BSC1005 Review List Exam 2 (Winter 2012 Dr.

Dr. Ayala) Chapter 4: The Energy of Life First Law of Thermodynamics o Cannot be created or destroyed o It is converted/transformed from one form to another Second Law of Thermodynamics o All energy transformation are not 100% efficient Entropy o Randomness of heat; system of randomness Potential vs. Kinetic Energy o Potential stored energy / position available to work o Kinetic associated with movement or motion / energy being used to do work Oxidation vs. Reduction Reactions o Oxidation reaction - lost electrons; DONOR o Reduction reaction gained electrons; ACCEPTER Exergonic vs. Endergonic Reactions o Exergonic net release of energy Break down molecules Ex. Cellular respiration o Endergonic reaction requires an input of energy (substrates) Build molecules Ex. Photosynthesis ATP what is it? How does it work? o Adenosine triphosphate o DEF: universal energy carrier in cells & all living organisms o Phosphorylation transfer or phosphate group Provides energy by losing phosphate groups (exergonic) forming ADP o Synthesis of ATP is endergonic Enzymes what are them? What do they do? How do they work? o DEF: proteins found in cells called biological catalysts o Speed up chemical reaction w/o being consumed (reusable) o Has 3D conformation o Active site where substrates binds (hugs) forming the enzyme-substrate complex Cofactors and coenzymes o Nonprotein helpers o Cofactor small ion present on the active site of enzyme o Coenzymes organic molecule helps to accept/donate electrons Competitive vs. Non-competitive inhibition o Competitive active site is block when product binds to it o Non-competitive active site is changed when product binds to it Factors that cause protein (enzyme) denaturation o DEF: enzyme lost due to changes in environment Temperature pH Salt concentration Selectively permeability of membranes o Membranes o DEF: substances cross easier than others due to phospholipid bilayer

Diffusion what is it? Factors that affect diffusion rate? o DEF: rate which molecules diffuses Temperature Molecular size Concentration of molecules o Simple diffusion core is hydrophobic Osmosis o Movement of water from high to low water concentration across selectively Tonicity: isotonic; hypotonic; hypertonic o DEF: ability of a substance to cause water movement; relative solute concentration o Isotonic equal concentration Animal cells o Hypotonic low water solute (high water concentration) SWELL; water moves inside the cell burst Plant cells turgor pressure o Hypertonic high water solute (low water concentration) SHRINK; water moves outside the cell Passive transport (simple diffusion vs. facilitated diffusion) o No energy requirement o Transport protein: assists in solute/molecule movement along a concentration gradient o Facilitated diffusion uses transport protein; high to low concentration Polar o Simple diffusion crosses membrane freely because they are small and hydrophobic Non-polar Active transport o Opposite of passive transport o Movement form low to high concentration o Needs energy; ATP o Also needs transport protein Sodium-potassium pump o Protein transporter embedded on the cell w/ binding sites for K+ & Na+ o Active transport Exocytosis vs. Endocytosis o Exocytosis moving bulk out of the cell via vesicles o Deprives from Golgi apparatus o Exocytosis allows fluid/material inside the cells Pinocytosis fluid Phagocytosis engulf large particles

Chapter 5: Photosynthesis Chemical equation of photosynthesis o 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H1206 + 6O2 Chloroplast structure

o Light energy o Waves Short more energy Long less energy o UV, Visible, IR Pigments of photosynthesis o Big molecules w/ a ring structure that absorbs light Chlorophyll a (reaction center) most abundant photosynthetic pigment & is the main pigment Absorbs red & blue light; reflects green Drives electrons to convert light energy into chemical energy Assessor pigments chlorophyll b & carotenoids Harvest light energy and transfer to cholorphyll a Light reactions (PHOTO-) converts solar energy to chemical energy o Thylakoids; produce ATP, NADPH and O2 o P700 vs. P680 Numbers represents amount of energy in nanometers (nm) A reaction center special chlorophyll a molecule that uses light energy to boost an electron and start electron flow Antenna pigments accessory pigments that capture energy and funnels to the reaction center P680 in Photosystem II Lost electrons in P680 goes to P700 and ends up in NADP+ to form NAHPH P700 in Photosystem I

o Photosystem II Absorbs light and transfers to P680 Pair of electrons are excited Goes to electron transport chain #1 linking both Photosystems o Photosystem I Produces NADPH o Importance of water in the light reactions It oxidizes and loses its elctrons to P680 Accumulates H+ in the thylakoid space o Importance of ATP Synthase (chemiosmosis) Protein DEF: uses H+ ion to produce ATP Chemiosmosis mechanism that explains how ATP is build upon the movement of H+ across the membrane o Cyclic electron flow vs. non-cyclic electron flow Non-cyclic electron flow linear from water to NADPH Calvin cycle (carbon reactions) (-SYNTHESIS) o Takes place in the stroma DEF: gelatinous fluid in the chloroplast o Needs: CO2, ATP and NADPH Assembles CO2 (from air) into glucose using ATP & NADPH o Stages 1. Carbon Fixation CO2 from air combines with ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) creating an unstable molecule Catalyzed by the RuBP rubisco 2. PGAL Synthesis The unstable molecule splits to form PGAL 12 are made o 2 leaves the cells o 10 are rearranged to regenerate RuBP in the third stage so they can start again 3. Regeneration of RuBP 3 molecules of ATP are needed o Rubisco (Carbon fixation) C3, C4, CAM o C3 (Calvin Cycle) PGA is the first stable intermediated formed o Photorespiration takes place in plants that undergo a C3 pathway o Photorespiration: C4 & CAM pathways C4 separate light reactions CAM pathway takes place in desert plants Crassulacean acid metabolism Increases concentration of CO2 inside the cells

Chapter 6: How cells Release Energy Chemical equation of cellular respiration o C6H12O6 + 602 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36ATP Mitochondrion structure

o Stages of cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis First step of aerobic respiration, takes place in the cytoplasm Prokaryotic cytoplasm Eukaryotic mitochondrion o Inner membrane cristae o Matrix fluid inside the mitochondria Cytoplasm Pyruvate 3 carbon compound Glucose 2 pyruvate; 2 NADH and 2 ATP (NET GAIN) o Krebs cycle Matrix of mitochondrion After 2 turns: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 o Oxidative phosphorylation (Electron transport chain) Cristae of mitochondrion: inner membrane Electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 are oxidized NADH donates to the first electron transport and FADH2 later on Electrons fall on O2 (final electron acceptor) forming water ATP produced via chemiosmosis (ATP Synthase) 30 ATP per molecule of glucose Fermentation: Alcoholic vs. Lactic acid o Alcoholic yeast (single-cell fungi) 2 molecule pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH o Lactic bacteria & animal muscles Human muscle cell, oxygen deprived