Assessment of Orchids and Estimation of Current Stock of Traded Orchids in Rolpa District, Nepal

ENUMERATION OF ORCHIDS AND ESTIMATION OF CURRENT
STOCK OF TRADED ORCHIDS IN ROLPA DISTRICT
Submitted To
DISTRICT FOREST OFFICE, ROLPA
Submitted by
Dipesh Pyakurel & Khilendra Gurung

December 2008
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to acknowledge Mr Pashupati Nath Koirala, District Forest Officer Rolpa, for
concept development, coordination and facilitation during the field work at Rolpa. We are
thankful to Mr. Sailendra Mishra, Assistant Forest Officer, Devi Prasad Sharma, Nayab
Subba and other staffs of District Forest Office, Rolpa for their support and cooperation to
carry out this work.
We are grateful to Livelihood and Forestry Program (LFP) for the financial support. We are
thankful to Mr Pradeep Budhathoki, District coordinator and Mr. Yam KC, Field officer LFP
Rolpa facilitating and for their suggestions.
We are grateful to Mr Abdul Karim, local trader, Liwang for providing us the information on
the trading of Orchids.
We would also like to thank Mr Top Bahadur Budha, Forest Guard and Krishna Bahadur
Khadka, forest assistant, Jaulipokhari Range Post; Diwakar Acharya and Gagan Gosai,
Forest Guards, Liwang Range Post; Shyam Gharti Magar, Forest Guard, Harjang Range
Post; Mr Durga Shrestha, Forest assistant and Mr Dale Baniya, Forest Guard, Sulichaur
Range Post for assisting us in field trip.
Lastly, we would like to thank residents of 17 VDCs who supported us during the field work.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Limitations of the Study: 2
CHAPTER TWO 3
2.1 Physiognomy of Rolpa district 3
2.2 Study area 3
CHAPTER THREE 4
3.1 Data collection 4
3.2 Identification of orchid hotspot 4
3.3 Identification of orchids 4
3.4 Stock estimation of traded orchids 4
3.4.1 Abundance 4
3.4.2 Current stock 5
CHAPTER FOUR 6
4.1 Distribution of orchids in selected VDCs of Rolpa 6
4.2 Habitats of orchids 9
4.2.1 Host plants of orchids 9
4.3 Orchid Hotspots 11
4.4 Enumeration of orchids of Rolpa district 13
4.5 Orchids in trade and their current stock 25
4.6 Uses of orchids 26
4.6.1 Medicinal uses of orchids 27
4.7 Assessment of threat 27
4.7.1 Legal and conservation gaps 28
4.8 Conservation strategies 28
4.8.1 Goals and strategic directions 28
CHAPTER FIVE 31
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 32
REFERENCES 33
Annex 1 Pictures Plates
Maps
Map 1: Map of Rolpa showing Orchid Surveyed VDCs 3
Map 2: Map of Surveyed VDCs showing Orchid Hotspots 12
Pictures
Picture 1 Stages of methodology 5
Picture 2: Photograph of Mewang CF 12
Tables
Table 1: List of recorded orchids in the selected VDCs of Rolpa district 6
Table 2: Host plants of orchids in Rolpa district 10
Table 3: Abundance and current stock of traded orchids 26
Table 4: Traditional uses of orchids 27
Executive Summary
Orchids are perennial or rarely annual, epiphytic, terrestrial or lithophytic herbs with root
which have multi-layered spongy tissue. Orchids are notably diversified in the moist tropics
of both hemispheres in which majority are epiphytes in forests. In Nepal 363 species of
orchids are organized into 97 genera.
Orchids fall under CITES II category though collection and trade of orchids does not fall
under the jurisdiction of CITES or any existing legislation. Habitat loss, forest destruction and
degradation and over exploitation has posed threats to the conservation of orchids in Nepal.
Due to the notification on the gazette, some rare and endangered orchid species are in
threat of over exploitation from their natural habitats for trade.
Enumeration of orchid species, their status, hotspot mapping and the species that are in
trade has not been assessed to till date in Rolpa district. In the same time, District Forest
Office Rolpa needed a measurement of orchid stock for releasing permit issue.
Systematic investigation of orchids should be undertaken for the complete indexing of the
orchids and contributing to a red data book regarding the threatened and endangered
species. Orchid reserves in orchid hotspots should be established for the preservation and
regeneration of orchids. The collection of wild species of orchids for commercialization
should be banned and the rare and endangered species should be introduced in Botanic
gardens. Systematic research on propagation technique such as tissue culture should be
promoted for the commercially valuable orchids.
A total of 36 species of both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids were identified in the studied 17
VDCs of Rolpa district. Orchid habitat hotspots and host plants were identified within the
community forests as well as government managed forests at the altitudes between 1000-
2300m in humid and moisture rich mixed broadleaved forest of the surveyed VDCs.
Of the total broadleaved forest area of the surveyed VDCs, it is assumed that only 40% of
the total broadleaved forest area host orchids. Total stock of D. denudans was recorded
highest in Uwa VDC with 11018.08 kg followed by Seram VDC with the stock of 9982.57 kg
and Liwang VDC with total stock of 6057.35 kg. Similarly, total stock of D. eriiflorum was
recorded highest in Seram, Siuri and Jaimakasala with the total stock of 22750.01 kg,
7039.67 kg and 4933.46 kg respectively. However, total stock of orchids comprises of all
size / age classes and cannot be harvested in totality.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Orchids (Nepali name: Sunakhari, Sungava, Jivanti; Family: Orchidaceae) is one of the
largest family of flowering plants comprising more than 17000 species in the world. In Nepal
363 species of orchids are organized into 97 genera (Rajbhandari and Bhattarai, 2001).
Orchids are notably diversified in the moist tropics of both hemispheres in which majority are
epiphytes in forests. Most of the temperate and almost all of the alpine genera are terrestrial,
while some are lithophytes.
The first systematic orchids’ collection in Nepal was done by Hamilton in 1802 and Wallich in
1820 mainly from Kathmandu valley (Rajbhandari, 1976) and their collections were studied
by David Don in 1825-26. Hara et al. (1978), Banerji (1978) and Banerji and Pradhan (1984)
have given list and descriptions of orchids of Nepal. Till then, several orchids new to Nepal
have been reported by Bajracharya et al. (1993), Bania et al. (1993), Cribb and Tang (1983),
DuPuy and Cribb (1988), Pearce and Cribb (1996), Rajbhandari and Bhattarai (1995-96),
Rajbhandari et al. (1997, 1998), Shakya (2000), Shakya and Bania (1998); Shakya and
Chaudhary (1999), Wood (1986, 1989).
Orchids are perennial or rarely annual, epiphytic, terrestrial or lithophytic herbs with root
which have multi-layered spongy tissue. They are capable of absorbing and storing
considerable quantity of moisture. In terrestrial species, the roots are often swollen into
tubers or stems from corms or rhizomes. Stems of epiphytic species are often thickened to
form a pseudo-bulb with adventitious roots. Two types of growth habit are found in orchids:
Sympodial and monopodial. In sympodial plants the shoots are clustered together or spread
out on a long rhizome and new shoots may arise from any part of the older shoots where
there is an axillary bud. In monopodial plants the shoots have the potential for indefinite
apical growth.
Habitat loss, forest destruction and degradation and over exploitation has posed threats to
the conservation of orchids in Nepal. Detailed studies to understand the conservation status
of orchids of Nepal are still lacking. It is considered that many orchid species of Nepal are at
the threatened stage now.
Up to the fiscal year 2063/064; 2353kg of orchids were released from Rolpa district thereby
generating the revenue of Rs.7459 (DFO Rolpa, 2008). But, the enumeration of orchid
species, their status, hotspot mapping and the species that are in trade has not been
assessed to till date.
At the same time, Government of Nepal published the notification on the gazette dated
Baishakh 2, 2065 (14th April 2008) stating the permit to collect wild orchids for the trade
which were banned for the collection previously. Due to this notification, some rare and
endangered orchid species are in threat of over exploitation from their natural habitats for
trade.
On the basis of these information and considering the enumeration and assessment of
orchids in the district, District Forest Office (DFO), Rolpa and Livelihood Forestry Project
(LFP), Rolpa wished to carry out a detail enumeration and an assessment of orchids in the
district. In the same time, District Forest Office Rolpa needed a measurement of stock for
releasing permit issue. Therefore, a team of two botanists conducted a study on 17 VDCs of
Rolpa district.
Systematic investigation of orchids should be undertaken for the complete indexing of the
orchids and contributing to a red data book regarding the threatened and endangered
species. Orchid reserves in orchid hotspots should be established for the preservation and
regeneration of orchids. The collection of wild species of orchids for commercialization
should be banned and the rare and endangered species should be introduced in Botanic
gardens. Systematic research on propagation technique such as tissue culture should be
promoted for the commercially valuable orchids.
1.2 Objectives
The present study aims to enumerate the orchid species of Rolpa district. The specific
objectives are as follows:
1. To identify the orchid hotspots in the selected VDCs of Rolpa district.

2. To enumerate the orchid species distributed in the selected VDCs of Rolpa district.
3. To assess the current stock of traded orchid species in the selected VDCs of Rolpa
district.
4. To assess the threat and formulate the conservation strategies of orchids in Rolpa
district.
1.3 Limitations of the study
Most of epiphytic orchids flower during April-June. Field survey (September-October) was
dry and most of terrestrial orchids had died or were not in flowering stage. Thus few orchids
without flower were not identified.
Due to limited time frame, 17 VDCs out of 51 was surveyed. Only two speices were in trade
from Rolpa district Thus current stock was calculated for these two species only.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Physiognomy of Rolpa district
Rolpa district lies in the mid western region in Rapti Zone, Nepal. By covering an area of
187,150 ha, it lies at 280 8’–280 38’ N latitude and 830 10’–840 9’ E longitude. The altitudinal
range varies from 701–3639m representing tropical, temperate and sub-alpine types of
climate. The district is surrounded by Rukum to the North, Baglung and Pyuthan to the East,
Salyan to the West and Pyuthan and Dang to the South.
Of the total land area, 94,097 ha (50.28%) area is covered with forest and grazing land
coverage of 32,699 ha (17.47%) area of the district.
The maximum temperature of the district is 31.20C and the minimum temperature as 3.60C.
Similarly, the maximum rainfall was recorded as 1836mm and the minimum rainfall as
1388mm.
The ecological zones of the district encompasses Sal, Chir Pine, Alder, Himalayan Oak-
Laurel, Mixed Rhododendron-Oak, Temperate Mountain Oak, Rhododendron, sub-alpine
scrub and sub-alpine meadow forest and vegetation types.
2.2 Study area

On the basis of the information on the availability and distribution of orchids in the district,
Jhenam, Dubring, Sakhi, Dubidanda, Masina, Nuwagaon, Gairigaon, Kotgaun, Liwang,
Khumel, Mijhing, Jaimakasala, Siuri, Seram, Uwa, Aresh and Tewang village development
committees (VDCs) were chosen as the study area for the observation and assessment of
Orchid resources in Rolpa. The map of the study area is shown below.
Map 1: Map of Rolpa showing Orchid Surveyed VDCs

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Data collection
Primary data were collected using different tools like observation, measurement, interviews,
consultation with key informants and other relevant PRA tools. Forest guards, herbs traders,
hotel owners, and farmers were the main key informants interviewed. Verbal open ended
questions were asked for the interview and discussions. The secondary information was
collected from related publications, research papers, District Forest Office and other
documents as per necessity. The secondary data were collected for the verification of
primary data and additional information as well.
3.2 Identification of orchid hotspot
Orchid sampling and observation were conducted in defined habitats. The identification of
orchid’s hotspots was done systematically by observing abundance, habitat, forest types,
moisture, altitude and aspects. GPS coordinates/data were taken to locate the hotspots of
orchid in their specific habitats.
Habitats of epiphytic orchids were identified on the basis of researchers’ knowledge and
expertise.
3.3 Identification of orchids
Observed orchids were identified visually on the basis of researchers’ knowledge.

Unidentified species were collected and identified consulting with the reference literatures as
Stainton and Polunin (1984); Stainton (1988); Rajbhandari and Bhattarai (2001); Milleville
and Shrestha (2005). Enumerations of all available orchids were carried out according to
Rajbhandari and Bhattarai (2001) and Press et al. (2000).
3.4 Stock estimation of traded orchids
3.4.1 Abundance
Abundance of particular species is defined as the number of species “A” found in all plots to
the total area of the plots per hectare. It was calculated using the following formula as given
by Zobel et al. (1987):
Total number of plant of any species

Abundance Pl/ha = × 10000
Total number of quadrat studied × area of quadrat
For orchids, following steps were carried out in the field to find out the abundance.
Number of orchids in a plot is calculated with the help of following steps
1. Average number of plant is counted in each patch
2. Total number of patches of "Species A" is counted in each quadrat.
3.4.2 Current stock
Traded orchid species were collected from the study sites in patches. Number of individuals
in each patch was counted. Fresh weight of bulb/pseudo-bulb was taken in the field with the
help of balance (Picture 1). The species were sun dried for 15-20 days according to the
nature of orchids and dry weight of each bulb/pseudo-bulb was taken using digital balance.
Finally total stock of traded orchid species per hectare was calculated.
A B
C D
Picture 1 Stages of methodology: A- Patch of Dendrobium eriiflorum; B-Researcher taking

photograph of epiphytic orchid; C-Weighing Dendrobium denudans & D-Drying D. denudans
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Distribution of orchids in selected VDCs of Rolpa
Altogether 36 species of orchids were recorded and identified in the studied 17 VDCs of
Rolpa district. 31 species were identified up to species level, another two species were
identified up to genetic level and three were unidentifed. List of identified as well as
unidentifed orchids with color plate is given in Annex 1. The VDC wise lists of recorded
orchids are given in Table 1.
Table 1: List of recorded orchids in the selected VDCs of Rolpa district.

SN Name of Recorded orchid species Most abundant
VDCs orchids
1 Jhenam Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata,Coelogyne Coelogyne ovalis,
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne ovalis, Dendrobium
Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, denudans,
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium longicornu, Kingidium
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, taenialis
Kingidium taenialis, Rhynchostylis retusa,Vanda
cristata, Satyrium nepalense,
2 Dubring Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata,Coelogyne Coelogyne ovalis,
Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, aphyllum,
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium longicornu, Kingidium
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, taenialis
cristata, Satyrium nepalense, Cleisostema sp
3 Sakhi Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Coelogyne Coelogyne ovalis,
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne ovalis, Coelogyne
Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, corymbosa,
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium longicornu, Coelogyne
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, cristata
cristata, Satyrium nepalense
4 Dubidanda Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata,Coelogyne Dendrobium
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne ovalis, aphyllum,
Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, Dendrobium
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium longicornu, denudans,
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, Coelogyne
Kingidium taenialis, Rhynchostylis retusa,Vanda corymbosa
5 Masina Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata,Coelogyne Coelogyne ovalis,
Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, longicornu, Vanda
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium longicornu, cristata
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Herminium lanceum,
Kingidium taenialis, Rhynchostylis retusa, Vanda
6 Nuwagaun Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata,Coelogyne Coelogyne ovalis,
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne ovalis, Coelogyne
Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, corymbosa,
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium longicornu, Coelogyne
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, Kingidium cristata
taenialis, Rhynchostylis retusa,Vanda cristata, Satyrium
nepalense
7 Gairigaun Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata,Coelogyne Coelogyne
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne ovalis, corymbosa,
Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, Coelogyne
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium longicornu, cristata,
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, Dendrobium
Kingidium taenialis, Rhynchostylis retusa, Vanda aphyllum
8 Kotgaun Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata,Coelogyne Coelogyne
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne ovalis, corymbosa,
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium longicornu, denudans, Vanda
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, cristata
9 Liwang Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Bulbophyllum Coelogyne
viridiflorum, Chiloschista usneoides, Coelogyne corymbosa,
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne flaccida, Dendrobium
denudans,
Coelogyne ovalis, Cymbidium elegans, Cymbidium
Dendrobium
iridioides, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium
longicornu
bicameratum, Dendrobium chryseum, Dendrobium
denudans, Dendrobium heterocarpum, Dendrobium
longicornu, Epigeneium amplum, Gastrochilus
calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, Kingidium taenialis,
Oberonia acaulis, Rhynchostylis retusa,Vanda cristata
10 Khumel Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Bulbophyllum Coelogyne
viridiflorum, Chiloschista usneoides, Coelogyne corymbosa,
corymbosa,Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne flaccida, Dendrobium
longicornu,
Coelogyne ovalis, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium
Dendrobium
bicameratum, Dendrobium chryseum, Dendrobium
bicameratum
denudans, Dendrobium heterocarpum, Dendrobium
longicornu, Epigeneium amplum, Gastrochilus
calceolaris, Herminium lanceum, Kingidium
taenialis,Rhynchostylis retusa,Vanda cristata
11 Mijhing Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Coelogyne Dendrobium
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Dendrobium aphyllum, bicameratum,
Dendrobium bicameratum, Dendrobium chryseum, Rhynchostylis
Dendrobium eriiflorum, Dendrobium heterocarpum, retusa,Vanda
Dendrobium longicornu, Gastrochilus calceolaris, cristata
Herminium lanceum, Kingidium taenialis, Oberonia
acaulis, Rhynchostylis retusa,Vanda cristata
12 Jaimakasala Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Chiloschista Dendrobium
usneoides, Coelogyne corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, denudans,
Coelogyne flaccida, Coelogyne ovalis, Dendrobium Dendrobium
eriiflorum,
aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, Dendrobium
Epigeneium
chryseum, Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium
amplum,Oberonia
eriiflorum, Dendrobium heterocarpum, Dendrobium acaulis
longicornu, Epigeneium amplum, Herminium lanceum,
Oberonia acaulis, Pleione hookeriana, Rhynchostylis
retusa,Vanda cristata, Oberonia sp
13 Seram Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Chiloschista Dendrobium
usneoides, Coelogyne corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, bicameratum,
Coelogyne flaccida, Coelogyne ovalis, Dendrobium Dendrobium
aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, Dendrobium denudans,
chryseum, Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium Dendrobium
eriiflorum, Dendrobium heterocarpum, Dendrobium eriiflorum,
longicornu, Herminium lanceum, Oberonia acaulis, Oberonia acaulis
Pleione hookeriana, Rhynchostylis retusa,Vanda
cristata, Oberonia sp
14 Uwa Aerides odorata, Calanthe tricarinata, Coelogyne Coelogyne
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne flaccida, corymbosa,
Coelogyne ovalis, Cypripedium himalaicum, Dendrobium
Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Dendrobium aphyllum, denudans,
Dendrobium bicameratum, Dendrobium denudans, Epigeneium
Dendrobium heterocarpum, Dendrobium longicornu, amplum, Oberonia
Epigeneium amplum, Herminium lanceum, Kingidium acaulis
taenialis, Oberonia acaulis, Pleione hookeriana,
Rhynchostylis retusa,Satyrium nepalense,Vanda
cristata
15 Siuri Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Chiloschista Dendrobium
usneoides, Coelogyne corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, bicameratum,Den
Coelogyne flaccida, Coelogyne ovalis, Dendrobium drobium
denudans,
aphyllum, Dendrobium bicameratum, Dendrobium
Dendrobium
chryseum, Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium
eriiflorum,
eriiflorum, Dendrobium heterocarpum, Dendrobium
longicornu, Herminium lanceum, Oberonia acaulis, Oberonia acaulis
Pleione hookeriana, Rhynchostylis retusa,Vanda
cristata, Oberonia sp
16 Aresh Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Coelogyne Aerides multiflora,
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Dendrobium aphyllum, Coelogyne
Dendrobium longicornu, Herminium lanceum, cristata, Vanda
Kingidium taenialis, Oberonia acaulis, Rhynchostylis cristata
retusa,Vanda cristata
17 Tewang Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Coelogyne Aerides multiflora,
corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Dendrobium aphyllum, Coelogyne
Dendrobium longicornu, Herminium lanceum, cristata, Vanda
Kingidium taenialis, Oberonia acaulis, Rhynchostylis cristata
retusa,Vanda cristata
4.2 Habitat of orchids
The mid altitudes between 1,000–2,300m of the studied VDCs harbor the highest number of
epiphytic orchid species in Rolpa district. Whereas, few terrestrial orchid species grow on
meadows and underlying forest covers ranging from sub-tropical to sub-alpine regions in
studied VDCs. The suitability of luxuriant growth of epiphytic orchids in the mid-hills is due to
the moisture rich mossy habitat as a result of high cloud formation.
Typically, the mid altitudes benefit twice daily from a ‘cloud bath’ by the rising and falling
cloud line. As a result of such a daily weather cycle in the mid-hills, the medium bark of
trees/shrubs decompose so quickly into anaerobic sludge combined with lots of air
movement and strong light seems to make orchids as sturdy and resilient.
4.2.1 Host plants of orchids
Most of the orchid species were found growing in Angeri (Lyonia ovalifolia), Banjh (Quercus
leucotrichophora), Katush (Castanopsis indica), Lali Gurans (Rhododendron arboreum) and
Kaphal (Myrica esculenta) in sub-tropical and temperate regions. Similarly, Chiuri
(Diploknema butyracea), Mauwa (Engelhardia spicata) and Sal (Shorea robusta) host
majority of orchid species in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the studied VDCs of Rolpa
district. The lists of host plants along with epiphytic orchids are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Host plants of orchids in Rolpa district

SN Host plants Orchid species
1 Angeri (Lyonia Bulbophyllum viridiflorum, Chiloschista usneoides, Coelogyne
ovalifolia) corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne ovalis, Cymbidium
elegans, Cymbidium iridioides, Dendrobium aphyllum,
Dendrobium bicameratum, Dendrobium chryseum,
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium eriiflorum, Dendrobium
heterocarpum, Dendrobium longicornu, Epigeneium amplum,
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Kingidium taenialis, Oberonia acaulis,
Pleione hookeriana,Vanda cristata, Cleisostema sp
2 Ban Litchi Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium longicornu
(Benthamidia capitata)
3 Banjh (Quercus Bulbophyllum viridiflorum, Chiloschista usneoides, Coelogyne
leucotrichophora) corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Cymbidium elegans,
Cymbidium iridioides, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium
bicameratum, Dendrobium chryseum, Dendrobium denudans,
Dendrobium eriiflorum, Dendrobium heterocarpum,
Dendrobium longicornu, Epigeneium amplum, Gastrochilus
calceolaris, Pleione hookeriana, Vanda cristata, Cleisostema
sp
4 Chiuri (Diploknema Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Coelogyne flaccida,
butyracea) Coelogyne ovalis, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium
heterocarpum, Dendrobium longicornu, Gastrochilus
calceolaris, Oberonia acaulis, Rhynchostylis retusa, Vanda
cristata, Oberonia sp.
5 Chutro (Berberis Chiloschista usneoides, Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium
asiatica) eriiflorum, Gastrochilus calceolaris, Kingidium taenialis
6 Kaphal (Myrica Coelogyne corymbosa, Coelogyne flaccida, Coelogyne ovalis,
esculenta) Cymbidium iridioides, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium
bicameratum, Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium eriiflorum,
Dendrobium longicornu, Gastrochilus calceolaris, Oberonia
acaulis,Vanda cristata
7 Katush (Castanopsis Bulbophyllum viridiflorum, Chiloschista usneoides, Coelogyne
indica) corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne flaccida,
Coelogyne ovalis, Cymbidium iridioides, Dendrobium aphyllum,
Dendrobium bicameratum, Dendrobium chryseum,
Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium eriiflorum, Dendrobium
heterocarpum, Dendrobium longicornu, Epigeneium amplum,
Gastrochilus calceolaris, Kingidium taenialis, Oberonia acaulis,
Vanda cristata
8 Kaulo (Persea Chiloschista usneoides, Coelogyne corymbosa, Coelogyne
odoratissima) cristata, Coelogyne flaccida, Coelogyne ovalis, Dendrobium
aphyllum, Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium eriiflorum,
Dendrobium heterocarpum, Dendrobium longicornu,
Epigeneium amplum, Oberonia acaulis, Vanda cristata
9 Khote salla (Pinus Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium
roxburghii) longicornu, Rhynchostylis retusa
10 Lali Gurans Bulbophyllum viridiflorum, Chiloschista usneoides, Coelogyne
(Rhododendron corymbosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne flaccida,
arboreum) Coelogyne ovalis, Cymbidium elegans, Cymbidium iridioides,
chryseum, Dendrobium denudans, Dendrobium eriiflorum,
Dendrobium heterocarpum, Dendrobium longicornu,
Epigeneium amplum, Gastrochilus calceolaris, Kingidium
taenialis, Oberonia acaulis, Pleione hookeriana, Vanda cristata
11 Lek chutro (Berberis Chiloschista usneoides, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium
aristata) denudans, Dendrobium eriiflorum, Dendrobium longicornu,
Kingidium taenialis, Vanda cristata
12 Mauwa (Engelhardia Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Coelogyne flaccida,
spicata) Coelogyne ovalis, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium
bicameratum, Dendrobium eriiflorum, Dendrobium
heterocarpum, Dendrobium longicornu, Gastrochilus
calceolaris, Oberonia acaulis, Rhynchostylis retusa
13 Mayal (Pyrus pashia) Chiloschista usneoides, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium
longicornu, Kingidium taenialis, Vanda cristata
14 Sal (Shorea robusta) Aerides multiflora, Aerides odorata, Coelogyne flaccida,
Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium eriiflorum, Dendrobium
heterocarpum, Gastrochilus calceolaris, Oberonia acaulis,
Rhynchostylis retusa, Oberonia sp.
15 Lithophytic Dendrobium denudans, Kingidium taenialis , Epigeneium
amplum
16 Terrestrial Calanthe tricarinata, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne
corymbosa, Cypripedium himalaicum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea,
Herminium lanceum, Pleione hookeriana, Satyrium nepalense
4.3 Orchid Hotspots
Orchid habitat comprises of undisturbed mixed broadleaved forest with moisture content.
Such type of habitat harbors varieties of orchids in quantity and in terms of biodiversity, it is
known as "Orchid Hotspot".
Orchid hotspot has been identified in forest of Jhenam, Dubring, Dubidanda, Masina, Sakhi,
Nuagaun, Gairagaun, Kotgaun, Libang, Khumel, Jaimakasala, Uwa, Seram and Siuri VDC.
Orchid hotspot of surveyed VDCs is shown in Map 2.
Map 2: Map of Surveyed VDCs showing Orchid Hotspots
Picture 2: Photograph of Mewang CF, Liwang which is one of the Orchid Hotspot
among the surveyed VDCs
4.4 Enumeration of orchids of Rolpa district
Enumeration of the recorded orchids of the selected 17 VDCs of Rolpa district are as
follows:
1. Aerides multiflora Roxb.
Habitat and distribution: This species is found in Nepal, India, Myanmar, Thailand,
Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In Nepal it occurs as an epiphytic herb in the tropical and
sub-tropical forests at 200-1100m.
Diagnostic characters: Stem stout, 10-25cm long many leaved. Leaves 15-30cm long, 1.5-
2cm broad, ligulate, distichous, deeply channelled and keeled, curved, 2-lobed.
Inflorescences 20-40cm long, many-flowered, densely set in semi-pendant cylindrical
racemes; floral bracts 0.3cm long, 0.2cm broad, triangular, 1-nerved, dark-brown. Flowers
waxy, pinkish-white, 1.5-3cm across. Sepals elliptic-oblong or orbicular, rounded. Petals
oblong-spathulate, apex round. Lip magneta, clawed, geniculate, adnate to the base of the
column, 3 -lobed, convex, margins recurved, basal half of the lip thick and with a retrorse
tooth or callus pointing across the mouth of the rectangularly bent spur; apex of side lobes
rounded; mid-lobe cordate or hastate-ovate, apex rounded, slightly convex above; spur
pointing forwards, short, straight, compressed. Column beaked, with 2 rounded auricles on
the foot. Flowering: May-July.
2. Aerides odorata Lour.
Habitat and distribution: This species is found in Nepal, Sikkim, Bangladesh, Myanmar,
South China, Indonesia and the Philippines. It occurs as an epiphytic herb in the tropical and
sub-tropical regions at 200-1200m.
Diagnostic characters: Stem stout, dropping, branching, 10-30cm long. Leaves fleshy,
incurved, 15-30cm long, 2-5cm broad, oblong-ligulate, roundly lobed at apex, pale green.
Inflorescence pendulous, 15-30cm long, densely up to 30-flowered; peduncle and rachis
stout; sticky when young; acute. Flowers white with pink spots; fragrant. Dorsal sepal
oblong, obtuse, lateral sepals longer than the dorsal sepal, narrowly triangular-lanceolate.
Petals narrowly oblong. Lip adnate to the short foot of the column, 3-lobed, almost enclosing
the column; side lobes sub-quadrate, erect, margins entire or toothed; mid lobe short,
incurved, oblong, acute, entire; disc with small keels around the nectar and 2-curved
appendages in the mouth; spur large, horn-like, incurved. Flowering time: May-July.
3. Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook.) Sprengel
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India and Myanmar. It occurs as an epiphytic
herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of east, central and western Nepal at 600-
2100m.
Diagnostic characters: Rhizomes stout. Pseudo-bulbs globose or oblong, lightly grooved,

single-leaved, 1.5-5cm long, 1.5-2.5cm broad. Leaves 10-20cm long, 2-4cm broad, oblong,
tapering to each end, notched. Inflorescence scape about the length of the pseudo-bulb,
stout, brown and clothed with many bracts of the same color bearing a dense flower at its
apex, decurved, cylindric raceme; floral bract lanceolate, longer than the stalked ovary.
Flowers densely imbricating, orange –yellow spotted and suffused with red-brown. Sepals
unequal, the dorsal smaller, oblong. Petals about one- third the size of the sepals, fleshy,
narrowly triangular with a few projecting bristle- like teeth on the edges. Lip pinkish, longer
than the petals, oblong, broad base with two short falcate side lobes, edges minutely
ciliolate. Column orange, short with two, broad apical teeth and a short curved foot.
Flowering time: October-December.
4. Bulbophyllum viridiflorum
Habitat and distribution: Found in Nepal, India and Bhutan. It occurs as an epiphytic herb
in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of east, central and west Nepal at 1100-2300m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs caespitose, crowded, ovoid, tapering much to the

apex. Leaves 5-15cm long and 2-3cm broad, elliptic-oblong, sub-acute, tapering much to the
channelled petiole. Inflorescence scape equalled or exceeding the leaf, decurved, with two
sheathing bracts at the base and several scattered along the peduncle, flowers in umbels of
5-9 on long pedicels; floral bract ovate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicel. Flowers pale
yellow spotted with purple, 1-2cm long. Dorsal sepal free at its base from the lateral pair,
broadly ovate, apiculate, concave, vaulted over the column; lateral sepals free, twice as long
as the dorsal, ovate from at broad base, sub-acute, upper margins incurved, apices
divergent. Petals broadly elliptic, shortly apiculate, shorter than the dorsal sepal, spreading.
Lip purple, deflexed from the middle, oblong with a very broad base, apex minutely
emarginate; under surface with a grooved keel. Column stout, with broad rectangular wings,
apical teeth long, filiform, decurved; apex upturned. Flowering time: July-October.
5. Calanthe tricarinata Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan, West China and Japan. It
occurs as a terrestrial herb on the forest floor from the sub-tropical to sub-alpine regions at
1500-3200m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs broadly ovoid, 1.5-2.5cm long. Pseudo stems 7.5-
20cm long. Leaves 2 or 3, 20-35cm long, 5-7.5cm broad, oblanceolate, acute, much
narrowed in the lower half, petiolate or sessile. Inflorescence from the developing pseudo-
bulb, attached by the young leaves and arising from the axil of one of them, longer than the
adult leaves, 30-50cm long, the peduncle longer than the laxly-flowered raceme, the rachis
and stalked ovaries pubescent; floral bracts lanceolate, shorter than the slender pedicel of
the ovary. Flowers 1-2cm across, externally green, edged with white; internally they are of a
pale yellowish-green. Sepals and petals broadly lanceolate,spreading. Lip adnate to the
whole length of the column broadly oblong, decurved, 3-lobed, base with a didymous
puberulous callus, green, but the fleshy ridged callus on its upper surface and anther are
purple, side lobes short, erect, broad and rounded; the mid lobe oblong, obtuse, edges much
undulate and the upper surface with a large fleshy callus divided into three ridges. Flowering
time: June-July.
6. Chiloschista usneoides (D. Don) Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India and Bhutan. It occurs as an epiphytic
herb in the sub-tropical regions of central and western Nepal at 1600-1700m.
Diagnostic characters: Roots densely tufted, tortuous. Stem and leaves absent.
Inflorescence 7.5-15cm long raceme, many-flowered; peduncle brownish, bearing a few
amplexicaul, ovate, acute, membranous, deciduous bracts. Flowers sub-sessile, white or
greenish-yellow, 1.5cm across. Sepals spreading, oblong, obtuse. Petals broader,
spreading. Lip gibbous with a long claw, side lobes oblong, obtuse; disc between the side
lobes pubescent; mid-lobe truncate. Column short. Flowering time: February-April.
7. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan and China. It occurs as an
epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of east, central and western Nepal
at 1500-2900m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs short, clustered, ovoid to sub-rhomboidal, 2.5-4.5cm

long and 2-2.5cm broad, 2-leaved at the apex. Leaves 10-20cm long, 2-3.5cm broad, elliptic-
lanceolate, sub-erect, acute. Inflorescence racemose from the base of the pseudobulb, erect
or deurved, 2-4 flowered, 7-20cm long. Scape covered in sheaths to first flower. Sheaths
1.5-2.5cm long, 1.5cm broad, ovate, acute. Flowers fragrant, 6-7cm across, white. Sepals
lanceolate or elliptic, acute. Petals narrowly lanceolate, acute. Lip oblong, white with 4 large
yellow eyes bordered with orange-red, 3-lobed, side lobes broad and blunt, erose; mid-lobe
ovate to lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate and recurved, crenulated towards the base,
disc with 3 lamellae. Column curved, slightly winged towards the apex, outside white, inside
yellowish-brown. Flowering time: March-May.
8. Coelogyne cristata Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India and Bhutan. In Nepal it occurs as an
epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions at 1400-2500m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs oblong or ovoid, closely spaced on rhizome, 5-8cm
long, 1.5-4cm in diameter, 2-leaved at apex. Leaves sessile, 15-30cm long, 2-2.5cm broad,
narrowly lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence racemose from the base of the pseudobulb,
pendulous, 15-30cm long, 3-10 flowered; bracts 2.5-5cm long, persistent. Flowers white, 8-
10cm across. Sepals narrowly elliptic-oblong, undulate, sub-acute. Petals similar to sepals
acute. Lip oblong, 3-lobed with large rounded side lobes; mid-lobe broad, short, crenate with
two broad, square, yellow lamellae on its upper surface; disc between the side lobes with
four yellow fimbriate lamellae. Column long, apex hooded and crenate. Flowering time:
February-April.
9. Coelogyne flaccida Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Myanmar, West China and Laos. It
occurs as an epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical regions of central and west Nepal at 900-
1400m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs conical or ovoid-cylindric, up to 12cm long, 2.5cm

broad, 2-leaved at apex. Leaves 10-18cm long, 2-3cm broad, linear-lanceolate, acuminate;
petiole 3.5-5cm long. Inflorescence racemose from the base of the pseudobulb, pendulous,
up to 20cm long, 7-9 flowered, bracts obovate, acute, caduceus. Flowers 3-5cm across,
white with yellow on middle of lip, striped red on side lobes and spotted red at base of mid-
lobe. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Petals linear, acute, reflexed. Lip oblong, 3-lobed; side lobes
long with acute apices; mid-lobe oblong, acute, reflexed; disc with three yellow flexuose
ridges between the side lobes. Column white, broadly and erosely hooded at the apex.
Flowering time: April-June.
10. Coelogyne ovalis Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan and China. In Nepal it occurs
as an epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions at 1300-2100m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs ovoid to fusiform 3-8cm long, 1-1.5cm broad, borne
somewhat distant on a creeping rhizome, 2-leaved at apex. Leaves 9-15cm long, 2.5-4cm
broad, narrowly elliptic, acute to acuminate. Inflorescence racemose from between the pair
of leaves on the apex of pseudobulb; 1-3 flowered, 12cm long, subtended at base by 3
sheaths; floral bracts coriaceous, ovate, convolute, caducous. Flowers pale brown, 3.5-5cm
across. Sepals ovate, acute, spreading. Petals linear, acute, spreading. Lip oblong, 3-lobed
in middle, brown having blackish-brown markings and hairs; side lobes narrow, recurved;
mid lobe broadly oblong, its edges and upper surface with stiff black hairs; disc with two
crisped lamellae from base to apex. Column curved, broadly winged in its upper half of light
color than the rest of the flower. Flowering time: September-December.
11. Cymbidium elegans Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India and Bhutan. It occurs as an epiphytic
or as a terrestrial herb in the temperate zones of east, central and western Nepal at 2100-
2500m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs short. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, slightly

expanded and equitant at the base; 45-60cm long, 1.5-2cm broad. Inflorescence axillary,
decurved, as long as the leaves; peduncled longer than the raceme, clothed to the apex by a
few lanceolate acuminate convolute sheaths, 10-15cm long; raceme densely flowered; floral
bracts membranous, minute. Flowers pale lemon yellow with parallel brownish streaks, 3.5-
4.5cm long and 1.5cm across. Sepals and petals sub-equal, erect, oblong, acute and slightly
concave at the tips. Lip as long as the petals, narrowly oblong; the side lobes near the apex,
incurved, rounded, white with many dark red streaks at base and spots towards margin; the
disc between them with two parallel ridges united at the apex and with a large pubescent
callus at the base; mid-lobe small, sub-orbicular, undulate, incurved. Column long, slender,
slightly pubescent at the base in front, the apex slightly curved forwards. Flowering time:
September-November.
12. Cymbidium iridioides D. Don
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar and China. It occurs
as an epiphytic and as a lithophytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of east,
central and western Nepal at 1300-2400m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs 5-15cm long, 2-6cm in diameter, elongate bisidely

flattened. Leaves up to 90cm long, 2-4cm broad, linear, acute. Inflorescence 45-80cm long,
sub-erect to horizontal; peduncle stiff; floral bracts triangular. Flowers yellowish-green
stained with irregular veins and spots of red or ginger-brown, with a narrow cream margin,
up to 10cm across. Dorsal sepal narrowly obovate, acute, concave, lateral sepals similar,
slightly asymmetric and twisted forward giving the flower a half-open appearance. Petals
ligulate, slightly curved, spreading. Lip 3-lobed, fused to the column base for 4-5mm,
yellowish, side-lobes dark red-veined, mid-lobe yellow at the base, marked with a broad sub-
marginal band of confluent deep red spots and blotches; side-lobes triangular, slightly
rounded at the apex, margin fringed with short hairs; mid-lobe ovate, strongly recurved,
sparsely hairy except in the center where two or three lines of long hairs extend from the
callus to beyond the center of the mid-lobe; margin erose and undulating, fringed with short
hairs; callus ridges 2, short, reaching half way down the disc, dilated at the apex, tapering off
rapidly below, covered in long hairs. Column winged, short hairs present ventrally near the
base, callus ridges yellowish, spotted maroon in front. Flowering time: September-
December.
13. Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan and China. In Nepal it occurs
as a terrestrial herb in the sub-alpine and alpine regions at 3000-4800m.
Diagnostic characters: Stem 20-30cm high, clothed at the base by 3 or 4 unequal, lax,
tubular, acute sheaths, 1-4cm long. Leaves 3-4, unequal, lowest the smallest, scattered,
larger leaves 6-8.5cm long, 2.5-5cm broad, the lower leaf only 3.5-5cm long and less than
1.2cm broad, from oblong to broadly elliptic, acute, slightly narrowed to the sheathing base,
puberulous. Floral bracts narrowly elliptic, acute, slightly concave, longer than the flower,
many-nerved. Flower solitary, pinkish-brown, 6.5cm in diameter vertically and less than 5cm
horizontally. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, acute, somewhat concave, the lateral pair slightly
longer but only one third as wide. Petals spreading, narrowly oblong, sub-acute, longer than
the dorsal sepal. Lip pendent, sub-cylindrically ventricose, many-nerved, brownish, having a
strong tinge of purple; the mouth wide, crenate. Flowering time: June-August.
14. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, Pakistan, North India, Bhutan and Southeast
Tibet. It occurs as a terrestrial herb in moist places of east, central and western Nepal at
3000-4000m.
Diagnostic characters: Orchid about 45cm high, roots tuberous, slightly flattened and
divided into 3 or 5 fingers like lobes. Leaves oblanceolate, base sheathing. Flowers purple,
narrowly lanceolate. Flowering and fruiting: June.-July (fl.), August-September (fr.)
Status: Commercially threatened; Government protected (ban for collection, use, sale,
distribution, transportation and export).
15. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) G.E.C. Fischer
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar and Southeast Asia.
It occurs as an epiphytic herb in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of east, central and
western Nepal at 200-1500m.
Diagnostic characters: Stems slender, pendulous, leafy, 30cm to 1m long. Leaves

deciduous, 5-12cm long 2-3cm broad, linear, acute. Inflorescences abbreviated 1-3 flowered
at each node, borne on old stems; peduncles springing from the slightly swollen nodes of the
leafless stems; floral bracts oblong, acute. Flowers white or Rose color, 4-5cm in diameter,
fragrant. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute. Petals broadly oblong, acute, wider than the
sepals. Lip tubular at base, shortly clawed, as long as broad, cream or pale yellow, purple-
veined, sub-orbicular, convolute, 3-lobed, pubescent above, margins erose, almost ciliate,
apex rounded; callus at base of lip, 3-ridged. Column broad at the apex, foot tapering, flat in
its upper part, white. Flowering time: April-June.
16. Dendrobium bicameratum Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal and India. It occurs as an epiphytic herb in
the sub-tropical and temperate regions of central and western Nepal at 1400-2400m.
Diagnostic characters: Stems fusiform, elongate, 7.5-40cm long and 0.5-1.2cm thick at the
thickest part. Leaves 3.5-7.5cm long and 2-2.5cm broad, elliptic to lanceolate, the apex
acute and obliquely and minutely bifid. Inflorescence with densely clustered flowers on a
short rachis and forming a capitate lateral or sub-terminal raceme; floral bracts sheathing the
shortly-stalked ovary. Flowers yellow marked with red, 1cm across. Dorsal sepal broadly
ovate-oblong; lateral pair triangular, all concave and sub-acute. Petals broadly elliptic,
obtuse, as long as the sepals. Lip small, fleshy, concave, broadly triangular and 3-lobed, the
side lobes triangular, acute, erect; the mid-lobe short, truncate; disc fleshy, smooth; column
short, with two large oblong nectar-secreting cells. Flowering time: July-August.
17. Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe
Diagnostic characters: Stems scarcely clavate, the leafy stems smooth, leafless vertically
ridged, 45-75cm long. Leaves coriaceous, 7-12cm long, 2-3.5cm broad, narrowly oblong, the
apex blunt, slightly notched. Inflorescence from the leafless stems of the previous year;
peduncle 5-7.5cm long, erect, bearing several tubular membranous oblong sheaths; raceme
two or three times as long as the peduncle, horizontal, bearing from four to six rather distant
flowers; floral bracts membranous, oblong, sub-acute, shorter than the slender pedicelled
ovary. Flowers yellow, 5-7.5cm in diameter. Sepals oblong, sub-acute. Petals broadly ovate,
sub-acute. Lip narrowed and convolute in its lower part, the anterior part extended, concave,
orbicular, its margins sub-fimbriate near the base, undulate near the apex, having a large
purple blotch near its centre and its edges being of a paler yellow than the rest of the flower;
the upper surface tomentose. Column and foot short, the later with a nectar near the base.
Flowering time: April-June.
18. Dendrobium denudans D. Don
Diagnostic characters: Stems terete, sub-erect, many-leaved, the lower leaves sometimes
early deciduous, 15-25cm long. Leaves 5-10cm long, 1-2.5cm broad, narrowly oblong,
acute, sometimes obliquely notched, not narrowed to the sheathing base. Inflorescence leaf-
opposed racemes, slender, decurved, longer than the leaves, many flowered; floral bracts
minute. Flowers 1.5-2cm long, white. Sepals sub-equal, not wide spreading, linear,
acuminate, falcate. Petals similar to the sepals, but smaller. Lip with a band of radiating red
lines round its crisped or serrate edges, much shorter than sepals, decurved from the base,
the lower part sub-quadrate with two long narrow laciniate side lobes; the mid-lobes strongly
recurved, serrate, crisped; the disc with an obscurely 3-lined smooth surface with a
triangular apex ending at the mid-lobe. Column long, the margin of the clinandrium
denticulate; foot or the column red, curved, concave, hispid near its extremity. Flowering
time: April-September.
19. Dendrobium eriiflorum Griffith
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Thailand and Malaya. It
occurs as an epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of east, central and
western Nepal at 1500-2100m.
Diagnostic characters: Stems erect, many-leaved, tapering from base to apex, 7.5-15cm
long, about 1cm thick at the base. Leaves 3.5-6cm long, 0.5-1cm broad, linear, the apex
blunt, oblique, sometimes notched. Inflorescence numerous, leaf-opposed axillary racemes,
slightly longer than the leaves, many-flowered, nodding; floral bracts lanceolate, minute,
much shorter than the stalked ovary. Flowers 1cm across and about 1.5cm long, greenish-
white. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acuminate; lateral sepals larger, falcate, with broad bases,
spreading only slightly. Petals linear, acute, lying parallel above the column. Lip greenish-
white, slightly spotted with dull purple, shorter than the sepals, curved from the narrow base,
sessile, broadly ovate when spread out, concave, the side lobes narrow, elongate, pectinate-
serrate; the mid-lobe shorter than the side lobes, acute, much recurved, undulate, a mesial
crest running along the disc from its base to the insertion of the mid-lobe. Column slightly
spotted with dull purple, having its foot at a right angle. Flowering time: September-October.
20. Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Indonesia and Philippines. It occurs as an epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical region of central
and western Nepal at 1000-1400m.
Diagnostic characters: Stems erect, ribbed, sheathing, 20-45cm long. Leaves 7.5-12cm
long, 1.5-2.5cm broad, narrowly oblong, sub-acute. Inflorescence 1-3 flowered, on a very
short peduncle from the leafless stems; floral bracts broad, obtuse, convolute, much shorter
than the stalked ovary. Flowers white often tinged with green, 5-6cm across. Sepals sub-
equal, the dorsal oblong, sub-acute; the lateral pair lanceolate. Lip yellow or white, with a
yellow disc and many purple radiating lines, longer than the lateral sepals, acute, decurved,
the edges undulate, the sides of the base somewhat convolute, the disc pubescent. Column
short, broad above the foot, tapering, excavated and with a raised line down the center;
mentum short, conical, obtuse. Flowering time: April-May.
21. Dendrobium longicornu Wall. ex Lindley
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Myanmar. It occurs
as an epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of Nepal at 1300-2900m.
Diagnostic characters: Stems tufted, minutely sulcate, 15-30cm long, somewhat zigzag,
with coarse deciduous black hairs on the sheaths. Leaves deciduous, 4-7cm long, 0.5-1.5cm
broad, linear, obliquely acute. Inflorescences borne on leafy stems, 1-3 flowered, sub-apical;
floral bracts ovate, acute, hairy, concave, 1cm long. Flowers waxy, white, 4-5cm long,
fragrant. Dorsal sepal ovate, acute; lateral sepals ovate-triangular. Petals lanceolate or
ovate, acute. Lip white streaked orange and edged yellow, 3-lobed, rhombic, with a broad
ridge running along its centre from the base to the apex, dividing near the apex into 3 or 4
short branches, side lobes rounded, boldly nerved and with broad erose apices, the mid-lobe
small, sub-orbicular, fimbriate. Column short; mentum long, attenuate, keeled above, 2-3cm
long. Flowering time: September-November.
22. Epigeneium amplum Lindley
the sub-tropical and temperate regions of east, central and western Nepal at 1300-2100m.
Diagnostic characters: Rhizome pendulous, 0.5cm thick, woody, sheathed, bearing at

distances of 10-12.5cm, ellipsoidal pseudo-bulbs which are 2.5-5cm long and half covered
by large scarious sheaths. Leaves two, 10-15cm long, 3.5-5cm broad, oblong, acute, shortly
petioled; petiole 1-2.5cm. Floral bracts at the base of the stalked ovary, large, loose,
scarious. Flowers pale greenish-brown, profusely spotted and blotched with darker brown, 8-
9cm across. Sepals lanceolate with broad bases, acuminate, the lateral pair slightly falcate.
Petals linear, wide-spreading like sepals. Lip articulate, mobile, 3-lobed; side lobes short,
rounded; mid-lobe rhomboid, sub-acute, entire, with three parallel mesial ridges and strong
branching nerves, dark purple with bronze edges; the space between the side lobes with
three lamellae, outer two having an erect tooth at their bases; the middle one shorter and
toothless. Column straight; its foot at a right angle to itself, with thickened sides and a
nectar-secreting depression just above the junction with the lip, spotted with purple.
Flowering time: September-November.
23. Gastrochilus calceolaris (Smith) D. Don
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar and Malaysia. It
occurs as an epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions in Nepal at 900-
2300m.
Diagnostic characters: Stem short, pendulous. Leaves 10-25cm long, 1.5-2.5cm broad,
narrowly oblong, apex unequally bifid, the base slightly narrowed and jointed to the short
wide sheath. Racemes corymbose, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves, peduncle with
several short sheaths; floral bracts broad, blunt. Flowers 1.5cm across, crowded, pale green
with large roundish brown markings. Sepals unequal, spreading, the dorsal oblong; the
lateral pair oblong, falcate. Petals oblong, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the
lower half of the column; the base forming a wide short sac, nearly parallel with and about
half as long as the ovary, sac bright yellow with brownish red markings; side lobes absent,
the mid lobe at right angle to the sac, semi-circular, white, except the smooth yellow
speckled pad at its base, margin and the whole of its upper surface, except a triangular pad
at the base, covered with white hair-like papillae. Column short, thick, reddish. Flowering
time: February-March.
24. Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Swartz) J. Vuijk
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam,
Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia and Japan. It occurs as a terrestrial herb from the sub-tropical to
sub-alpine regions from east, central and western Nepal at 1100-3500m.
Diagnostic characters: Stems 25-75cm high; tubers small, oblong. Stem clothed in its
lower part with tubular acute sheaths. Leaves two or three, linear, acuminate, and not
narrowed to the long sheath. Spike cylindrical, narrow, 6.5-25cm long, many flowered; stem
the leaves short, usually bearing a linear acuminate bract; floral bracts linear, acuminate,
shorter than the ovary. Flowers about 0.7cm long, crowded, green. Sepals sub-equal,
oblong, obtuse, the dorsal connivent with the petals to form a hood over the column, the
lateral pair spreading. Petals as long as the sepals, narrowly linear. Lip much longer than the
sepals, deflexed from the base, oblong in general outline; the lower half minutely auriculate
and with a small concavity at the base; the anterior half trifit at the apex, the mid-lobe short;
the side lobes long, filiform, curved. Flowering time: July-September.
25. Kingidium taenialis (Lindley) P. F. Hunt
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Bhutan and Myanmar. It occurs as an
epiphytic herb or sometimes on the mossy rock in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of
east, central and western Nepal at 1500-2300m.
Diagnostic characters: Roots numerous, long and flat, forming large tufts. Leaves few,
pendulous, often solitary, sometimes absent, 7.5-12.5cm long, 1.5-2cm broad, narrowly
elliptic, acute, tapering to the sessile base. Racemes longer than the leaves, pendulous, 6-8
flowered; floral bracts broadly triangular, minute. Flowers pale purple, 2cm across. Sepals
unequal, blunt; the dorsal oblong, slightly oblanceolate; the lateral pair broader, elliptic, blunt.
Petals obovate, blunt, shorter than the sepals. Lip adnate to the foot of the column, shorter
than the petals, dark purple, dark purple; hypochile produced below into a stout sub-cylindric
spur and sending upward two long narrow falcate backward pointing lobes; the epichile
spathulate, entire, attached to the hypochile near its base, running parallel to it for part of its
length and then curving forwards, its upper surface with a forked appendage. Column long,
narrowly winged, dilated towards the foot. Flowering time: April-June.
26. Oberonia acaulis W. Griffith
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
and West China. It occurs as an epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of
east, central and western Nepal at 600-2100m.
Diagnostic characters: Stems short, slightly tufted. Leaves 2-20cm long and 0.5-1.5cm
broad, ensiform, acuminate, falcate, unequal in size. Inflorescence longer than the leaves,
slender, decurved, densely-flowered with the flowers borne more or less in whorls; its
peduncle terete, rather thickly clothed with slightly spreading linear bracts; the rachis of the
raceme not thicker than the peduncle but several times as long; floral bract lanceolate,
acuminate, coarsely erose. Flowers light brown, 0.2cm long, numerous, more or less
whorled. Sepals ovate, entire. Petals oblong, entire, truncate, spreading on the ovary. Lip
longer than the sepals and petals; side lobes broadly oblong, sub-crenulate, blunt, sub-
divergent; mid-lobe large, deeply cleft into two broadly oblong blunt lobules separated from
each other by a triangular blunt; the upper surface of the lip with a few irregularly scattered
watery blisters ultimately changing into scales and also with a small shallow depression at
the base just under the column. Flowering time: September-December.
27. Pleione hookeriana (Lindley) B. S. Williams
epiphytic herb or terrestrial in the temperate and sub-alpine regions from east to western
Nepal at 2200-3700m.
Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs caespitose, oval, with a few lax sheaths, smooth, 2-
2.5cm long. Leaf solitary, proceeding from the base of the adult pseudo-bulb, 5-6cm long
and 1-2cm broad, narrowly elliptic, acute, tapering to the petiole; petiole 2-3cm long,
enclosed in tubular imbricate sheaths. Peduncle enveloped in the same sheaths as the base
of the undeveloped leaf; floral bracts about as long as the stalked ovary, broadly obovate,
obtuse, convolute, persistent. Flowers solitary, 5cm across, white flushed with violet. Sepals
spreading sub-equal in length, elliptic, blunt, the dorsal narrower than the lateral pair. Petals
spreading, as long as the sepals, oblanceolate, obtuse. Lip white with a large spot of yellow
with dull reddish-mottings, cordate at the base, broad and entire in its posterior half,
narrowed and minutely erose in its anterior, the apex retuse, the disc with 5-7 slender ciliate
ridges from the base nearly to the apex. Column long, curved, broadly winged in its upper
half. Flowering time: May-June.
28. Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Myanmar, Sri-Lanka, Malaysia,

Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and the Philippines. It occurs as an epiphytic herb in the tropical
and sub-tropical regions of east to western Nepal at 300-1800m.
Diagnostic characters: Stem stout, 10-20cm long, clothed in the sheaths of decayed
leaves. Leaves curved, fleshy, 15-50cm long, 1.5-5cm broad, ligulate, deeply channelled,
keeled, retuse at apex. Inflorescence pendulous, racemose, densely many-flowered,
cylindric, 10-45cm long. Flowers white, spotted with pink or violet, 1-1.8cm across. Dorsal
sepal oblong, acute; lateral sepals broadly ovate, obtuse. Petals elliptic, obtuse. Lip
concave, adnate to the short foot of the column; entire at the apex, purple above, white at
base; disc flat; spur saccate, longer than the limb of the lip, pale mauve. Column with an
indistinct foot. Flowering time: May-July.
29. Satyrium nepalense D. Don
Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Pakistan and Southwest China. It
occurs as terrestrial herb in open grassy slopes of sub-tropical to sub-alpine regions of east
to western Nepal at 1500-4000m.
Diagnostic characters: Stem erect, 50-75cm long. Leaves narrow-elliptic with sheathing
bases, 10-25cm. Flowers pink, fragrant, in a dense terminal spike and with reflexed bracts
tinged pink and much longer than the flowers. Flowers 1-1.5cm across, in a spike 2.5-15cm
long; lip erect projecting upwards, hood-shaped, curved and with two down projecting spurs;
petals recurved, smaller than the spreading sepals. Flowering time: July-September.
30. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames /S. australis (R. Br.) Lindley
Habitat and Distribution: Distributed in Nepal, Afghanistan, China, India, S E Asia and
Australia. It is one of the widest ranging species ranging from tropics to alpine regions of
Nepal at 100-4500m in open slopes and cultivated areas.
Diagnostic characters: Leaves 4-5, linear-lanceolate, 2-6cm. Flowers very small, pink or
sometimes white, arranged spirally in a slender but dense spikes 8-15cm long, and borne on
a hairy stem. Flowers 3-4mm long, hooded and with spreading lateral sepals; lip oblong, the
apical part with crisped margin and dilated recurved tip. Spur absent; flowering stem 15-
45cm, leafy only near the base and with sheathing bracts above. Flowering time: April-
August.
31. Vanda cristata Lindley
epiphytic herb in the sub-tropical and temperate regions of east to western parts of Nepal at
1200-2300m.
Diagnostic characters: Stems 7.5-18cm long, stout, covered with old sheaths. Leaves
numerous, 7.5-10cm long, 1-1.5cm broad, narrowly oblong, conduplicate, truncately and
unequally bilobed at the apex, dilated towards the jointed sheathing base. Racemose equal
to the leaves, axillary, 2-5 flowered; floral bracts 0.3-0.5cm long, broadly ovate, obtuse,
membranous. Flowers pale green or yellowish, 3-5cm across. Sepals sub-equal, spreading;
dorsal sepal oblong, obtuse; lateral sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals oblong, obtuse, slightly
falcate,olive-green, narrower than the sepals. Lip greenish-white, blotched with dark
purplish-brown, longer than the sepals, adnate to the base of the column; 3-lobed, the mid-
lobe oblong with two divaricate oblong lobules and a horn like fleshy beak pointing
downwards the apex, upper surface with dark purplish brown lines and six ridges. Spur
widely infundibuliform, half as long as the stalked ovary, its mouth with triangular erect side
lobes. Column short, white with no foot. Flowering time: March-May.
4.5 Orchids in trade and their current stock
According to the collectors and traders of orchids in Rolpa district, two species of orchids are
in trade which fetch higher price (NRs. 150-200/kg) compared to others. The traded species
of orchids were identified as Dendrobium denudans and Dendrobium eriiflorum.
The abundance of Dendrobium denudans was found highest in Liwang VDC (15360/ha) with
the current stock of 23.424kg per ha followed by Seram VDC with the abundance of
13800/ha having current stock of 21.045kg per ha and Uwa VDC with abundance of
13150/ha and current stock of 20.053kg per ha (Table 3).
Similarly, the abundance of Dendrobium eriiflorum was found highest in Siuri VDC
(35530/ha) with the current stock of 54.183kg per ha followed by Seram VDC with the
abundance of 31450/ha having current stock of 47.961kg per ha and Jaimakasala VDC with
abundance of 26640/ha and current stock of 40.626kg per ha.
Table 3: Abundance and current stock of traded orchids

Area of Estimated
Total
Plants broad area of
Name of Traded Plants / Stock stock of
SN / leaved orchid
VDC species hectare kg/ha the area
patch forest distribution
(kg) **
(ha) (ha)
1 Liwang D. denudans 8 15360 23.42 646.49 258.60 6057.35
2 Masina D. denudans 4 2320 3.54 325.92 130.37 461.24
3 Dubring D. denudans 3 1170 1.78 524.55 209.82 374.32
4 Dubidanda D. denudans 3 1560 2.38 249.95 99.98 237.85
5 Sakhi D. denudans 3 2430 3.70 298.83 119.53 442.27
6 Jhenam D. denudans 3 2610 3.98 353.36 141.34 562.55
7 Nuwagaun D. denudans 3 2820 4.30 1089.85 435.94 1874.54
8 Gairigaun D. denudans 5 11450 17.46 826.92 330.77 5775.54
9 Kotgaun D. denudans 4 3960 6.04 195.37 78.15 471.94
10 Khumel D. denudans 4 5880 8.97 250.3 100.12 897.78
11 Mijhing D. eriiflorum 9 9810 14.96 232.49 93.00 1391.22
12 Jaimakasala D. eriiflorum 18 26640 40.63 303.59 121.44 4933.46
Jaimakasala D. denudans 6 9240 14.09 303.59 121.44 1711.15
13 Seram D. eriiflorum 17 31450 47.96 1185.86 474.34 22750.01
Seram D. denudans 6 13800 21.05 1185.86 474.34 9982.57
14 Uwa D. denudans 5 13150 20.05 1373.62 549.45 11018.08
15 Siuri D. eriiflorum 19 35530 54.18 324.81 129.92 7039.67
Siuri D. denudans 4 8000 12.20 324.81 129.92 1585.07
** Of the total broadleaved forest area of the surveyed VDCs, it is assumed that only 40% of the total
broadleaved forest area host orchids. Based on that assumption, total stocks of orchids were
calculated. However, total stock of orchids comprises of all size / age classes and cannot be
harvested in totality.
4.6 Uses of orchids
Orchids are mostly used for ornamental purpose and some are used for medicinal purpose.
Large numbers of native orchids of Nepal are beautiful and carry horticultural importance.
The most beautiful orchid species of Nepal belong to the following genera: Aerides,
Ascocentrum, Arundina, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Dendrobium,
Epigeneium, Eria, Esmeralda, Phaius, Phalaenopsis, Pleione, Rhynchostylis, Thunia,
Trudelia, Vanda and Vandopsis.
Species cultivated for ornamental purpose, include Aerides multiflora, Ascocentrum

ampullaceum, Bulbophyllum leopardinum, Calanthe masuca, C. plantaginea, C. tricarinata,
Coelogyne cristata, Cymbidium elegans, C. iridioides, Dendrobium densiflorum, D.
moschatum, D. nobile, Pleione praecox, Rhynchostylis retusa and Vanda tessellata. Some
important medicinal orchids of Nepal are mentioned by Rajbhandari et al. (2000). They are
Brachycorythis obcordata, Coelogyne flavida, Coelogyne stricta, Cymbidium aloifolium,
Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Eulophia nuda, Flickingeria macraei, Pholidota imbricata, Luisia
zeylanica and Vanda tessellata. Highly exploited orchids for medicinal purpose are
Flickingeria macraei found in tropical and sub-tropical regions and Dactylorhiza hatagirea
found in the sub-alpine and alpine regions (Bailes, 1985).
4.6.1 Medicinal uses of orchids
Some species of orchids are used for the treatment of various ailments by the communities
living in the remote parts as a primary health care. The traditional use practices of orchids
are given in Table 4.
Table 4: Traditional uses of orchids

SN Species Medicinal uses
1 Coelogyne corymbosa A paste of the pseudo-bulb is applied to the forehead
to relieve headache
2 Coelogyne cristata Juice of the pseudo-bulb is applied to boils and also
put in wounds on the hooves of animals
3 Coelogyne flaccid A paste of pseudo-bulb is applied to forehead to treat
headache. Juice is also taken for indigestion
4 Dactylorhiza hatagirea Root is expectorant, astringent, demulcent, and
highly nutritious. Root powdered is spread over the
wounds to control bleeding. Decoction of the root is
given in cases of stomach trouble
5 Dendrobium densiflorum Pulp of pseudo-bulb is applied to boils and pimples
6 Dendrobium longicornu Juice of the plant is used to relieve fever. Boiled root
is fed to livestock suffering from cough
7 Pleione humilis Paste of the pseudo-bulb is applied to cuts and
wounds
8 Rhynchostylis retusa Juice of the root is applied to cuts and wounds
9 Satyrium nepalense Pseudo-bulbs are boiled and eaten. In some parts,
the tender leaves are cooked as a vegetable
10 Vanda cristata A paste of the plant is applied to cuts and wounds.
Similarly, paste of the root is applied to boils and also
used for the treatment of dislocated bones
Source: Manandhar (2002)
4.7 Assessment of threat
Orchids are well known for their horticultural values and the export of wild orchids from
Nepal posed a continued threat to wild populations which have been reduced due to habitat
destruction. Since 2008, Nepal government has permitted the export of wild orchids which
were restricted before. Therefore, the over exploitation of wild orchids by local vendors for
sale to the traders/exporters has exerted serious threat to most of the sub-tropical and some
temperate epiphytic species. Furthermore, the favourable orchid habitats are heavily
encroached for the settlement and cultivation.
4.7.1 Legal and conservation gaps
The issues relating to sustainable use of orchids are:
¾ Lack of inventory of orchid species and their abundance and distribution.

¾ Slow process to protect and manage critical wildlife habitats.
¾ Difficulty in identifying orchids not in flower.
¾ Lack of awareness by developers on orchid conservation.
¾ Habitat destruction.
¾ Unsustainable harvesting due to lack of collection policy.
¾ No export quota system.
¾ Inadequate monitoring and regulatory mechanisms.
¾ The cost of repatriation of illegal shipments.
¾ The need for domestic trade regulations.
4.8 Conservation strategies
Orchids fall under CITES II category which is defined as species not yet threatened but
which could become endangered if trade is not controlled. Collection and trade of orchids
does not fall under the jurisdiction of CITES or any existing legislation. However, it is
envisaged that with the development and enactment of regulations under the Endangered
Species (Protection, Conservation and Regulation of Trade) Act, illegal trade and
uncontrolled harvesting of orchids will be addressed.
4.8.1 Goals and strategic directions
Goal 1: Conserve orchid species and their habitats
a. In-situ conservation
Strategic directions
¾ Conduct orchid survey biannually.

¾ Establish habitat/Species management areas (equivalent to IUCN Category IV)
where the ecosystems are healthy and a number of species present are threatened
by proposed habitat alteration such as development or mining.
¾ Rehabilitate degraded orchid habitats and promote the recovery of endangered
orchid species through the development and implementation of
management/Recovery plans.
¾ Develop legislation for the establishment of areas to facilitate conservation of orchids
and other species especially in areas that are zoned for development such as road
construction and buildings.
b. Ex-situ conservation
¾ Develop and review regularly, guidelines for rescue centres.

¾ Establish at least two rescue centres to house plants illegally exported.
¾ Establish and maintain a gene bank of endangered orchid species.
¾ Encourage the artificial propagation of orchid species from seeds and tissue culture
by commercial growers such as the granting of tax exemptions for imported materials
used in the artificial propagation of wild orchids from seeds.
¾ Develop and institute cooperative agreements between private landowners and the
Government for the purposes of plant conservation and land restoration.
¾ Re-establish decimated orchid populations by cultivating and propagating in
nurseries for reintroduction.
¾ Maintain and expand the orchid collection at the demonstration gardens.
Goal 2: Ensure sustainable use of orchids
a. Regulatory framework
¾ Complete amendments of the Wild Life Protection Act to incorporate the protection of
endangered and endemic orchid species and establish quota restrictions on
commercial species.
¾ A periodic review of the orchids on the protected list should be conducted for
nomenclature changes, addition or deletion of species.
¾ Legislate the Nursery Inspection Form under the domestic trade regulations of the
Endangered Species Act.
¾ Develop a field collection policy to prevent the over-exploitation of wild orchids and
incorporate into the domestic legislation.
¾ Develop a registration process for commercial exporters and nurseries.
¾ Establish and implement an allowable annual trade quota system for international
trade to cover registered and non-registered exporters.
¾ Develop regulations governing artificial propagation of wild species of the Trade in
Endangered Species Act.
¾ Develop exemption certificates in accordance with the Endangered Species Act for
persons trading in personal effects.
Goal 3: Promote and facilitate research and training
Training and research
¾ Develop and institute training programs for the identification of orchid species for
District Forest Office Staff, Customs Officers, Taxonomists, Protected Areas
Rangers, Plant Quarantine Officers and other relevant persons involved in the
issuing of permits and security at airports.
¾ Conduct and support research for artificial propagation of Nepal’s native orchid
species.
Goal 4: Public education and awareness
¾ Develop and implement a public education awareness program on the conservation

of orchids and on the relevant resolutions of CITES.
¾ Educate developers, visitors and commercial exporters on conservation issues,
CITES resolutions, the definitions and guidelines for export, the native orchid export
list and, export procedures and permit system.
¾ Encourage individuals to purchase orchids from commercial growers, rather than
collecting from the wild.
¾ Provide information on the method of processing plants for export to the electronic
and print media, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Floriculture societies and
libraries.
¾ Continue to erect posters at airports, hotels and wildlife attractions in order to
promote public awareness.
¾ Develop and disseminate an Orchid Expertise List (these persons should be able to
accurately identify orchid species, have working experience in the areas of Orchid
conservation and/or bioengineering).
¾ Formulate and publicize a procedures manual for exporting orchids.
¾ Continue to establish a photographic and herbarium collection of native orchid
species.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion
Orchids are among the most beautiful ornamental plants and carry medicinal and
horticultural importance as well. Rolpa district is rich in orchid species resources with 36
species of both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids identified in the studied 17 VDCs of the
district. Orchid habitat hotspots and host plants were identified within the community forests
as well as government managed forests at the altitudes between 1000-2300m in humid and
moisture rich mixed broadleaved forest of the surveyed VDCs.
The assessment of the current stocks of traded orchid species revealed that the abundance
of Dendrobium denudans was found highest in Liwang VDC (15360/ha) with the current
stock of 23.424kg/ha followed by Seram VDC with the abundance of 13800/ha having
current stock of 21.045kg/ha and Uwa VDC with abundance of 13150/ha and current stock
of 20.053kg/ha.
Similarly, the abundance of Dendrobium eriiflorum was found highest in Siuri VDC
(35530/ha) with the current stock of 54.183kg/ha followed by Seram VDC with the
abundance of 31450/ha having current stock of 47.961kg/ha and Jaimakasala VDC with
abundance of 26640/ha and current stock of 40.626kg/ha.
Of the total broadleaved forest area of the surveyed VDCs, it is assumed that only 40% of
the total broadleaved forest area host orchids. Based on that assumption, total stocks of
orchids were calculated. Total stock of D. denudans was recorded highest in Uwa VDC with
11018.08 kg followed by Seram VDC with the stock of 9982.57 kg and Liwang VDC with
total stock of 6057.35 kg.
Total stock of D. eriiflorum was recorded highest in Seram, Siuri and Jaimakasala with the
total stock of 22750.01 kg, 7039.67 kg and 4933.46 kg respectively. However, total stock of
orchids comprises of all size / age classes and cannot be harvested in totality.
However, due to the habitat loss, forest destruction, degradation and over exploitation of
beautiful and medicinal orchids for trade has posed threats to the conservation of orchids in
the district. Conservation has not been coherent with the need of orchids. Therefore, detailed
assessment to understand the current stock and overall conservation status of orchids in the
district needs to be conducted, which is still lacking.
5.2 Recommendation
¾ Orchid conservation awareness should be organized in every alternate year, so that the
upcoming young generation should be made aware and educated about the importance
of their forest ecosystem.
¾ Urgent need of plantation of suitable orchid host tree species and protection of the
naturally growing saplings of these host species.
¾ Government should develop orchid hotspot areas as the eco-tourism promotion, so that
the local stakeholders can earn some kind of revenue from the resources.
¾ Facilitate the local communities to propagate some viable species and market them
appropriately in order to bridge their monetary gaps with the help of the aesthetic and
other values of these beautiful orchids.
¾ Establish and maintain a gene bank of endangered species.
¾ Maintain and expand the orchid collection at the demonstration gardens.
¾ Develop a field collection policy to prevent the over-exploitation of wild orchids and
¾ Incorporate into the management plan of community forests as wells as government
managed forests.
¾ Develop and institute training programs for the identification of orchid species for District
Forest Office staff, and other relevant persons involved in the issuing of permits.
¾ Prepare posters or yearly calendar with the photographs and description of endangered
species of orchid and distribute to community forests user groups and other
conservation groups in order to promote public awareness.
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Assessment of Orchids and Estimation of Current Stock of Traded Orchids in Rolpa District, Nepal

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Assessment of Orchids and Estimation of Current Stock of Traded Orchids in Rolpa District, Nepal

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ENUMERATION OF ORCHIDS AND ESTIMATION OF CURRENT

STOCK OF TRADED ORCHIDS IN ROLPA DISTRICT

DISTRICT FOREST OFFICE, ROLPA

Dipesh Pyakurel & Khilendra Gurung

1. To identify the orchid hotspots in the selected VDCs of Rolpa district.

1.3 Limitations of the study

2.2 Study area

Map 1: Map of Rolpa showing Orchid Surveyed VDCs

3.1 Data collection

3.2 Identification of orchid hotspot

3.3 Identification of orchids

Observed orchids were identified visually on the basis of researchers’ knowledge.

3.4 Stock estimation of traded orchids

Total number of plant of any species

3.4.2 Current stock

Picture 1 Stages of methodology: A- Patch of Dendrobium eriiflorum; B-Researcher taking

4.1 Distribution of orchids in selected VDCs of Rolpa

Table 1: List of recorded orchids in the selected VDCs of Rolpa district.

4.2 Habitat of orchids

4.2.1 Host plants of orchids

Table 2: Host plants of orchids in Rolpa district

4.3 Orchid Hotspots

1. Aerides multiflora Roxb.

2. Aerides odorata Lour.

Diagnostic characters: Rhizomes stout. Pseudo-bulbs globose or oblong, lightly grooved,

Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs caespitose, crowded, ovoid, tapering much to the

5. Calanthe tricarinata Lindley

6. Chiloschista usneoides (D. Don) Lindley

7. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindley

Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs short, clustered, ovoid to sub-rhomboidal, 2.5-4.5cm

8. Coelogyne cristata Lindley

9. Coelogyne flaccida Lindley

Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs conical or ovoid-cylindric, up to 12cm long, 2.5cm

10. Coelogyne ovalis Lindley

Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs short. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, slightly

12. Cymbidium iridioides D. Don

Diagnostic characters: Pseudo-bulbs 5-15cm long, 2-6cm in diameter, elongate bisidely

14. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo

15. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) G.E.C. Fischer

Diagnostic characters: Stems slender, pendulous, leafy, 30cm to 1m long. Leaves

17. Dendrobium chryseum Rolfe

18. Dendrobium denudans D. Don

19. Dendrobium eriiflorum Griffith

20. Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindley

22. Epigeneium amplum Lindley

Diagnostic characters: Rhizome pendulous, 0.5cm thick, woody, sheathed, bearing at

23. Gastrochilus calceolaris (Smith) D. Don

24. Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Swartz) J. Vuijk

25. Kingidium taenialis (Lindley) P. F. Hunt

26. Oberonia acaulis W. Griffith

27. Pleione hookeriana (Lindley) B. S. Williams

Habitat and distribution: Distributed in Nepal, India, Myanmar, Sri-Lanka, Malaysia,

29. Satyrium nepalense D. Don

31. Vanda cristata Lindley

4.5 Orchids in trade and their current stock

Table 3: Abundance and current stock of traded orchids

4.6 Uses of orchids

Species cultivated for ornamental purpose, include Aerides multiflora, Ascocentrum

4.6.1 Medicinal uses of orchids

Table 4: Traditional uses of orchids

Source: Manandhar (2002)

4.7 Assessment of threat

4.7.1 Legal and conservation gaps

The issues relating to sustainable use of orchids are: