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"Time

"Time
-
-
Varying Power Quality Issues:
Varying Power Quality Issues:
An Overview of Advanced Modelling /
An Overview of Advanced Modelling /
Simulation and Control Approaches,
Simulation and Control Approaches,
Applications and Solutions"
Applications and Solutions"
Dr. Paulo Ribeiro Dr. Paulo Ribeiro
Dr. Siddharth Suryanarayanan, Dr. Siddharth Suryanarayanan, Jinglin Jinglin Xu Xu, Dr. Michael Steurer, , Dr. Michael Steurer,
Dr. Dr. Sanjeev Sanjeev Srivastava Srivastava, Dr. David , Dr. David Cartes Cartes, and Dr. Steve Woodruff , and Dr. Steve Woodruff
Department of Engineering, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 4954 Department of Engineering, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546. 6.
Center Center for Advanced Power Systems, Florida State University, Tallahass for Advanced Power Systems, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310. ee, FL 32310.
May 21
rst
to 25
th
2006
FLORIANPOLIS (SC) BRASIL
i
Vision (Strategy)
Vision (Strategy)
Rules
Rules
(Physical, Economics, and Business Imperatives and (Physical, Economics, and Business Imperatives and
Constraints) Constraints)
Road Map
Road Map
(How Things Should Work to Bring Us to the Destination) (How Things Should Work to Bring Us to the Destination)
Man Has Three Sources of Information
(To Guide His Path)
Summary
Summary
-
-
Outline
Outline

This presentation provides an overview of the


This presentation provides an overview of the
time
time
-
-
varying power quality issues in power
varying power quality issues in power
systems.
systems.

The phenomenon of time varying power quality


The phenomenon of time varying power quality
is described and the various types of analytical
is described and the various types of analytical
and visualization tools available.
and visualization tools available.

Several examples of current research in the field


Several examples of current research in the field
with emphasis on real time digital simulation,
with emphasis on real time digital simulation,
hardware in the loop concept, active filtering,
hardware in the loop concept, active filtering,
other power electronic control concepts and use
other power electronic control concepts and use
of advanced signal processing tools such as
of advanced signal processing tools such as
wavelet transforms and S
wavelet transforms and S
-
-
transform, and
transform, and
intelligent techniques such as fuzzy logic are
intelligent techniques such as fuzzy logic are
provided.
provided.
The Big Picture
Tools Enabling
Reality Technique F Domain
Time Frequency
Time-Frequency
Evolutionary Spectrum
Probability
Spectral
Fourier
Equipment designer or manufacturer: a perfect
sinusoidal wave, with no variations in the voltage,
and no noise present on the grounding system.
Electrical utility: voltage availability or outage.
Industrial / end-user: the power that works for
whatever equipment the end-user is applying.
While each hypothetical point of view has a clear difference, it is
clear that none is properly focused.
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
What is Power Quality (Different Perspectives)?
What is Power Quality (Different Perspectives)?
What is Power Quality (Different Deviations)?
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
What is Power Quality (Different Deviations)?
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
Power Quality (Incompatibility) Problems and Solutions
Distributed Generation / Resources
Advanced Compensation Devices / PE Technologies
Intelligent Control and Protection Technologies
New Management Structures
Increased Equipment Sensitivity
Advanced Signal Processing / Intelligent Identification
Techniques for Analysis and Diagnostic
Advances in Modeling and Simulation particularly related to
Visualizations, and Time-Varying Waveform Distortions
Analysis
Real Time Digital: Hardware-in-the-Loop
What is Power Quality
(Different Aspects and New Issues)?
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
Hospital with
cogeneration (1.5 MW)
Substation
F
e
e
d
e
r
Residential
photovoltaic system (6
kW)
Utility-owned
Photovoltaic site (500
kW)
Small wind turbine (10
kW)
Factory with natural gas fuel
cell (100 kW to 5 MW)
Residential Fuel
cell (7 kW)
Utility-owned wind turbine
site (1 MW)
With permission of M. McGranaghan, and T. Key
What is Power Quality (New Topologies and Technologies)?
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
Generation
Transmission
Performance Parameters
Planning
Operation
Economic Feasibility
Distribution
Power Quality (The Economics Perspective)?
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
Accessibility
Security
Continuity
Reliability
Voltage (Power) Quality
Performance Parameters
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
z z
Special (Traction) Loads
Special (Traction) Loads
Electrification of Caraj Electrification of Caraj s Railway s Railway
(892Km (892Km 230/25/50kV). 76/77. 230/25/50kV). 76/77.
z z Unbalance, Unbalance,
z z Voltage Fluctuations and Voltage Fluctuations and
Harmonic Distortion Harmonic Distortion
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture

Harmonic Distortion on
Harmonic Distortion on
the Transmission Grid
the Transmission Grid

Caused by:
Caused by:
z z
TV Receivers)
TV Receivers)
Harmonic Distortion
Harmonic Distortion
Measurements
Measurements
-
-
230kV
230kV
Substation
Substation
-
-
During World
During World
Cup Soccer Game
Cup Soccer Game
Fortaleza, Brazil, June 1986
Fortaleza, Brazil, June 1986
Brazil 2 X 0 Ireland
Brazil 2 X 0 Ireland
Measurement
Point
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
(World Cup Soccer and Harmonic Distortion)
(World Cup Soccer and Harmonic Distortion)
Summary of the Measurements
Summary of the Measurements
5
5
th th
Harmonic Voltage
Harmonic Voltage

230kV Bus
230kV Bus
Match Time
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
Voltage at the 230kV
Voltage at the 230kV
-
-
Detail of 13.2kV Residential Feeder
Detail of 13.2kV Residential Feeder
Disconnection (before the beginning of the match)
Disconnection (before the beginning of the match)
Clearly indicates the origin the
harmonic source / contribution
to the 5
th
harmonic distortion
on the 230kV bus.
Led to Flexibility and
Higher Tolerance
The Bigger Picture
The Bigger Picture
Distorted Time
Distorted Time
-
-
Varying Waveforms
Varying Waveforms
is the Norm
is the Norm
138kV bus voltage THD
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PQ Disturbance
Power Outage
Cost of Power Outages and PQ Disturbances by Business Sector Cost of Power Outages and PQ Disturbances by Business Sector
Total Annual Cost of Power
Outages and PQ Disturbances
by Business Sector
Cost of:
$14.3
$6.2
$34.9
$66.6-135.6
Source: Primen Study: The Cost of Power Disturbances to Industrial & Digital Economy Companies
Digital
Economy
Continuous
Process
Mfg.
Fabrication
& Essential
Services
Other US
Industry
$Billion
TOTAL
$119 - $188 Billion
40% GDP 60% GDP
The Biggest Picture
The Biggest Picture
The Detail (Road Map) Picture
Combining Spectral and Probabilistic Analysis
How can time-varying harmonic distortion be understood and analyzed from a
more mathematically precise perspective?
Based on some previous mathematical derivations and analysis it has been
observed:
1 - Similarity between spectral analysis and probability distribution functions
2 - The concept of generalized frequency
3 - The concept of evolutionary spectrum
10 100
0
5
10
10
0
ft
j
100 10 j
Continuous Spectrum of a Non-Periodic
Waveform
30 20 10 0 10 20 30
0
5
10
10
0
f
29.883 29.883
lower upper
int
Probability Distribution Function of a
Non-Stationary Process
10 100
0
5
10
10
0
ft
j
100 10 j
The Generalized Concept of Frequency
Suppose that X(t) is a deterministic function which has the form of a
damped sine wave below and illustrated below.
X t ( ) A e
t
2

2
cos
0
t +
( )

40
40
v
i
2 0 i
128
100 50 0 50 100 150
0
5
6
0
ft
j
ft
j
128 128 j
FFT of X(t)
If we represent X(t) as a sum of sine and cosine functions with constant
amplitudes, we need to include components at all frequencies. However, we can
equally well describe X(t) by saying that it consists of two "frequency"
components, each having a time varying amplitude of
A e
t
2

Generalized Frequency
Generalized Frequency

If we have a non
If we have a non
-
-
periodic function X(t)
periodic function X(t)
whose Fourier transform has an absolute
whose Fourier transform has an absolute
maximum at a point w0, we may define w0
maximum at a point w0, we may define w0
as "the frequency" of this function, the
as "the frequency" of this function, the
argument being that locally X(t) behaves
argument being that locally X(t) behaves
like a sine wave with conventional
like a sine wave with conventional
frequency w0, modulated by a "smoothly
frequency w0, modulated by a "smoothly
varying" amplitude frequency.
varying" amplitude frequency.
The Concept of Evolutionary Spectrum
The Concept of Evolutionary Spectrum

Whereas the spectrum of a stationary process describes the
Whereas the spectrum of a stationary process describes the
power
power
-
-
frequency distribution for a whole process (over all
frequency distribution for a whole process (over all
time), the evolutionary spectrum is time dependent and
time), the evolutionary spectrum is time dependent and
describes the local power
describes the local power
-
-
frequency distribution at each
frequency distribution at each
instant of time.
instant of time.

The theory of evolutionary spectra is the only one which can
The theory of evolutionary spectra is the only one which can
preserve the physical interpretation for non
preserve the physical interpretation for non
-
-
stationary
stationary
processes.
processes.

The evolutionary spectrum is a continuously changing
The evolutionary spectrum is a continuously changing
spectrum or in other words, a time
spectrum or in other words, a time
-
-
dependent spectrum.
dependent spectrum.

It is not practical to estimate the spectrum at every instant of
It is not practical to estimate the spectrum at every instant of
time. But if we assume that the spectrum is changing
time. But if we assume that the spectrum is changing
smoothly over time then, by using estimates which involve
smoothly over time then, by using estimates which involve
only local functions of the data, we may attempt to estimate
only local functions of the data, we may attempt to estimate
some form of
some form of

average
average

spectrum of the process in the


spectrum of the process in the
neighborhood of any particular time instant.
neighborhood of any particular time instant.
The Concept of Evolutionary Spectrum
The Concept of Evolutionary Spectrum

Using the concept of evolutionary spectrum one


Using the concept of evolutionary spectrum one
can confidently say that the behavior around
can confidently say that the behavior around
these two frequencies at a certain instant in time
these two frequencies at a certain instant in time
is sinusoidal can could linear summation methods
is sinusoidal can could linear summation methods
could be applied. At other frequencies the level of
could be applied. At other frequencies the level of
confidence and meaning of the results are not be
confidence and meaning of the results are not be
trusted.
trusted.
50 100 150 200 250 300
0
1
2
2
0
ft
j
256 10 j
1.191
0.896
v
i
1 0 i
N
The Concept of Evolutionary Spectrum
The Concept of Evolutionary Spectrum

Applied to time
Applied to time
-
-
varying harmonic distortion
varying harmonic distortion
seems a useful approach, and may help the
seems a useful approach, and may help the
power quality engineer to better understand the
power quality engineer to better understand the
nature of such variations and properly utilize
nature of such variations and properly utilize
analytical tools to predict their behavior.
analytical tools to predict their behavior.

Further investigations and applications using


Further investigations and applications using
practical waveforms together with field
practical waveforms together with field
measurements are necessary to validate this
measurements are necessary to validate this
approach.
approach.
Differentiating Between Transients and Harmonics
A proposed new definition:
Transient event: A power system event that has significant short term
impacts on voltages and currents in the system.
Transient: The short term voltages and currents resulting from a transient
event, which are superimposed on the longer term system voltages and
currents.
Figure bellow illustrates the superimposition of slow and fast decaying
transients on a 60Hz waveform.
Waveform with Slow / Fast Transients and Harmonics
Interharmonics and Probabilistic Methods
Considering that interharmonics are naturally time-varying harmonic
components, due to its non-integer nature which causes the waveform to
change with time, a proper probabilistic treatment for its time-dependent
behavior is required. Figure below shows the time-varying nature of
interharmonics.
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
2
0
2
1.598
1.88
y t ( )
0.1 0 t
Waveform with Harmonic and Interharmonics
Standards: Setting Practical Limits
Standards: Setting Practical Limits
Recommendations for harmonic limits go back to the 1960s with ER Recommendations for harmonic limits go back to the 1960s with ERG5/2 G5/2
(UK). Presently the primary harmonics standards are IEEE 519 an (UK). Presently the primary harmonics standards are IEEE 519 and IEC d IEC
61000 61000- -3 3- -6. 6.
The standards are widely used and the steady state limits have b The standards are widely used and the steady state limits have been een
accepted without much difficulties. accepted without much difficulties.
The IEEE 519, however, is going through a very thorough revision The IEEE 519, however, is going through a very thorough revision which which
may result in an increase of steady state values for low voltage may result in an increase of steady state values for low voltage systems. systems.
Also IEEE 519a is under revision and should propose some limits Also IEEE 519a is under revision and should propose some limits for for
short short- -term duration bursts of harmonics. term duration bursts of harmonics.
The impact on sensitive electronic loads needs to be further inv The impact on sensitive electronic loads needs to be further investigated as estigated as
the limits have been established primarily for limiting thermal the limits have been established primarily for limiting thermal effects. effects.
Other cumulative effect aspects such as capacitor aging due to v Other cumulative effect aspects such as capacitor aging due to voltage oltage
stress, and partial discharge are also taken into account. stress, and partial discharge are also taken into account.
Other Aspects
Probabilistic indices for harmonic distortion, characterization of multiple
electronic loads, accuracy of commercial measuring instrumentation, which
indicated the need for careful considerations when dealing with voltage
fluctuation and time-varying harmonic distortion.
Also the possible utilization of fuzzy logic in diagnostic system procedures
and time-varying flexible limits are considered (see Figure below with
IEEE 95% THD limits, maximum THD, and short-duration bursts).
5 10 15 20 25 30
0
5
10
15
20
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

T
H
D
20
0
THD519
i
THD_Max
i
THDTime_Varying
i
30 1 i
Flexible THD Limits versus Time
Integrating Tools
Integrating Tools
V
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Real Time Simulation
Real Time Simulation
Hardware In The Loop
Hardware In The Loop
Real Time Digital Simulator
Universal
controller
D/A
A/D
Protection relay
M
AC/AC power converter
(Motor Drive)
External Hardware
System Data in Simulation
Hardware response
M
G
G
G
Controller
Relay
DC Load
Real Time Simulation for Time-Varying Harmonics
Due to the complexity of time-varying harmonic distortion the most effective
way understand the physical phenomena is to analyze it in real time. A
time-varying harmonic distortion assessment based on real-time (RT)
hardware-in-theloop (HIL) test-bed modeling and simulation has been
proposed See Figure bellow. The sensitivity for power quality deviations
of a computer power supplies and variable speed drive controller cards have
been tested in the platform.
Start
Selecting
Tested systems
Selecting PQ
phenomena
End
Universal interface
(e.g., power amplifiers,
and transducers)
Firing board
Reference
voltages
Print results
Test system 2
Test system 1
Test system N
Self designed
Voltage sag
THD
Frequency change
Firing
pulses
Digital simulator
Diagram of universal real time simulation
Wavelets for Distortion Analysis and Measurements
Difficulties with the use the FFT-algorithm for time-varying distortion
conditions o require new approaches. A wavelet transform maps the time-
domain signals in a real-valued time-frequency domain and overcomes the
FFT shortcomings. The use of wavelets for power quality analysis has been
broadly applied. The topic is explored in great detail by many researchers
and recently related to measurement techniques to overcome FFT
limitations. Figure (a, b and c) below for an example of the application of
wavelets to continuously rising distorted current). In (b) and (c) we see the
real and reactive power coefficients associated with the current waveform
(a).
(a)
(a)
Current Waveform (a) Real (b) and Reactive (b) Powers Coefficients Using Wavelets
Case1
Wavelets Multi-Resolution Analysis with Signal,
Approximation and Detail Coefficients (1%)
Signal
Approximation
Coefficient
Detail Coefficients
5
th
Harmonic
Case1
Wavelets Color Map
Transient (1%)
5
th
Harmonic (1%)
FFT
Case1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Frequency(Hz)
A
b
s
.

M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
5
th
Harmonic
5
th
harmonic detectable - Transient lost
Case 2
Wavelets Multi-Resolution Analysis with Signal,
Approximation and Detail Coefficients (0.5%)
Signal
Approximation
Coefficient
Detail Coefficients
5
th
Harmonic
Case 2
Wavelets Color Map
Transient (0.5%)
5
th
Harmonic (0.5%)
Case 3
Wavelets Multi-Resolution Analysis with Signal,
Approximation and Detail Coefficients (0.1%)
Signal
Approximation
Coefficient
Detail Coefficients
Case 3
Wavelets Color Map
Transient (0.1%)
5
th
Harmonic (0.1%)
300 Hz time-varying sinusoidal and 420Hz stationary sinusoidal waveform
S Transform Modified Wavelet Color Map Coefficients
Transients (1000Hz)
S Transform Modified Wavelet Color Map Coefficients

Wavelets can determine the presence of


Wavelets can determine the presence of
transients and harmonic distortions of very small
transients and harmonic distortions of very small
values: up to less than 0.5%.
values: up to less than 0.5%.

With values around 0.1% the detail coefficients


With values around 0.1% the detail coefficients
can hardly detect the transient and harmonics.
can hardly detect the transient and harmonics.

The color map seems more helpful in identifying


The color map seems more helpful in identifying
both transients and harmonics as the magnitude
both transients and harmonics as the magnitude
of the transients and harmonics values go
of the transients and harmonics values go
bellow 0.5%.
bellow 0.5%.

These indicates the potential of wavelets to


These indicates the potential of wavelets to
identify signals (particularly transients and time
identify signals (particularly transients and time
-
-
varying distortions) much more efficiently than
varying distortions) much more efficiently than
FFT or any other signal processing technique.
FFT or any other signal processing technique.
( )
Estimate
i t
1
( ) i t
( )
Load
i t
3
( ) i t
5
( ) i t
7
( ) i t
( )
n
i t
( ) y t
1

Power Electronics and Controls


The adaptive algorithm identifies the amplitudes and the angles of the fundamental
and harmonic currents at a node. The identification results are used to generate the
reference signal for the filter. The harmonic selective feature of the filter lies in its
ability to eliminate specific harmonics, thereby improving power quality. In order to
achieve this objective, a reference signal is generated by using the combination of
different estimation results of different harmonics or by one dominant harmonic.
Multi
Multi
-
-
Agents:
Agents:
PQ Monitoring
PQ Monitoring
Reconfiguration Example Reconfiguration Example
P Q A
I D A
P Q A
P Q A
P Q A
P Q A
P Q A
P Q A
P Q A
P Q A

P Q A
P Q A

P Q A

P Q A P Q A
P Q A
Intelligent Distribution Agent (IDA) and Power Quality Agent (PQA).
The locations of these agents are decided based on the availability of the measured
data and the components for which power quality needs to be monitored (e.g.,
sensitive loads, pulsed power loads, and generators).
The PQA reads the measured raw data from the electrical system, filters it, computes
power quality indexes, and transmits the processed data to the IDA
Multi
Multi
-
-
Agents:
Agents:
PQ Monitoring
PQ Monitoring
Reconfiguration Example
Reconfiguration Example
Transmission
level
Distribution
level
IDA
PQA
PQA
PQA
PQA
IDA
PQA
PQA
PQA
PQA
IDA
PQA
PQA
PQA
PQA
IDA
PQA
PQA
PQA
PQA
IDA
PQA
PQA
PQA
PQA
IDA
PQA
PQA
PQA
PQA
Case Studies on Flexible PQ Thresholds
Case Studies on Flexible PQ Thresholds

Purpose:
Purpose:
z z
Establish proof of concept for introducing flexible
Establish proof of concept for introducing flexible
thresholds
thresholds

Assumption:
Assumption:
z z
Sensitivity studies have been conducted and V
Sensitivity studies have been conducted and V
THD THD
of Type
of Type
I has been relaxed to
I has been relaxed to
9%
9%
(
(
example
example
)
)

Metrics to
Metrics to
study effect of relaxed threshold
study effect of relaxed threshold
z z
Additional temperature rise due to harmonics and
Additional temperature rise due to harmonics and
z z
associated life expectancy
associated life expectancy


Metrics quantified for 3 cases
Metrics quantified for 3 cases
1) 1)
No additional current harmonic injections on DC
No additional current harmonic injections on DC
-
-
ZEDS
ZEDS
2) 2)
Current harmonic injections corresponding to relaxed V
Current harmonic injections corresponding to relaxed V
THD THD
3) 3)
Time
Time
-
-
varying current harmonic injections and load
varying current harmonic injections and load
corresponding to maximum design criterion
corresponding to maximum design criterion
Case study 1
Case study 1
0.1628
0.1628

C
C
Additional rise in temp
Additional rise in temp
1.21 %
1.21 %
V
V
THD THD
(Phase C)
(Phase C)
0 %
0 %
|
|

7 7
|
|
98.39 %
98.39 %
Life expectancy
Life expectancy
0 %
0 %
|
|

5 5
|
|
0.12868
0.12868

R
R
System conditions
System conditions
No additional current harmonic injections
l
p
ph
h
k
V
V
h
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
1
2
1
l
p
ph
H
h
k
i h
V
V
h
K T
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

=
1
2
1
) (
1
2
2 2
T T T
T
K
E
e
t
t
+

|
.
|

\
|

=
Harmonic factor
Additional rise in temperature (%)
Life expectancy
Case study 2
Case study 2
2.15
2.15

C
C
Additional rise in temp
Additional rise in temp
80.78 %
80.78 %
Life expectancy
Life expectancy
8.35 %
8.35 %
V
V
THD THD
(Phase C)
(Phase C)
7.5 %
7.5 %
|
|

7 7
|
|
9 %
9 %
|
|

5 5
|
|
0.12868
0.12868

R
R
System conditions
System conditions
Current harmonic injections corresponding to
relaxed V
THD
(9%)
Case study 3
Case study 3
Max Max Min Min System parameter System parameter
21 sec 21 sec 15 sec 15 sec
t t
3 % 3 %
3 % 3 %
0.12382 0.12382
7.5 % 7.5 %
| |
7 7
| |
9 % 9 %
| |
5 5
| |
0.12868 0.12868 R R
Time varying current harmonic injections
1.5076 1.5076 C C
Additional rise Additional rise
in temp in temp
6.31 % 6.31 % V V
THD THD
(Phase C) (Phase C)
86.11 % 86.11 % Life expectancy Life expectancy
Future work
Future work

Relating probabilistic aspects of PQ parameters


Relating probabilistic aspects of PQ parameters
to
to
z z
Short term effects on equipment and system
Short term effects on equipment and system
z z
Long term effects on equipment and system
Long term effects on equipment and system

Proposing numerical values for flexible


Proposing numerical values for flexible
thresholds
thresholds
z z
Investigate design of experiments based
Investigate design of experiments based
relaxation
relaxation

Incorporating HIL based experiments to


Incorporating HIL based experiments to
qualify/verify newer thresholds
qualify/verify newer thresholds
Fuzzy Logic in Power Systems
Fuzzy Logic in Power Systems

Relatively few implemented applications


Relatively few implemented applications

These are mainly focused on controllers and


These are mainly focused on controllers and
system stabilizers
system stabilizers

Prediction, Optimization and Diagnosis are


Prediction, Optimization and Diagnosis are
growing areas
growing areas

Fuzzy logic is great for diagnosing failure


Fuzzy logic is great for diagnosing failure
modes since there are rarely single
modes since there are rarely single
measurements that definitively indicate
measurements that definitively indicate
impending failure
impending failure
Possible
Problems
Caution Severe
Distortions
Dangerous
Levels
Normal
Levels
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
THDv in %
0
1
N
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9
0
1
0
0
1
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2
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(
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Harmonic Distortion (THDv)
Versus Equipment Heating
Color Code Harmonic Criteria
No Problem
Caution
Possible Problems
Imminent Problems
A New Approach
Basic Diagnostic Model
Basic Diagnostic Model

Designed using MATLAB, Simulink and


Designed using MATLAB, Simulink and
Fuzzy logic toolbox
Fuzzy logic toolbox

System has two inputs; harmonic voltage


System has two inputs; harmonic voltage
and temperature
and temperature

Fuzzy Controller processes inputs and


Fuzzy Controller processes inputs and
outputs a degree of danger
outputs a degree of danger
Basic System with Inputs
Basic System with Inputs
Fuzzy Controller
Fuzzy Controller
Membership Rules
Membership Rules
Membership Rule Map
If Harmonic Voltage is medium and
the temperature is below_normal
then no problem
Expanded System
Expanded System

Considers variation in fundamental


Considers variation in fundamental
voltage, third, fifth, and seventh
voltage, third, fifth, and seventh
harmonics, total harmonic distortion, and
harmonics, total harmonic distortion, and
temperature
temperature

These ranges are derived from IEEE 519


These ranges are derived from IEEE 519
-
-
1992
1992

Recommended Practices and


Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electric Power Systems
Electric Power Systems

Input Variations
Input Variations
Input Variations
Expanded Simulink Model
Expanded Simulink Model
Expanded Simulink Model
Expanded Simulink Model

Similar to basic model


Similar to basic model

Has three different fuzzy logic control


Has three different fuzzy logic control
structures
structures

Each input is analyzed with temperature


Each input is analyzed with temperature
to determine degree of danger
to determine degree of danger

Outputs are divided into four bins: no


Outputs are divided into four bins: no
problem, caution, possible problems, and
problem, caution, possible problems, and
imminent problems
imminent problems
Simulation Results
Simulation Results

Simulation is run for


Simulation is run for
24 hour period with
24 hour period with
new inputs every 2
new inputs every 2
minutes
minutes

Output can be
Output can be
analyzed for each
analyzed for each
component
component
individually or
individually or
collectively by looking
collectively by looking
at the THD (bottom)
at the THD (bottom)
Statistical of the Fuzzy Logic
Statistical of the Fuzzy Logic
Processing Analysis
Processing Analysis

System can be run with uniform or


System can be run with uniform or
Gaussian distributions on the inputs
Gaussian distributions on the inputs
Uniform Input Gaussian Input
Statistical of the Fuzzy Logic
Statistical of the Fuzzy Logic
Processing Analysis
Processing Analysis
No Problem Caution Possible Problems Imminent Problems

Inputs represent possible typical harmonic levels


Inputs represent possible typical harmonic levels

System would require more tuning before actual


System would require more tuning before actual
implementation.
implementation.

System will be soon implemented and tested


System will be soon implemented and tested
using RTDS (real time digital simulator with
using RTDS (real time digital simulator with
hardware in the loop ) at CAPS (Center for
hardware in the loop ) at CAPS (Center for
Advanced Power Systems / Florida State
Advanced Power Systems / Florida State
University) as part of an ONR ESRDC Project.
University) as part of an ONR ESRDC Project.

The system will be implemented in a multi


The system will be implemented in a multi
-
-
equipment scenario together with a loss of life
equipment scenario together with a loss of life
predictor of equipment of motors and
predictor of equipment of motors and
transformers, etc. subjected to harmonic
transformers, etc. subjected to harmonic
distortions.
distortions.
Possible Laboratory Tests Using RTDS
Power Supply Case
dc-to-dc
Converter
Computer
Load
Rectifier
Bridge
C
s
Smoothing
Capacitor
Harmonics
Distorted
Current
Identify voltage harmonic distortion levels in terms of THD and
Waveforms which can cause performance degradation on PC switch-mode
power supply and other electronic loads. A computer monitor could be
attached to the power supply.
0 0.02 0.04
2
0
2
2
2
f11t ( )
0
0.04 0 t
AC Voltage Input
Amplifier
Input Power
PC Power Supply
RTDS Controls
Data Acquisition, etc
Load
RTDS Test Implementation
(Simple Case)
RTDS Test Implementation
Power Supply Failure
VTHD ~ 20%
Time-Varying
Input
Voltage
Output
Voltage
Surge In Peak Vac
Surge Out Peak Vdc
Fundamentals of a PC Power Supply
500 Hz Wave Surge Test
CCritical components and typical range of technology in use
that impact power supply application concerns
Application
Concerns
CCritical Components Types or Range of Values
Impact on Power
Source
Harmonics DC link capacitor 330 F ~ 1000 F
Boost converter with or without
Filtering EMI filters 20dB/dec @ fc = 9 kHz ~ 260 kHz
low pass or band pass filter
Fundamentals of a PC Power Supply
Critical Components
RTDS Test Implementation
(Hardware in the Loop Case)
Amplifier
Input Power
Motor Controller
RTDS Controls
Data Acquisition, etc
Challenges
Research and Development
DG and Renewables Integration
Compatibility with Transmission Requirements and Load
Sensitivity
Levels of Penetration per Technology
Integration of Communications and Computer Control
Systems Issues
State Estimation for Contingency Analysis
Modeling and Simulation: Graph Visualization e Software
Integration
Real Time Hardware in the Loop
Probabilistic Aspects and Novel Techniques
Technology Development
Challenges
Education
Philosophy: Maintain Balance Between Strong
Fundamentals & New Technologies and Concepts
Power Electronics (Voltage Source Converters:
Statcom)
Artificial Intelligence (Neuro Nets, Fuzzy Logic, etc.)
Signal Processing (Wavelets, Kalman, etc.)
Modeling Simulation (Load Flow Stability
Harmonics - Transients)
Probability Methods
Approach: New Topics Via Research / Paper Projects
In Summary
In Summary

Power Quality has a dynamic, time


Power Quality has a dynamic, time
-
-
varying nature
varying nature
which with the increased complexity and sensitivity
which with the increased complexity and sensitivity
of equipment needs to be properly understood and
of equipment needs to be properly understood and
addressed. Traditional methods are not sufficient.
addressed. Traditional methods are not sufficient.

Advanced techniques and technologies, including


Advanced techniques and technologies, including
real
real
-
-
time modeling / simulation, power electronics
time modeling / simulation, power electronics
solutions, signal processing and controls applications
solutions, signal processing and controls applications
are available to assist in these tasks.
are available to assist in these tasks.

These developments have the potential to aid the


These developments have the potential to aid the
power systems engineer to design and operate the
power systems engineer to design and operate the
system with superior performance over traditional
system with superior performance over traditional
methods used for studying power quality issues,
methods used for studying power quality issues,
particularly under time
particularly under time
-
-
varying conditions.
varying conditions.

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