 17
y + + = 4.206 by iteration y1 = 4.160m
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2 3
gy
v
Fr ; 1 Fr 8 1 y 5 . 0 y +
(pg 16)
v2 = 17.6 = 8.577 m/sec
4.5 x 0.456
2
2
2
gy
v
Fr
=
456 . 0 x 81 . 9
577 . 8
= 4.055
7
( ) 1 055 . 4 x 8 1 456 . 0 x 5 . 0 y
2
3
+ = 2.397m
v3 = 17.6 = 1.632 m/sec
4.5 x 2.397
4) E = E2 - E3 =

,
_

+
g 2
v
y
2
2
2
-

,
_

+
g 2
v
y
2
3
3

E =

,
_

+
62 . 19
577 . 8
456 . 0
2
-

,
_

+
62 . 19
632 . 1
397 . 2
2
= 4.206 - 2.533 = 1.673m
Power loss P = gQ E = 9810 x 17.6 x 1.673 = 288854 watts (288.9 Kw)
5)
M1
M2
Resultant force on gate P = (M1 - M2) g (pg 12)

,
_

+
1 1
1
2
1
y A
A g
Q
M
,

,
_

+
2 2
2
2
2
y A
A g
Q
M
P=
( )
( )
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
2
456 . 0
x 456 . 0 x 5 . 4
456 . 0 x 5 . 4 ( x 81 . 9
6 . 17
2
16 . 4
x 16 . 4 x 5 . 4
16 . 4 x 5 . 4 x 81 . 9
6 . 17
2 2
x 9810
P = (40.628 - 15.856) x 9810 = 243013N
Hydraulic Jump Example 2
8
Water flows along a 3m wide rectangular channel at rate of 6.0m
3
/sec. A broad crested weir
is located in the channel which causes a hydraulic jump to form in the channel just
downstream of the weir. The depth of flow just downstream of the jump is 1.2m. Find the
height of the weir h above the base of the channel assuming no energy loss across the weir.
Specific energy line
y1 yc 1.2m
y3
h
1 2 3 4
v4 = Q = 6 = 1.667 m/sec
A4 3 x 1.2
( )
4
4
4
2
4 4 3
gy
v
Fr ; 1 Fr 8 1 y 5 . 0 y +
=
2 . 1 x 81 . 9
667 . 1
= 0.486 (subcritical)
( ) 1 486 . 0 x 8 1 2 . 1 x 5 . 0 y
2
3
+
= 0.420m
v3 = Q = 6 = 4.762 m/sec
A3 3 x 0.42
3
3
3
gy
v
Fr
=
2 . 1 x 81 . 9
762 . 4
= 2.346
2g
v
y E
2
3
3 3
+ =
19.62
4.762
420 . 0
2
+ = 1.576m, E3 = E2 + h , therefore h = E3 E2
y2 = yc as critical depth flow occurs over weir.
Flow per unit width q = Q = 6 = 2.0 m
3
/sec/m
b 3
y2 =
3
2
c
g
q
y
3
2
81 . 9
0 . 2

= 0.742m and v2 =
c c
gy v 742 . 0 x 81 . 9 v
c
= 2.697 m/sec
E2 = Ec = 3 y2 = 1.5 x 0.742 = 1.113m
2
h = 1.576 1.113 = 0.463m
Gradually Varied Flow Worked example Depth calculated from distance
9
A rectangular channel 1.5m wide has a uniform slope of 1 in 1600 and a uniform flow depth
of 0.75m when the discharge is 0.56m
3
/s. A sluice is lowered increasing the depth just
upstream of it to 1.0m. How far upstream of the sluice will the depth be 0.83m?
For uniform flow, width = 1.5m, depth = 0.75m, So = 1
1600
R = A = 1.5 x 0.75 = 0.375m
P 2(0.75) + 1.5
vo = Q = 0.56 = 0.498 m/sec
A 1.5 x 0.75
Chezy,
f
s R C = v , 0.498 = C
1600
1
x 375 . 0
Hence C = 32.529m

sec
For an accurate solution a series of small steps are chosen between the depth at the sluice
(1.0m) and the required depth (0.83m). (Note the backwater curve becomes asymptotic near
the normal depth therefore for calculation purposes the curve is deemed to finish 50mm
above this depth). The variation of Chezy C with depth is considered.
C = 1 R
1/6
(n is the Manning number)
n
From the above, at uniform flow: c = 32.529 & R = 0.375m
Hence n = 0.375
1/6
= 0.026
32.529
Therefore in general C = 1 R
1/6
or C
2
= 1479 R
1/3
0.026
10
Referring to the table overleaf. Depth intervals are chosen from 1.0m to 0.83m as shown in
column 1 (the smaller the interval the greater the accuracy)
Columns 1 to 9 are compiled at each section
Column 10 lists the mean values of v
2
at each section
C
2
R
Columns 12 and 13 list E and x respectively (x is the distance between sections)
Column 14 summates x to give the required distance
Gradually varied flow example
Work back upstream from the sluice using depth increments of 50mm.
At the sluice depth y = 1.0m
Breadth of channel b = 1.5m, therefore Area A = 1.0 x 1.5 = 1.5m
2
Wetted perimeter P = (1.0 x 2) + 1.5 = 3.5m
Hydraulic radius R = A = 1.5 = 0.429m
P 3.5
C
2
= 1479 R
1/3
= 1479 x 0.429
0.333
= 1115
Velocity v = Q = 0.56 = 0.373m/sec
A 1.5
Kinetic energy = V
2
= 0.373
2
= 0.0071m
2g 19.62
Specific Energy E = y + v
2
= 1.0 + 0.0071 = 1.0071m
2g
v
2
= 0.373
2
= 2.909 x 10
-4
C
2
R 1115 x 0.429
At the depth y = 0.95m
Breadth of channel b = 1.5m, therefore Area A = 0.95 x 1.5 = 1.425m
2
Wetted perimeter P = (0.95 x 2) + 1.5 = 3.4m
Hydraulic radius R = A = 1.425 = 0.419m
P 3.4
11
C
2
= 1479 R
1/3
= 1479 x 0.419
0.333
= 1107
Velocity v = Q = 0.56 = 0.393m/sec
A 1.425
Kinetic energy = V
2
= 0.393
2
= 0.0079m
2g 19.62
Specific Energy E = y + v
2
= 0.95 + 0.0079 = 0.9579m
2g
v
2
= 0.393
2
= 3.330 x 10
-4
C
2
R 1107 x 0.419
Work out the mean value of sf (slope of TEL) between the two depths
2
x10 3.330 10 x 2.909
R C
v
-4 -4
m
2
2
+

1
]
1

= 3.120 x 10
-4
4
m
2
2
O
10 x 120 . 3
1600
1
R C
v
S


1
]
1

= 3.13x10
-4
m 190 . 157
10 x 13 . 3
0492 . 0
R C
v
S
E
x
4
m
2
2
O

1
]
1

For a quick approximate solution (ignoring the variation of Chezy C with depth), proceed as
follows;
12
C for uniform flow = 32.529 m
1/2
/sec (as previously calculated)
Depth at sluice = 1.0m and depth at point considered = 0.83m
Take intermediate point where depth = 1.83 = 0.915m
2
At this point R = 1.5 x 0.915 = 0.412m
1.5 + 2(0.915)
v = Q = 0.56 = 0.408 m/sec
A 1.5 x 0.915
For non uniform flow
f
s R C = v and hence
Sf = v
2
= 0.408
2
= 0.000382
C
2
R 32.529
2
x 0.412
Now the surface slope dy = So - Sf
dx 1 Fr
2
And Fr
2
= v
2
= 0.408
2
= 0.019
g y 9.81 x 0.915
And bed slope So = 1 = 0.000625
1600
Therefore dy = 0.000625 - 0.000382 = 0.000248
dx 1 - 0.019
Therefore dx = dy = 1.0 - 0.83 = 685.5m
0.000248 0.000248
Compares with 692m from step method.
13
y
(m)
A
(m
2
)
P
(m)
R
(m)
C
2
(m/s
2
)
V
(m/s)
v
2
/2g
(m)
E
(m)
v
2
/C
2
R
x 10
-4
(v
2
/C
2
R)m
x 10
-4
(so -v
2
/C
2
R)m
x 10
-4

E
(m)
x
(m)
x=x
(m)
1.0 1.50 3.5 0.429 1115 0.373 0.0071 1.0071 2.909
3.120 3.130 0.0492 157.2 0
0.95 1.425 3.4 0.419 1107 0.393 0.0079 0.9579 3.330
3.583 2.667 0.0491 184.1 157.2
0.90 1.35 3.3 0.409 1098 0.415 0.0088 0.9088 3.835
341.3
0.85
0.83
14
y
(m)
A
(m
2
)
P
(m)
R
(m)
C
2
(m/s
2
)
V
(m/s)
v
2
/2g
(m)
E
(m)
v
2
/c
2
R
x 10
-
(v
2
/C
2
R)m
x 10
-4
(So -v
2
/C
2
R)m
x 10
-4

E
(m)
x
(m)
x=x
(m)
1.0 1.50 3.5 0.429 1115 0.373 0.0071 1.0071 2.909
3.120 3.130 0.0492 157.2 0
0.95 1.425 3.4 0.419 1107 0.393 0.0079 0.9579 3.330
3.583 2.667 0.0491 184.1 157.2
0.90 1.35 3.3 0.409 1098 0.415 0.0088 0.9088 3.835
4.143 2.107 0.0490 232.6 341.3
0.85 1.275 3.2 0.398 1088 0.439 0.0098 0.8598 4.451
4.596 1.654 0.0195 117.9 573.9
0.83 1.245 3.16 0.394 1084 0.450 0.0103 0.8403 4.741
691.8
15
16
Pump characteristics example1
A scale model of a pump has been tested and the following results obtained:
Impeller diameter (D) 100mm
Power input (P) 2.5Kw
Speed (N) 1200 r.p.m.
Flow (Q) 10 litres/sec
Head (H) 15m
Efficiency (E) 60%
Determine the speed and size of a geometrically similar pump which would deliver a flow
rate of 25 litres/sec against a 22m resistance head. Determine the power input required by
this pump.
H
2 2
P
5 3
Q
3
K
D N
H g
, K
D N
P
, K
D N
Q

Using the above coefficients, where m = scale model & p = prototype:

3
P P
3 3
P P
P
3
m m
m
D N
025 . 0
1 . 0 x 1200
01 . 0
thus ,
D N
Q
D N
Q

,
Hence NP DP
3
= 0.025 x 1200 x 0.1
3
= 3.0
0.01
And NP = 3.0 - equation (1)
DP
3
2
P
2
P
2 2 2
p
2
P
P
2
m
2
m
m
D N
22
1 . 0 x 1200
15
thus ,
D N
H g
D N
H g

Hence NP
2
DP
2
= 22 x 1200
2
x 0.1
2
= 21120 - equation (2)
15
17
Substitute for Np from equation (1) into equation (2)
21120
D
D 9
thus , 21120 D x
D
0 . 3
6
P
2
P 2
P
2
3
P

,
_

m 144 . 0 D and , 10 x 261 . 4
21120
9
D thus , 21120
D
9
P
4 4
P
4
P


Therefore NP = 3.0 = 1005 r.p.m
0.144
3
5 3
P
5 3 5
p
3
P
P
5
m
3
m
m
144 . 0 x 1005 x 1000
P
1 . 0 x 1200 x 1000
5 . 2
thus ,
D N
P
D N
P

Hence PP = 2.5 x 1005

3
x 0.144
5
= 9.092 Kw
1200
3
x 0.1
5
(Check Input power = Output power = g Q H = 9810 x 0.025 x 22 = 8.993 Kw)
Efficiency E 0.6
Pump characteristics example2
A centrifugal pump has been tested at 600 rev/min and found to deliver 42 litres/sec at a
head of 36m when operating at a maximum efficiency of 65%. The pump is to be installed in
a pipe system with a static head lift of 25m and a frictional head loss of 4m when the flow
rate is 20 litres/sec. The pump is to operate at maximum efficiency in this pipe system.
Determine the speed at which the pump should be operated and the discharge and head
difference across the pump.
H
2 2
P
5 3
Q
3
K
D N
H g
, K
D N
P
, K
D N
Q

Using the above coefficients, where t = test and o = operational.

2
o
o
2
o t
2
o
2
o
o
2
t
2
t
t
N
H
600
36
thus , D D now ,
D N
H g
D N
H g

18
and Ho = 36 x No
2
= 1.0 x 10
-4
No
2
- equation (1)
360000
o
o
3
o o
o
3
t t
t
N
Q
600
042 . 0
thus ,
D N
Q
D N
Q

and Qo = 7.0 x 10
-5
No - equation (2)
For the system hf = K Q
2
, hf = 4.0m when Q = 20 litres/sec
4.0 = K x 0.02
2
, K = 4.0 = 10,000
0.02
2
Static head hs = 25m
Ho for system = hs + hf = hs + KQ
2
= 25 + 10,000 Qo
2
Subs for Ho and Qo from equations (1) and (2)
1.0 x 10
-4
No
2
= 25 + 10,000 x (7.0 x 10
-5
x No)
2
1.0 x 10
-4
No
2
= 25 + 4.9 x 10
-5
No
2
1.0 x 10
-4
No
2
- 4.9 x 10
-5
No
2
= 25
5.1 x 10
-5
No
2
= 25
. m . p . r 700
10 x 1 . 5
25
N
5
o

Ho = 1.0 x 10
-4
No
2
= 1.0 x 10
-4
x 700
2
= 49m
Qo = 7.0 x 10
-5
No = 7.0 x 10
-5
x 700 = 0.049 m
3
/sec
19
PUMP MATCHING EXAMPLES
1)
Water from a land drainage scheme is to be lifted from a proposed pumping station to a
nearby river. Four centrifugal pumps connected in parallel are to be installed in the station.
Each pump has the characteristics given below:
Q (litres/s) 0 30 60 90 120
H (m) 15 14 12.5 10 6
E (%) 0 54 66 60 50
P (Kw) 9 9.8 10.5 11 11.2
The pumps are set up such that in low flows 1 or 2 pumps operate and in high flows all four
pumps operate.
The pumping main is 450mm in diameter, 300m in length (allowing for minor losses) and has
a roughness height Ks of 1.5mm.
The main has a free outfall into the river 7.5m above the start level for one pump, 7m above
the start level for two pumps and 6m above the start level for four pumps.
Determine:
(a) The quantities delivered at low and high flows.
(b) The power consumed in each case.
(c) The efficiencies in each case.
(2)
Two of the above pumps are set up in series. They discharge into a 225m diameter main,
500m in length with a Ks value of 1.5mm. Determine the quantity delivered, power
consumed and pump efficiency when the static head is 12m.
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21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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PUMP MATCHING TABLE - 4 PUMPS IN PARALLEL
Flow (l/s)
0 30 60 90 120 180 240 360 480
H for one pump
alone (m)
15 14 12.5 10 6
H for two pumps in
parallel (m)
15 14 12.5 10 6
H for four pumps in
parallel (m)
15 14 12.5 10 6
h
f
for one pump
alone (m)
0 0.05 0.13 0.3 0.52
h
f
for two pumps
in parallel (m)
0 0.13 0.52 1.20 2.10
h
f
for four pumps in
parallel (m)
0 0.52 2.10 4.70 8.33
H
T
for one pump
alone (m)
7.5 7.55 7.63 7.80 8.02
H
T
for two pumps in
parallel (m)
7.0 7.13 7.52 8.20 9.10
H
T
for four pumps
in parallel (m)
6.0 6.52 8.10 10.70 14.33
Power for one
pump alone KW)
9.0 9.8 10.5 11.0 11.2
Efficiency for one
0 54 66 60 50
29
pump (%)
Pumps in parallel graphs
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Flow (litres/sec)
H
e
a
d

(
m
)
Single pump
Two pumps in parallel
Four pumps in parallel
30
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
31
PUMP MATCHING TABLE FOR TWO PUMPS IN SERIES
Flow
(l/s)
0 30 60 90 120
Head for one pump alone
(m)
15 14 12.5 10 6
Head for two pumps in series
(m)
30 28 25 20 12
h
f
for two pumps in series
(m)
0 2.2 8.6 19.6 35.5
H
T
for two pumps in series
(m)
12 14.2 20.6 31.6 47.5
Power for two pumps in series
(KW)
18 19.6 21 22 22.4
Efficiency for two pumps in
series (%)
0 54 66 60 50
32
Pumps in series graphs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Flow (litres/sec)
H
e
a
d

(
m
)
Single pump
Two pumps in series
33
Pumps in series graphs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Flow (litres/sec)
H
e
a
d

(
m
)
34
PJ3/J4 Tutorial Questions
1. Broad crested weir tutorial
A broad crested weir 1.2m high is located in a 20m wide river. Measurements taken during a
flood event showed the rate of flow in the river to be 32m
3
/sec. Assuming critical depth flow
over the weir, determine the approximate depth of water just upstream of the weir. (2.13m)
Venturi-flume tutorial
A long rectangular channel of width 6m is fitted with a venturi flume of throat width 3.0m.
Some distance downstream of the flume a sluice gate is lowered resulting in flow depths of
3.5m upstream of the flume and 3.0m at the throat of the flume. Determine the flow rate in
the channel. ( 31.2m
3
/sec)
Determine the depths just upstream and downstream of the flume, when the sluice is raised
and hence the downstream water level is lowered, to create critical depth flow at the throat
for the same discharge. (3.25m, 0.72m)
Venturi-flume tutorial
A venturi flume is 1.2m wide at the entrance and 0.6m wide at the throat. Developing your
work from the specific energy equation and neglecting energy losses, calculate:
a) the discharge when the depth upstream and downstream of the flume is
0.6m, and the depth at the throat of the flume is 0.56m;
b) the depth of flow at entrance to the flume if the downstream water level is
reduced to create critical flow in the throat for the same discharge;
c) the depth of flow at entrance which would result if a hump 0.3m high is now fitted
in the throat, the flow remaining critical in the throat.
2. Hydraulic Jump Tutorial 1
Water is passed along a 2m wide rectangular channel at a flow rate of 5m
3
/sec. A sluice gate
is situated at the downstream end of the channel. Just downstream of the sluice a hydraulic
jump forms which has a downstream depth of 1.6m. Assume no energy losses across the
sluice and that the coefficient of contraction CC for flow under the sluice is 0.6. Determine the
height of the opening under the sluice gate and the depth of water just upstream of the
sluice. (0.666m, 2.332m)
3. Hydraulic Jump Tutorial 2
Water flows along a 1.2m wide rectangular channel at a flow rate of 1.4 m
3
/sec. A venturi-
flume is situated in the channel which has a throat width of 0.6m. A hydraulic jump forms in
the channel just downstream of the venturi-flume. Assuming no energy losses across the
flume, determine the depth of water just downstream of the venturi-flume and just
downstream of the hydraulic jump. (0.268, 0.892m)
35
Pump characteristics tutorial
A centrifugal pump has the following characteristics when operating at 800 revs/min.
Discharge (litres/sec) 0 10 20 30
Head (m) 36 32 24 8
Efficiency % 0 54 62 54
The pump is to be installed in a pipe system with a static head lift of 20m and a frictional
head loss of 6m when the flowrate is 18 litres/sec. The pump is to operate at maximum
efficiency in this pipe system. Determine the speed at which the pump should be operated
and the discharge and head difference across the pump.
4. Gradually varied flow tutotrial
A long rectangular channel 2m wide with a Manning n value of 0.014 conveys water at a
flowrate of 6m
3
/s. The flow in the channel is steady and uniform at a depth of 1.8m. A sluice
gate with coefficient of contractions 0.6 is then lowered into the flow such that the gate
opening is 0.5m and the flowrate remains the same.
a) Determine the bed slope of the channel.
b) Sketch and justify the form of the water profile.
c) Determine the distance from the sluice gate to the point where a
hydraulic jump occurs, using one finite difference step of integration.
36