IP ADDRESSING:

Decimal to Binary
How subnet masks work
Address classes
Private address
Subnetting
Variable length subnet mask VLSM
Supernatting
IPv6

CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY:

IPv4 addresses are 32 bits in length and are composed of 4 octets of 8
e.g. 192.168.22.67
Values
128
64
32
16
8
4
of Bits

192
1
1
0
0
0
0
168
1
0
1
0
1
0
22
0
0
0
1
0
1
67
0
1
0
0
0
0

bits a piece.
2

0
0
1
1

0
0
0
1

HOW TO SUBNET MASK:

We have network and host portion in a IP address, subnet mask is defined the
network.
192.168.22.67
255.255.255.0
e.g.
source and destination on same network
192.168.22.67
11000000.10101000.00010110.01000011
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
192.168.22.192
255.255.255.0

11000000.10101000.00010110.11000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Different network
192.168.23.192
255.255.255.0

11000000.10101000.00010111.11000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

ADDRESS CLASSES:
Classes
First Octet Value
network
Class A
1-126
Class B
128-191
Class C
192-223
Class D
(Multicast Add)
224-239
Class E (Experimental)
240-255

subnet mask

# of host per

255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0

16,777,214
65,534
254

e.g.
10.35.11.45 Class A address
150.45.77.87 Class B address
200.1.1.1 Class C address
RESERVE IP ADDRESS:

Address starting 127 (loopback)

Address starting with 169.254 (APIPA automatic private IP address)
First and last IP address of each network

PRIVATE ADDRESS:
Class A:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
Class B:
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
Class C:
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
SUBNETTING:
Division of one large network into multiple equal smaller subnetworks its called
subnetting.
e.g.
192.168.1.0
1 network = 256 hosts
255.255.255.0
In case of subnetting we borrow bit from host portion
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
192.168.1.0/25
192.168.1.129/25

/24
/25

192.168.1.128/25 1st network

192.168.1.256/25 2nd network

128 host each network

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASK (VLSM):
We use VLSM for number of host required per network
e.g. 192.168.1.0/24
Network A required 100 host
Network B required 50 host
Network C required 25 host
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.1.0/25
192.168.1.128/25

192.168.1.129/25
192.168.1.255/25
192.168.1.129/26
192.168.1.191/26

192.168.1.192/26
192.168.1.255/26

192.168.1.192/27
192.168.1.223/27

192.168.1.224/27
192.168.1.255/27

SUPERNATTING:
Merging two or more networks into one network is called supernatting.
e.g.
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.4.0/24
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000011.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000100.00000000
192.168.1.0/21 or 255.255.248.0

IPv6:

e.g.

128 bit address

(64 Bit Network Portion + 64 Bit Host Portion)
8 group of 4 hex characters
Characters: 0-9, A-F
Develop by IETF in Dec-1998

2001:00B0:4C3D:B71C:0000:0000:123A:7B7F
Network

Host

(3.4x1038 ) address in IPv6

(340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,770,000,000)
Rules of IPv6:
Eliminate consecutive zeros
Eliminate leading zeros
e.g. consecutive zeros

2001:00B0:4C3D:B71C::123A:7B7F
e.g. leading zeros

2001:B0:4C3D:B71C::123A:7B7F

Types of address:
1. Link Local
2. Unique Local
3. Global scope
4. Any cast
1. LINK LOCAL
Similar to APIPA
Always starts with FE80::MAC-ADDRESS
Mac-addresses are 48 bit but host portion is 64 bit.
Convert 48 bit Mac-address into 64 bit
e.g.
Mac-address is

00.10.29.7D.3B.4C

Rule # 1 Change the 7th bit if its 0

00.10.29.7D.3B.4C
0000
0010

02. 10.29.7D.3B.4C
Rule # 2 Add FFFE in middle of Mac-Address

02. 10.29.FF.FE.7D.3B.4C

0210:29FF:FE7D:3B4C 64 bit host address

2. UNIQUE-LOCAL (SITE-LOCAL)
Similar to Private IP
FD00:: /8

3. GLOBAL SCOPE
High level bits 0010 (2000:: /3)
Global-routing-prefix : 48 bits or less

Subnet ID: remaining bits in 64 after G-R-P

Interface ID: host 64 bits
4.ANY CAST
Visually similar to global
Many destination hosts(routers) with same address
Find nearest based on router cost

IPv6 TRANSITION:
Dual stack routers
Dual IP layer architecture
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling
Resembles VPN
Packet Reduction
Intra-site automatic tunnel addressing protocol (ISTAP)
Private Network
Ipv6 over IPv4 tunneling
IPv4 embedded in IPv6
e.g. FE80::5EFE:192.168.1.5