Jazz in the United States 1890-2011

Professor Frank Lyons

Monday, 19 March 12

Fragmentation of Styles in the 1950s

Cool West Coast Hard Bop East Coast Modal Third Stream

Monday, 19 March 12

Cool Jazz
1947 Group of musicians began to gather 1949/50 Miles Davis Nonet recording
sessions regularly at Gil Evans New York apartment

Band featured Gil Evans circle including

Davis, Mulligan, Konitz and Lewis

Released by Capitol as Birth of the Cool

Monday, 19 March 12

Miles Davis (1926-1991)

Born into well-to-do family in Illinois Worked in Parkers bebop quintet 1945-48 Nonet recordings 1949-50 Developed intense lyrical style of playing Pioneered use of harmon mute became his signature sound

Monday, 19 March 12

Jeru (1949) - Mulligan

Miles Davis trumpet Kai Winding trombone Junior Collins French horn John Barber tuba Lee Konitz alto sax Gerry Mulligan baritone sax Al Haig piano Joe Shulman bass Max Roach - drums

Monday, 19 March 12

Jeru (1949) - Mulligan

Recorded at rst session with Miles Davis
Nonet Cool style Less overtly virtuosic Sophisticated arrangement by Gerry Mulligan Different instruments conceived of as single section Use of classical instruments Mixed race ensemble

Monday, 19 March 12

Boplicity (1949) - Henry (Davis/Evans)

Miles Davis trumpet JJ Johnson trombone Sandy Siegelstein French horn John Barber tuba Lee Konitz alto sax Gerry Mulligan baritone sax John Lewis piano Nelson Boyd bass Kenny Clarke - drums

Monday, 19 March 12

Boplicity (1949) - Henry (Davis/Evans)

Recorded at second session with Miles
Davis Nonet Very cool style Seamless integration of written and improvised elements Reaction against ferocity of bebop

Monday, 19 March 12

Modern Jazz Quartet

John Lewis Piano Milt Jackson Vibraphone Kenny Clarke Drums Percy Heath - Bass

Formed in 1952 Wore concert attire and played concert halls Reaction against stereotypical image of black jazz musicians as junkies Anti-drugs

Monday, 19 March 12

Django (1954) -Lewis

John Lewis Piano Milt Jackson Vibraphone Kenny Clarke Drums Percy Heath - Bass

Monday, 19 March 12

West Coast Jazz

After WW2 many moved to California to pursue the American dream Gerry Mulligan moved to the West Coast after the Birth of the Cool sessions Formed a pianoless quartet with Chet Baker on trumpet, Chico Hamilton on drums and Bob Whitlock on bass Developed more relaxed cool style in keeping with lifestyle on West Coast Young fan base Very popular on college circuit

Monday, 19 March 12

Walkin Shoes (1952) Mulligan

Gerry Mulligan Baritone Sax Chet Baker Trumpet Bob Whitlock Bass Chico Hamilton Drums

Monday, 19 March 12

Bernies Tune (1955) - Miller, Lieber, Stoller arr. Mulligan

Gerry Mulligan Baritone Sax Bob Brookmeyer Trombone Jon Eardley Trumpet Zoot Sims Tenor Sax Peck Morrison Bass Dave Baily - Drums

Monday, 19 March 12

Blue Rondo Alla Turk (1959)-Brubeck

Dave Brubecks Quartet Time Out album released in 1959 Experimenting with odd-metre 2+2+2+3 Odd-metre sections alternate with 4/4 swing sections Metric modulation between sections

Monday, 19 March 12

Take Five (1959) - Desmond

Paul Desmond Alto Sax Dave Brubeck Piano Joe Morello Drums Eugene Wright - Bass

Monday, 19 March 12

Take Five (1959) - Desmond

Paul Desmond Alto Sax Dave Brubeck Piano Joe Morello Drums Eugene Wright - Bass

Monday, 19 March 12

Hard Bop

Reaction against white domination of West Coast jazz Black musicians looking to identiably black styles Features from bebop mixed with blues and gospel Accent on backbeat 2 and 4 from R&B

Monday, 19 March 12

Doodlin (1954) - Silver Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers

Blues changes Rhythmic displacement Gospel swing feel Emphasis on 2 and 4

Monday, 19 March 12

The Preacher (1954) - Silver Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers

Hank Mobley Tenor Sax Kenny Dorham - Trumpet Horace Silver Piano Art Blakey Drums Doug Watkins - Bass

Monday, 19 March 12

John Coltrane (1926-67)

Born in Hamlet, North Carolina Went to music conservatory Joined Miles Davis quintet in 1955 First made an impact as leader with 1957 recording Blue Train After problems with drugs had a spiritual awakening in 1957

Monday, 19 March 12

Blue Train (1957) - Coltrane

John Coltrane Tenor Sax Lee Morgan Trumpet Curtis Fuller - Trombone Paul Chambers Bass Kenny Drew Piano Philly Joe Jones - Drums

Monday, 19 March 12

Straight, No Chaser (1958) Monk

Miles Davis Sextet recording of Monk standard Contrast of cool sound of Davis with the searching
virtuosity of Coltrane Coltrane extending harmonic boundaries

Monday, 19 March 12

So What - Davis (1959)

Monday, 19 March 12

Miles Davis Trumpet Julian Cannonball Adderley Alto Sax John Coltrane Tenor Sax Bill Evans - Piano Paul Chambers Bass Jimmy Cobb - Drums From Kind of Blue the biggest selling jazz recording of all time Constructed from dorian mode on D and Eb 32-bar song form AABA Modal jazz

Giant Steps (1959) - Coltrane

John Coltrane

Tenor Sax Paul Chambers Bass Tommy Flanagan Piano Art Taylor - Drums

Monday, 19 March 12

Giant Steps (1959) - Coltrane

Fast harmonic rhythm Unusual chord progression based on thirds Ambiguous phrasing Extended solos Coltrane 206 bars Stretching the boundaries on all levels

Monday, 19 March 12