Lecture Notes 12: Cellular Communication Overview IS-95 (CDMA) GSM IS-54/136 3Gpp Wcdma WCMDA: Downlink

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Lecture Notes 12
Cellular Communication Overview
IS-95 (CDMA)
GSM
IS-54/136
3GPP WCDMA
Uplink
WCMDA: Downlink
EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)
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Lecture Notes 12
Digital Cellular Communications

Consider a cellular communications system with hexagonal cells each
containing a base station and a number of mobile units.
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Lecture Notes 12
Cellular Terminology
Forward Channel (Outbound) The link from the base station to

the mobile unit.
Reverse Channel (Inbound) The link from the mobile to the base
station.
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Lecture Notes 12
Goal
Analyze the number of users per cell per unit bandwidth

This is often called the capacity
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Lecture Notes 12
Assumptions: CDMA
Each cell is divided into 3 sectors and perfect isolation is possible
between sectors.
All users employ different spreading codes.
Perfect power control (all fast fading (Rayleigh) and slow fading
(due to shadowing). The power received at the mobile (or base)
from different users is the same.
Negligible thermal noise.
Voice Activity results in reduced interference.
Every cell uses the same frequency band. Interference from other
cells is included.
Bandwidth W , Data Rate Rb .
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Lecture Notes 12
Consider user A. The output of the receiver matched to user As code

sequence is
X (T ) = E b0 +
where accounts for the interference from all other users and b0
denotes the data bit transmitted {+1, 1}.
The variance of is given by
2 =
K 1
E
3N
assuming random delays for the interfering users and random phases.
If on the other hand we looked at the worst possible phase and delay
for each of the interfering users the variance would be
2 =
K 1
E
N
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Lecture Notes 12
The ratio of the magnitude of the output due to the desired signal and
the square root of the variance of the interference determines the
signal-to-noise ratio. Assuming the worst case phases and delays
r
E
N
=
SNR =
K 1
If we were not using any coding then the error probability (under a
Gaussian approximation) is given by
Pe,b = Q(SNR)
For other coding schemes the relation between the error probability
and signal-to-noise ratio is more complicated.
However, if an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (at the output of the
demodulator) is determined from the coding scheme employed then it
is possible to calculate the capacity (calls per cell) of a Direct
Sequence CDMA
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Lecture Notes 12
The voice activity factor (usually taken to be 1/2) reduces the

amount of interference by turning down the power when slower
data rates are possible (because of voice inactivity).
The interference from other cells is taken to be 66% of the
interference from within the cell of the user.
Thus the variance of the interference can be modified to taken
account the voice activity and the interference from other cells as
follows.
2 =
(K 1)ED
NF
where
D = Voice Activity Factor
..... 1/2
F = Frequency Reuse Factor ..... 0.6
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Lecture Notes 12
The modified signal-to-noise ratio is

SNR =
N
F /D =
K 1
FW
.
(K 1)Rb D
Thus the number of calls per sector Ks for an output signal-to-noise

ratio of SNR is
1
1
W
F
2
Rb (SNR) D
W
1
1
F
2
Rb (SNR) D
Ks = 1 +
The number of calls per cell is then Kc is given by

Ks G
W
1
1
F.
2
Rb (SNR) D
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Lecture Notes 12
Example
= 1.25 MHz
Rb = 9600 bits/second
(SNR)2 = 6dB = 4
G = 3 sectors/cell
DS-CDMA: Capacity = 117.2 users per 1.25 MHz per cell.

FDMA has a capacity of 6 channels or users per cell per 1.25
MHz.
TDMA has a capacity of 17.6 channels or users per cell per 1.25
MHz.
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Lecture Notes 12
Advantages of CDMA for Digital Cellular

Voice Activity
No Equalizer (to eliminate intersymbol interference)
One Radio per Basestation (Front end)
Soft Handoff
No Guard Time (Required by TDMA)
Less Fading
Frequency Management Eliminated
Frequency Reuse=1
Disadvantages:
Power Control
Transition from Narrowband system to wideband system
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
IS-95 Standard for Cellular Transmission
Speech Encoding
Network Issues
Reverse Link
Error Control Coding
Modulation
Spreading
Forward Link
Error Control Coding
Modulation
Spreading
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Speech Encoder
Voice is encoded by means of a variable rate speech encoder.
The possible data rates are 8600 bps, 4000 bps, 2000 bps, 800
bps. When operating at a lower rate users turn down the power on
forward link and gate the power off on the reverse link (to maintain
a fixed Eb /N0 ) and thus cause less interference for other users.
After a small amount of overhead (CRC and tail bits for the
convolutional code) the rates are 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200
bits/second.
The system bandwidth of 1.23MHz using pseudo-random
spreading-codes. Multiple users occupy the whole bandwidth
simultaneously (but with different phases of a very long spreading
code)
The near-far problem typical of DS-CDMA is solved with power
control.
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Network Issues
Logically there are a number of different channels (using different

orthogonal Walsh functions on the forward link and different phases of
a spreading code on the reverse link) besides those used for sending
voice traffic. These include the following:
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Forward Traffic Channels

Forward CDMA Channels
1.23MHz channel
transmitted by base station
Pilot
Chan.
W0
Sync
Chan.
W32
Paging
Ch. 1
W1
Paging Traffic
Ch. 7 Ch. 1
W7
Traffic
Ch. n
W8
Traffic
Ch. 55
W63
Traffic
Data
Power
Control
Addressed by Orthogonal Walsh Code
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Forward Traffic Channels
Pilot Channel: Transmitted on the forward channel and used to

identify the base stations within range of the mobile. The mobile
keeps a list of the nearest base stations. This channel is also used
to provide phase synchronization for the mobile and channel gain
estimates.
Paging Channel: Transmitted on the forward channel and used in
setting up a call to or from a mobile. Transmits data at rates of
2400, 4800, 9600 bps. Used to assign a Walsh code (Hadamard
sequence) for the forward traffic channel. It is also used to identify
other neighboring base stations for the purpose of handoff
processing.
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Forward Traffic Channels (cont.)

Sync Channel: Transmitted on the forward channel and used to
bring the mobile unit into synchronization (timing) with the base.
Contains timing information with regard to the long code that is
used to identify users.
Power Control Subchannel: Transmitted on the forward channel.
The voice traffic is replaced with power control bits once every
1.25ms or power control group to used by the mobile to increase
or decrease the transmitted power. One power control bit is
transmitted with duration of 2 modulation symbols or 104.166s.
The power level for transmission of the power control bit is the
same as would be transmitted by a full rate (high power) traffic
channel even when the traffic channel is transmitting at a lower
power level.
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reverse Traffic Channels
Reverse CDMA Channels

1.23MHz channel
received by base station
Access
Ch. 1
Access Traffic
Ch. n
Ch. 1
Traffic
Ch. n
Addressed by Long Code
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reverse Traffic Channels
Access Channel: Transmitted on the reverse channel and used

to alert the base to mobile initiated calls and to respond to pages
(on the paging channel). It is used in a random access mode
(Aloha) by mobiles.
Traffic Channel: Transmitted on the forward and reverse links.
Used to transmit voice or data traffic. Can operate at rates of
1200bps, 2400bps, 4800bps, and 9600bps.
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Block Diagram of Transmitter for Reverse Channel

Information
Bits per Frame
172
80
40
16
Data 8.6kbps
Rate 4.0kbps
2.0kbps
0.8kbps
Add 12/8 bit

CRC for 9600
and 4800bps
rates
184
88
40
16 Add 8 bit
9.2kbps Encoder Tail
4.4kbps
2.0kbps
0.8kbps
192
96
48
24
9.6kbps
4.8kbps
2.4kbps
1.2kbps
576
Rate 1/3
Convolutional
Encoder
28.8kbps
Block
Interleaver
64-ary
Orthogonal
Modulator
6 64
6144 Walsh
chips
Data Burst
Randomizer
307.2kbps
24576 chips
1.2288Mcbps
+
1.2288Mcps
Long Code
Generator
Long Code Mask
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reverse Link Traffic Channel Parameter
Parameters
PN Chip Rate
Code Rate
Duty Cycle
Code Symbol Rate
Modulation
Walsh Chip Rate
Mod Symbol Duration
PN Chips/Code Symbol
PN Chips/Mod Symbol
PN Chips/Walsh Chip
9600
1.2288
1/3
100
28.8
6
307.2
208.33
42.67
256
4
Data Rate bps

4800
2400
1.2288 1.2288
1/3
1/3
50
25
28.8
28.8
6
6
307.2
307.2
208.33 208.33
42.67
42.67
256
256
4
4
Winter 2012
1200
1.2288
1/3
12.5
28.8
6
307.2
208.33
42.67
256
4
Units
Mcps
Mcps
percent
sps
code sym/mod symbol
kcps
s
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
12 Bit CRC
Input
0
+
+
Output
0
Switches are up for first 172 bits and down for last 12 bits
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
8 Bit CRC
Input
0
+
Output
0
Switches are up for first 172 bits and down for last 8 bits
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Constraint Length 9, Rate 1/3 Convolutional Encoder

c0
+
Code
Symbols
Information
Bits
+
+
Winter 2012
c1
c2
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Interleaver
The convolutional encoder output is interleaved using different
size interleavers.
For the high rate data stream the interleaver is a 32 by 18
interleaver. Symbols are written into the interleaver memory
column-wise and read out row-wise.
Thus if the sequence of symbols at the input to the interleaver is
c1 ,c2 ,c3 ,... the sequence of symbols at the output of the
interleaver is c1 , c33 , c65 , ....
For the 9600 bps channel the rows are read out consecutively. For
the 4800bps channel the rows are read out in the following order 1
3 2 4 5 7 6 8 9 11 10 12 13 15 14 1 17 19 18 20 21 23 22 24 25 27
26 28 29 31 30 32.
For the Access channel the rows are read out in the following
order 1 17 9 25 5 21 13 29 3 19 11 27 7 23 15 31 2 18 10 26 6 22
14 30 4 20 12 28 8 24 16 32.
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Lecture Notes 12
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Interleaver
For the 4800 bps data rate each symbol is repeated twice in the
interleaver memory. However, one of the two rows is not actually
transmitted. Which row is selected is determined from the data bit
randomizer. Similarly, for the 2400 bps data rate each symbol is
repeated four times but only one of every set of four rows is actually
transmitted. For the 1200 bps data rate each symbol is repeated 8
times but only one of every 8 rows is selected by the data burst
randomizer.
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Lecture Notes 12
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IS-95 (CDMA)
81
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Winter 2012
89
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January 3, 2012
29 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
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34
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35
35
35
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
IS-95 (CDMA)
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
38
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Winter 2012
45
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January 3, 2012
30 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Orthogonal Signals: Rows 1-16
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
Winter 2012
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
January 3, 2012
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
31 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
Winter 2012
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
January 3, 2012
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
32 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
Winter 2012
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
January 3, 2012
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
33 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
Winter 2012
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
01010
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
January 3, 2012
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
0000
0101
0011
0110
1111
1010
1100
1001
34 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
b1 b2
b1 b2
c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6
c1 c33 c65 c97 c129 c161
w1 w2 w64
IS-95 (CDMA)
b171 b172
b171 b172 d1 d12 t1
t7 t8
c571 c572 c573 c574 c575
c416 c448 c480 c512 c544
w6081 w6144
2 Data Bits
6 Coded Bits
64 Walsh Chips
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
35 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Long Code Shift Register
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
36 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Long Code Mask

The mask for the long code depends on the channel type (traffic
or access).
When using the access channel the 9 high order bits of the mask
are set to 110001111.
The next 5 bits are set the the access channel number. The next 3
bits are set to correspond to the associated paging channel.
Then next 16 bits are set to the base ID while the lowest 9 bits
correspond to the pilot pn value for the current CDMA channel.
The 9 high order bits for the mask for the long code for the reverse
traffic channel are 1100011000 while the low order 32 bits are set
to a permutation of the mobiles electronic serial number (ESN)
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
37 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Spreading
Each Walsh chip wi is spread by a factor of 4 using the long code.
Then each of the chips is used for both the in-phase and
quadrature-phase channels.
Each of these channels is scrambled according to the base
stations short codes.
This scrambling is equivalent to a phase shifter as shown below.
Let u be the output of the long code spreading operation.
Then if we express the inphase and quadrature phase signals as
complex variables the output after scrambling by the short codes
(si , sq ), si , sq {1} is
v
= usi + jusq
= u(si + jsq )
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
38 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Spreading
After receiving the signal there is some unknown phase shift (due to
delay) in the received signal. The received signal is
r = vej
To remove this scrambling function we must multiply by si jsq .
z = r (si jsq )
= vej (si jsq )
= u(si2 + sq2 )ej .

= 2uej .
Since si2 + sj2 = 2 we have removed all aspect of the scrambling
function from the desired user.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
39 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Offset QPSK Constellation

Quadrature-Phase
Signal
(-1,+1)
(+1,+1)
In-Phase
Signal
(-1,-1)
(+1,-1)
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
40 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Short Codes
The two short codes are generated by m-sequences with feedback

connections
in = in15 + in10 + in8 + in7 + in6 + in2
qn = qn15 + qn12 + qn11 + qn10 + qn9 + qn5 + qn4 + qn3
When the shift register is in the state with 14 zeros and 1 one a zero is
inserted to make the length of the sequence 215 (instead of 215 1)
Each base station uses the same shift register for the short code but
the phase of the sequence is shifted by multiples of 64 chips between
one base station and another base station.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
41 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reason for Offset QPSK on Reverse Link

(Mobile-to-Base)
On the link from the mobile to base battery power is a crucial

issue.
The use of high efficiency amplifiers warrants the use of amplifiers
operating in the nonlinear range.
If the signal is not of constant envelope or nearly constant
envelope there would be distortion to the signal when amplified.
For a nonconstant envelope signal the nonlinearity can regenerate
some sidebands that have been filtered out by the baseband
filters.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
42 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reason for Offset QPSK on Reverse Link

(Mobile-to-Base)
If standard QPSK had been used the signal would be much less
constant envelope (the signal going through the origin would have
significant envelope variations especially after being filtered).
This would cause significant distortion of the signal and the
regeneration of the sidebands.
On the link from the base to the mobile battery life is not an issue
and only one amplifier needs to be built (for all of the signals).
Thus some care can go into designing a linear amplifier.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
43 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Phase Shifting Network
xin
xout = xin zr + yin zi
yin
zr
Winter 2012
yout = yin zr xin zi
zi
January 3, 2012
44 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Phase Shifting Network
The above phase shifter does the following computation.

(xin + jyin )(zr jzi ) = xin zr + yin zi + j(yin zr xin zi )
= r (xin + jyin )ej
where rej = (zi jzq ).
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
45 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Frame Structure
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
46 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reverse Link Block Diagram

Information
Bits per Frame
172
80
40
16
184
88
Add 12/8 bit CRC 40
16
for 9600 and
4800bps rates
Data Rate
8.6kbps
4.0kbps
2.0kbps
0.8kbps
192
96
48
24
Add 8 bit
Encoder Tail
Block
Interleaver
Repeat
Rate 1/3
Convolutional
Encoder
28.8kbps
9.6kbps
4.8kbps
2.4kbps
1.2kbps
9.2kbps
4.4kbps
2.0kbps
0.8kbps
6144 Walsh
chips
64-ary
Orthogonal
Data Burst
Modulator
Randomizer
6 64
307.2kbps
576
cos(2fc t)
I short code generator

24576 chips
I
+
+
Baseband
Filter
Q Baseband
Filter
1.2288Mcps
+
Tc /2
1.2288Mcps
Q short code generator
sin(2fc t)
Long Code
Generator
Long Code Mask
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
47 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Block Diagram of Mobile Transmitter Access Channel

Information
Bits per Frame
96
88
Add 8 bit
Encoder Tail
Data Rate
4.4kbps
288
4.8kbps
64-ary
Orthogonal
Modulator
6 64
576
Rate 1/3
Convolutional
Encoder
Block
Interleaver
Repeat
28.8kbps
14.4kbps
I short code generator

24576 chips
6144 Walsh
chips
cos(2fc t)
I Baseband
Filter
Q Baseband
Filter
+
307.2kbps
+
+
1.2288Mcps
Q short code generator
sin(2fc t)
Long Code
Generator
Long Code Mask
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
48 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reverse Link Access Channel Parameters
Parameters
PN Chip Rate
Code Rate
Code Symbol Repetition
Duty Cycle
Code Symbol Rate
Modulation
Modulation Symbol Rate
Walsh Chip Rate
Mod Symbol Duration
PN Chips/Code Symbol
PN Chips/Mod Symbol
PN Chips/Walsh Chip
Data Rate (bps)

4800
1.2288
1/3
2
100
28.8
6
4800
307.2
208.33
42.67
256
4
Winter 2012
Units
Mcps
Mcps
percent
sps
code sym/mod symbol
symbols/sec
kcps
s
January 3, 2012
49 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Encoder for Reverse Link of IS-95
Bits per Frame

172
80
40
16
Data Rate
8.6kbps
4.0kbps
2.0kbps
0.8kbps
Add 12/8 bit

CRC for 9600
and 4800bps
rates
184
88
40
16
Add 8 bit
Encoder Tail
9.2kbps
4.4kbps
2.0kbps
0.8kbps
Winter 2012
192
96
48
24
9.6kbps
4.8kbps
2.4kbps
1.2kbps
Rate 1/3
Convolutional
Encoder
576
288
144
72
28.8kbps
14.4kbps
7.2kbps
3.6kbps
January 3, 2012
50 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Spreading for Reverse Link of IS-95

I Channel
Sequence
576 bits/20ms
64-ary
Orthogonal
Modulator
6 64
Repeat
and Block
Interleaver
6144 Walsh
chips per 20ms
24576 chips
+
Data Burst
Randomizer
+
1.2288Mcps
307.2kbps
+
1.2288Mcbps
28.8kbps
Long Code
Generator
Q Channel
Sequence
Long Code Mask
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
51 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Frame Structure
b1
b2
c1
c2
c3
Encode
c4
c5
c6
c1
c33
c65
Interleave
c97
c129
c161
Walsh Code Modulate

w1
w64
Spread each Walsh chip with 4 chips from the long and short code
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
52 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Frame Structure
Information
b1 b2
CRC and Tail
b1 b2
Encode
c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6
Interleave
c1 c33 c65 c97 c129 c161
WalshCode
w1 w2 w64
Winter 2012
b171 b172
b171 b172
d1 d12 t1
t
c571 c572 c57
c416 c448 c48
w6081
January 3, 2012
53 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Notes
For a 9600 bps frame the data burst randomizer does nothing.
For a 4800 bps frame the data burst randomizer removes half of
the power control bit groups. The ones removed depend on the
state of the long code generator in the previous speech frame.
For a 2400 bps frame the data burst randomizer removes three
quarters of the power control bit groups.
For a 1200 bps frame the data burst randomizer removes seven
eights of the power control bit groups.
The set of power control groups transmitted by a 1200 bps frame

is a subset of that transmitted by a 2400bps frame which is a
subset of that transmitted by a 4800bps frame.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
54 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reverse Channel Modulation
cos(2fc t)
Baseband
Filter
Delay
Tc /2
Baseband
Filter
sin(2fc t)
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
55 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Filter Characteristics for Baseband Filter
Filter Requirements: 1 = 1.5dB, 2 = 40dB, fp = 590kHz, fs = 740kHz

Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
56 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Reason for Augmenting the Short Code
The short code is base station specific. In synchronizing the system

knowing the starting point of the short code determines the starting
point of the modulation symbols since there is exactly an integer
number of modulation symbols per short code period. If there were not
an integer number then the short code synchronization would not be
sufficient for modulation symbol synchronization.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
57 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Power Control
Reverse Link:
Open Loop Analog: 85 dB range, few microsecond response for
sudden improvement in channel, but slow power build up when
channel is poor so that closed loop control can occur
Closed Loop: 1 dB every ms, or so, 24 dB change allowed (800 Hz.
rate and 1.25 ms power control groups)
Forward Link:
Approximately 0.5 dB or 12% every 15-20 ms 6 dB dynamic range
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
58 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
System Timing
The long code and the short code are in the state with 41 or 14 zeros
and a single one on Jan 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 Universal Coordinated
Time (UTC). The clock rate is 1.2288MHz. The long code has period
242 1 while the short code has period 215 . The period of the
commbination is (242 1)(215 ) = 144115188075823104 clock ticks.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
59 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Notes
The base stations transmissions are all referenced to a system

wide time scale using Global Position System time scale which is
synchronous with Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). GPS and
UTC differ by the number of leap seconds since January 6, 1980.
Alignment of the long code and short code will occur again in 37
centuries.
The mobile attempts to synchronize to System Time based on

information received from base station transmissions.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
60 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Notes
The pilot short code spreading for different base stations are identical
(except in the timing or sequence phase). They differ by a multiple of
64 PN chips. Thus a mobile using a single matched filter can
determine the signal strength due to pilots signals from different base
stations. This information is used to decide when to handoff to another
base station.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
61 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Transmitter for Pilot, Paging and Synch Channels
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
62 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
Transmitter for Forward Link Traffic Channel
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
63 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-95 (CDMA)
CDMA 2000 1X Reverse Link

Reverse
Traffic
Channel
Bits
Add
Frame
Quality
Indicator
Bits/Frame
16 Bits/20 ms
40 Bits/20 ms
80 Bits/20 ms
172 Bits/20 ms
Add 8
Encoder
Tail Bits
Code
Symbol
Data Rate
(kbps)
1.2
2.4
4.8
9.6
Bits
0
0
8
12
Repeated
Code Symbol
Block
Interleaver
(576
Symbols)
Convolutional
Encoder
R = 1/3, K = 9
28.8 ksps
64-ary
Orthogonal
Modulator
Symbol
Repetition
Repeated
Code
Symbol
28.8 ksps
Factor
8"
4"
2"
1"
307.2 kcps
Long Code
Mask
for User m
Data
Burst
Randomizer
Long Code
Generator
(1.2288
Mcps)
I-Channel
PN Sequence
cos(23fct + 5)
Signal Point
Mapping
0 4 +1
1 4 1
Channel
Gain
Baseband
Filter
+
s(t)
2
Q
1/2 PN
Chip
Delay
Signal Point
Mapping
0 4 +1
1 4 1
+
Channel
Gain
Q-Channel
PN Sequence
Baseband
Filter
sin(23fct + 5)
Figure 2.1.3.1.1.1-6. Channel Structure for the Reverse Fundamental Channel and
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel with Radio Configuration 1
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
64 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
GSM
European Mobile Communication System

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
This is a second generation cellular phone developed in Europe to
create a system for all Europe (replacing the analog systems in many
countries).
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
65 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
System Characteristics
Frequency Band
Mobile Transmit
Base Transmit
Speech Coder Rate
Information Bits/Speech Frame
Speech Frame Duration

Channel Encoding
Overall code rate
890-915 MHz
935-960 MHz
13 kbps
182 Class I
78 Class II
260 Total
20 ms
50 Class I bits protected with 3 parity bits
All Class I bits and previous parity bits
protected with rate 1/2 convolutional code.
260/456=0.570 information bits/channel bit
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
66 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
System Characteristics (cont.)
Multiple Access
Slots/Frame
Time Slot Duration
Frame Duration
Modulation
Symbol alphabet
Hop Rate
Carrier Spacing
TDMA/Slow Frequency Hop

8
0.5769ms
4.615ms
GMSK B3 T = 0.3
Binary (differentially encoded)
216.66 Hops/s (= Frame Rate)
200kHz
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
67 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Transmitter Block Diagram for GSM
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
68 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Error Control Coding for GSM
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
69 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Reordering
d (0)
d (1)
d (2)
d (50)
d (0)
d (2)
d (4)
d (180)
p(0)
p(0)
p(1)
p(2)
d (51)
d (52)
...
d (181)
p(1)
p(2)
d (181)
d (179)
...
d (1)
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
70 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
GSM Convolutional Encoder
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
71 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
GSM Frame Structure
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
72 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
GSM Frame Structure

1 hyperframe = 2 048 superframes = 2 715 648 TDMA frames (3 h 28 mn 53 s 760 ms)
0
2042
2043
48
49
2044
2045
2046
2047
1 superframe = 1 326 TDMA frames (6,12 s)

(= 51 (26-frame) multiframes or 26 (51-frame) multiframes)
0
1
0
47
3
1
1 (26-frame) multiframe = 26 TDMA frames (120 ms)

0 1
50
25
24
1 (51-frame) multiframe = 51 TDMA frames (3060/13 ms)
22 23 24 25
46 47 48 49 50
1 TDMA frame = 8 time slots (120/26 or 4,615 ms)

0
NOTE: GMSK modulation: one symbol is one bit

8PSK modulation: one symbol is three bits
1 time slot = 156,25 symbol durations (15/26 or 0,577 ms)

(1 symbol duration = 48/13 or 3,69 s)
(TB: Tail bits - GP: Guard period)
Normal burst (NB)

The number shown are in symbols
TB
3
Frequency correction burst (FB)
TB
3
Synchronization burst (SB)
Access burst (AB)
TB
3
TB
8
Encrypted bits
58
Training sequence
26
Encrypted bits
58
Fixed bits
142
Encrypted bits
39
TB GP
3 8.25
Synchronization sequence
64
Synchronization sequence
41
Encrypted bits
36
Winter 2012
TB GP
3 8,25
TB
3
Encrypted bits
39
TB GP
3 8,25
GP
68,25
January 3, 2012
73 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
Type of channel
GSM
bits/block data + parity + tail1
convolutional code
rate
coded bits per block
interleaving depth
TCH/FS
class I2
class II
182+3+4
78 + 0 + 0
1/2
-
456
378
78
TCH/EFS
class I2
class II
170 + 15 + 4
74 + 4 + 0
456
378
78
1/2
TCH/HS
class I3
class II
104/211
228
211
17
95+3+6
17+0+0
TCH/AFS12.24
Class I5
127/224
456
448
244 + 6 + 4
TCH/AFS10.24
Class I6
12/224
456
448
204 + 6 + 4
TCH/AFS7.954
Class I7
171/448
456
448
159 + 6 + 6
TCH/AFS7.44
Class I8
79/224
456
448
148 + 6 + 4
TCH/AFS6.74
Class I9
9/28
456
448
134 + 6 + 4
75/224
103 + 6 + 4
113/448
456
448
456
448
118 + 6 + 6
TCH/AFS5.94
Class I10
TCH/AFS5.154
Class I11
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
74 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
Type of channel
GSM
convolutional code
rate
TCH/AFS4.754
Class I12
95 + 6 + 6
TCH/AHS7.9513
Class I14
123 + 6 + 4
Class II
TCH/AHS7.413
Class I15
Class II
interleaving depth
456
448
107/448
228
188
133/188
36+0+0
36
228
196
28
120 + 6 + 4
28+0+0
65/98
TCH/AHS6.713
Class I16
Class II
3/5
228
200
24
110 + 6 + 4
24+0+0
TCH/AHS5.913
Class I17
Class II
7/13
228
208
16
102 + 6 + 4
16+0+0
TCH/AHS5.1513
Class I18
Class II
101/212
228
212
12
91 + 6 + 4
12+0+0
TCH/AHS4.7513
Class I19
Class II
95/212
228
212
12
83 + 6 + 6
12+0+0
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
75 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Type of channel
convolutional code
rate
interleaving depth
TCH/F14.4
TCH/F9.6
TCH/F4.8
TCH/H4.8
TCH/F2.4
TCH/H2.4
FACCH/F
E-FACCH/F
FACCH/H
SDCCHs SACCHs
BCCH
NCH
AGCH
PCH
CBCH
RACH
SCH
CTSBCH-SB
CTSPCH
CTSARCH
CTSAGCH
290 + 0 + 4
4*60 + 0 + 4
60 + 0 + 16
4*60 + 0 + 4
72 + 0 + 4
72 + 0 + 4
184 + 40 + 4
184 + 40 + 4
184 + 40 + 4
294/456
244/456
1/3
244/456
1/6
1/3
1/2
1/2
1/2
294/456
456
228
456
456
228
456
456
456
19
19
19
19
8
19
8
4
6
184 + 40 + 4
8+6+4
25 + 10 + 4
25 + 10 + 4
184 + 40 + 4
25 + 10 + 4
184 + 40 + 4
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
456
36
78
78
456
78
456
4
1
1
1
4
1
4
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
76 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Type of channel
bits/block
data+parity+tail1
Reed-Solomon
code rate
convolutional
code rate
coded bits per

block
interleaving
depth
E-TCH/F43.2
E-TCH/F32.0
E-TCH/F28.8
870 + 0 + 6
640 + 0 + 6
580 + 0 + 6
N/A
80/92
73/85
876/1368
742/1368
686/1368
1368
1368
1368
19
19
19
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
77 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Interleaving for GSM
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
78 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
B0
0
64
128
192
256
320
384
448
56
120
184
248
312
376
440
48
112
176
240
304
368
432
40
104
168
232
296
360
424
B1
57
121
185
249
313
377
441
49
113
177
241
305
369
433
41
105
169
233
297
361
425
33
97
161
225
289
353
417
25
B2
114
178
242
306
370
434
42
106
170
234
298
362
426
34
98
162
226
290
354
418
26
90
154
218
282
346
410
18
82
B3
171
235
299
363
427
35
99
163
227
291
355
419
27
91
155
219
283
347
411
19
83
147
211
275
339
403
11
75
139
GSM
B4
228
292
356
420
28
92
156
220
284
348
412
20
84
148
212
276
340
404
12
76
140
204
268
332
396
4
68
132
196
Winter 2012
B5
285
349
413
21
85
149
213
277
341
405
13
77
141
205
269
333
397
5
69
133
197
261
325
389
453
61
125
189
253
B6
342
406
14
78
142
206
270
334
398
6
70
134
198
262
326
390
454
62
126
190
254
318
382
446
54
118
182
246
310
B7
399
7
71
135
199
263
327
391
455
63
127
191
255
319
383
447
55
119
183
247
311
375
439
47
111
175
239
303
367
January 3, 2012
79 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
B0
32
96
160
224
288
352
416
24
88
152
216
280
344
408
16
80
144
208
272
336
400
8
72
136
200
264
328
392
B1
89
153
217
281
345
409
17
81
145
209
273
337
401
9
73
137
201
265
329
393
1
65
129
193
257
321
385
449
B2
146
210
274
338
402
10
74
138
202
266
330
394
2
66
130
194
258
322
386
450
58
122
186
250
314
378
442
50
B3
203
267
331
395
3
67
131
195
259
323
387
451
59
123
187
251
315
379
443
51
115
179
243
307
371
435
43
107
GSM
B4
260
324
388
452
60
124
188
252
316
380
444
52
116
180
244
308
372
436
44
108
172
236
300
364
428
36
100
164
Winter 2012
B5
317
381
445
53
117
181
245
309
373
437
45
109
173
237
301
365
429
37
101
165
229
293
357
421
29
93
157
221
B6
374
438
46
110
174
238
302
366
430
38
102
166
230
294
358
422
30
94
158
222
286
350
414
22
86
150
214
278
B7
431
39
103
167
231
295
359
423
31
95
159
223
287
351
415
23
87
151
215
279
343
407
15
79
143
207
271
335
January 3, 2012
80 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
GMSK Waveforms
b(t)
1
0
1
0
10
time/Tb
12
14
16
18
20
10
time/Tb
12
14
16
18
20
10
time/Tb
12
14
16
18
20
y(t)
2
0
2
0
phi(t)
5
0
5
0
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
81 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
GMSK Waveforms
2
1.5
sin(phi(t))
0.5
0.5
1.5
2
2
1.5
0.5
0
cos(phi(t))
Winter 2012
0.5
1.5
January 3, 2012
82 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
GMSK Waveforms
phi(t)
2
0
2
4
0
10
15
time/Tb
20
25
30
10
15
20
25
30
10
15
20
25
30
1
0
1
1
0
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
83 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Frequency Estimation based on FCB
rk = ej(2fkTs +) + k , k = 0, 2, ..., N 1
Maximum Likelihood Estimation
log(p(r|f )) = K + |
N1
X
k =0
Winter 2012
rk ej2fkTs |
January 3, 2012
84 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
GPRS
GPRS is a packet switching based protocol

GPRS provides higher data rates the using a single voice channel
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
85 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Channel Coding
Channel Coding Scheme

Uplink State Flag Bits
Information Bits
Parity Bits
Tail Bits
Bits at Input to Encoder
Encoded Bits
Punctured Bits
Total Bits
Effective Code Rate
Data Rate (kbps)
Maximum data rate 8 slots
CS-1
3
181
40
4
228
456
0
456
1/2
9.05
72.4kbps
CS-2
6
268
16
4
294
588
132
456
2/3
13.4
107.2 kbps
Winter 2012
CS-3
6
312
16
4
338
676
220
456
3/4
15.6
124.8kbps
CS-4
12
428
16
456
456
456
1
21.4
171.2 kbps
January 3, 2012
86 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
GSM
Enhance Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) is a packet switching based protocol

EGPRS provides higher data rates than using GPRS
The modulation is changed to 8PSK from binary PSK
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
87 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
IS-54/136
This is a second generation cellular phone developed for the US

market and standardized in 1990. It is very similar to PHS in Japan
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
88 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
System Characteristics
Frequency Band
Mobile Transmit
Base Transmit
Speech Coder Rate
Information Bits/Speech Frame
Speech Frame Duration

Channel Encoding
Overall code rate
824- 849MHz
869-893 MHz
7.95kbps
77 Class I
82 Class II
159 Total
20 ms
12 Class I bits protected with 7 parity bits
All Class I bits and previous parity bits
protected with rate 1/2 convolutional code.
159/260=0.612 information bits/channel bit
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
89 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
System Characteristics (cont.)
Multiple Access
Frame Duration
Slots/Frame
Slot Duration
Coded Symbols/Slot
Instantaneous Rate
Modulation Rate
Modulation
Symbol alphabet
Carrier Spacing
TDMA
40ms
6
6.66ms
260
48.6 kbps
24.3 ksps
/4 DQPSK, Raised Cosine Filtered with = 0.3
Quaternary (differentially encoded)
30kHz
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
90 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Frame Structure of IS-54
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
91 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Each user is assigned two of the six slots. Full rate users are assigned
two slots which are either slots 1 and 4 or 2 and 5 or 3 and 6. Half rate
users are assigned one channel. Thus every 30kHz channel is used by
three full rate users and thus the capacity is three times that of AMPS.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
92 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Slot Format for IS-54
G= Guard Time
R= Ramp Time
Data= User Information or FAACH
RSVD= Reserved
SACCH=Slow Associated Control Channel
CDVCC=Coded Digital Verification Color Code
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
93 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Control Channels: The Slow and Fast Associated Control Channel is

used for signalling bits such as for handoff, power control and timing.
The Fast Associated Control Channel is transmitted in a blank and
burst mode, that is, the traffic information for a slot is replaced by
signalling information for that slot.
Color Code: The CDVCC is used to distinguish signals from different
cells. There are 255 possible values for CDVCC which is coded with
an (12,8) shortened Hamming code for error protection.
Power Control: Mobile must be capable of changing the power
transmitted in 4dB steps from -2dBW to -34dBW on command from the
Base Station.
Time Control Mobile must be capable of changing the time of
transmission of a slot in steps of duration 1/2 a symbol.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
94 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Block Diagram of Encoding for IS-54
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Block Diagram of Encoding for IS-54
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Encoding for IS-54
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Constraint Length 6, Rate 1/2 Convolutional Encoder

c0
+
Information
Bits
Coded
Bits
c1
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
The 2-slot interleaver works as follows. The even numbered bits are
written into one interleaver in the even numbered locations while the
odd numbered bits are written into a second interleaver. These are
written in column-wise filing up the first column, then the second
column and so on. (The even numbered bits are denoted by x and and
the odd numbered bits are denoted by y below). The transmitted bits
for a given slot are the contents of one of the interleavers read out
row-wise.
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Interleaver for IS-54

104x 130x 156x
105y 131y 157y
106x 132x 158x
107y 133y 159y
108x 134x 160x
109y 135y 161y
..
..
..
.
.
.
0x
1y
2x
3y
4x
5y
..
.
26x
27y
28x
29y
30x
31y
..
.
52x
53y
54x
55y
56x
57y
..
.
78x
79y
80x
81y
82x
83y
..
.
12x
13y
..
.
38x
39y
..
.
64x
65y
..
.
90x
91y
..
.
116x
117y
..
.
142x
143y
..
.
24x
25y
50x
51y
76x
77y
102x
103y
128x
129y
154x
155y
Winter 2012
182x
183y
184x
185y
186x
187y
..
.
208x
209y
210x
211y
212x
213y
..
.
234x
235y
236x
237y
238x
239y
..
.
168x
169y
..
.
194x
195y
..
.
220x
221y
..
.
246x
247y
..
.
180x
181y
206x
207y
232x
233y
258x
259y
January 3, 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Thus the order of bits transmitted would be the following.

Bit 0 from current speech frame.
Bit 1 from previous speech frame.
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Synchronization Sequences are shown below with the autocorrelation

functions shown below.
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
Winter 2012
3
4
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
January 3, 2012
3
4
3
4
3
4
102 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Autocorrelation function of synchronization sequences

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
10
15
Winter 2012
20
25
30
January 3, 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
Demodulation/Decoding
Errors at the receiver can cause the CRC for the 12 most perceptually
significant bits to fail. When a slot is used as a FACCH the CRC will
likely fail also.
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Lecture Notes 12
IS-54/136
The decoder has six states.

State 0: CRC checks, and the received dat is used by the speech
decoder.
State 1: CRC Fails: The 12 bits from the previous frame are used
for the 12 most perceptually significant bits.
State 2: Two consecutive CRC Fails: The 12 bits from the previous
correct frame are used for the 12 most perceptually
significant bits.
States 3-6: Three consecutive CRC Fails: The 12 bits from the
previous correct frame are used for the 12 most
perceptually significant bits except the speech frame
energy is attenuated by 4dB is state 3, 8dB in state 4, 12
dB in state 5 and the speech frame is muted in state 6.
In states 2-5 a correct CRC brings the decoder state to 0. In state 6
two consecutive correct CRCs brings the encoder to state 0.
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
WCDMA (3G)
Bandwidth 5 MHz
Multple-Access: CDMA
Chip rate 3.84 Mchips/second
10ms frames (38,400 chips per frame)
Logical Channels (Uplink)
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCHs: Dedicated Physical Data Channels
HS-DPCCH: High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
E-DPDCHs: Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data Channels
E-DPCCH: Enhanced Dedicated Physical Control Channel
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Channel Multiplexing (3GPP TS25.213 V7.70, Figure

1, page 8 )
d to the real value 0.
Figure 1: Spreading for uplink dedicated channels

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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
IQ Modulation (3GPP TS25.213 V7.70, Figure 7, page

24 )
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Pulse Shaping Figure: Square-Root Raised Cosine,

roll-offf = 0.22 IQ sample rate =3.84MSamples
/second
x(t)
Pulse Shape
1
0.5
0
0.5
2
1.5
0.5
0
time (s)
Spectrum
0.5
1.5
2
6
x 10
|X(f)|
1
0.5
|X(f)| (dB)
0
2.5
20
0
20
40
60
80
2.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0
0.5
frequency (Hz)
Spectrum
0.5
0
0.5
frequency (Hz)
Winter 2012
1.5
2.5
6
x 10
1.5
2.5
6
x 10
January 3, 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA

1A, page 9 )
Figure 1A: Spreading for uplink DPCCH/DPDCHs
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Channel Multiplexing: High Speed Dedicated Physical

Control Channel (3GPP TS25.213 V7.70, Figure 1B,
page 10 )
illustrates the spreading operation for the HS-DPCCH.
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Channel Multiplexing: Enhanced Uplink (3GPP

TS25.213 V7.70, Figure 1C, page 11 )
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
iqed,k is either j or 1 depending on whether a data bit is sent on the I

channel or the Q channel.
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Channel Multiplexing: Physical Random Access

Channel (3GPP TS25.213 V7.70, Figure 2, page 17 )
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Channelization Codes (3GPP TS25.213 V7.70, Figure

4, page 18 )
e 4.
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Channelization Codes: SF 4
Cch,1,0 = 1
Cch,2,0
Cch,2,1
Cch,1,0 Cch,1,0
Cch,1,0 Cch,1,0

Cch,2,0 Cch,2,0
Cch,4,0
Cch,4,1 Cch,2,0 Cch,2,0

Cch,4,2 = Cch,2,1 Cch,2,1

Cch,2,1 Cch,2,1
Cch,4,3
+1
+1
=
+1
+1
Winter 2012
1 1
1 1
+1
+1
1
1
+1
1
+1
1
+1
1
1
+1
January 3, 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Channelization Codes: SF 8
Cch,8,0
Cch,8,1
Cch,8,2
Cch,8,3
Cch,8,4
Cch,8,5
Cch,8,6
Cch,8,7
Cch,4,0
Cch,4,0
Cch,4,1
Cch,4,1
Cch,4,2
Cch,4,2
Cch,4,3
Cch,4,3
Cch,4,0
Cch,4,0
Cch,4,1
Cch,4,1
Cch,4,2
Cch,4,2
Cch,4,3
Cch,4,3
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
Winter 2012
+1
+1
+1
+1
1
1
1
1
+1
+1
1
1
+1
+1
1
1
+1
+1
1
1
1
1
+1
+1
+1
1
+1
1
+1
1
+1
1
+1
1
+1
1
1
+1
1
+1
+1
1
1
+1
+1
1
1
+1
January 3, 2012
+1
1
1
+1
1
+1
+1
1
117 / 138
Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Two different scrambling sequences (depends on configuration,

physical channel)
Long scrambling has period that extends over many bits
Short scrambling sequence has period 256 (one period per data
symbol)
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Long Scrambling Sequences (3GPP TS25.213 V7.70,

Figure 5, page 21 )
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Long Scrambling Sequences
Top shift register (length 25) is an m-sequence xn (i): Period =

225 1 = 33, 554, 431.
Starting contents of top shift register is n24 = 1, n23 , ..., n1 , n0 .
There are 224 possible sequences n = 0, 1, ...., 224 depending on

starting contents.
Bottom shift register (length 25) is an m-sequence
y(i), i = 0, 1, ..., 225 2: Period = 225 1 = 33, 554, 431.
Starting contents of bottom shift register is always 1, 1, 1, ..., 1, 1.

Clong,1,n is a Gold code.
Clong,2,n is another Gold code.
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Long Scrambling Sequences
zn (i) = xn (i) + y(i)

Zn (i) = (1)zn (i)
clong,1,n = Zn (i)
clong,2,n = Zn (i + 16777232 mod (225 1))

Clong,n (i) = clong,1,n (i) 1 + j(1)i clong,2,n (2i/2)
In-phase sequence is a Gold code. Quadrature phase sequence takes

differs from the first Gold code by a second Gold code where each bit
last two bit intervals except that it is flipped in the second interval. In
other words it is the Kronecker product of the Gold code with the
sequence (1,-1).
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Short Scrambling Sequences (3GPP TS25.213 V7.70,

Figure 6, page 22 )
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Short Scrambling Sequences

Let n23 , n22 , ..., n1 , n0 be the binary representation of the code
number n.
The sequence a is a sequence over the set of 4 elements
{0, 1, 2, 3}.
The starting contents of the shift register that generates sequence

a(i) depend on n.
The sequence b is a binary m-sequence of length 255.
b(i) depend on n.
The sequence d is a binary m-sequence of length 255.
d (i) depend on n.
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Short Scrambling Sequences
zn (i) cshort,1,n (i) cshort,2,n (i)

0
+1
+1
1
1
+1
2
1
1
3
+1
1

Cshort,n (i) = cshort,1,n (i) 1 + j(1)i cshort,2,n (2(i mod 256)/2)
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Channel Coding (3GPP TS 25.212 v10.1.0)
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA
Downlink
Downlink Channels
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Lecture Notes 12
3GPP WCDMA

8, page 25 )
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink

9, page 28 )
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink

10, page 30 )
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink

11, page 33 )
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink
Sample Signal, Nc = 31
2
+1
+1
+1
+1
1.5
1
x(t)
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
4
time
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink
40
30
20
y(t)
10
0
10
20
30
40
0
time (s)
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink
y(t)
Pulse Shape
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
time (s)/T
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink
y(t)
Pulse Shape
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
time (s)/T
c
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink

300
200
y(t)
100
100
200
300
0
4
time/Tb
Winter 2012
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Lecture Notes 12
WCMDA: Downlink

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
y(t)
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
time/Tc
Winter 2012
January 3, 2012
138 / 138

Lecture Notes 12: Cellular Communication Overview IS-95 (CDMA) GSM IS-54/136 3Gpp Wcdma WCMDA: Downlink

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1

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Cellular Communication Overview

Digital Cellular Communications

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Cellular Communication Overview

Forward Channel (Outbound) The link from the base station to

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Cellular Communication Overview

Analyze the number of users per cell per unit bandwidth

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Cellular Communication Overview

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Cellular Communication Overview

Consider user A. The output of the receiver matched to user As code

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Cellular Communication Overview

Cellular Communication Overview

The voice activity factor (usually taken to be 1/2) reduces the

Cellular Communication Overview

The modified signal-to-noise ratio is

Thus the number of calls per sector Ks for an output signal-to-noise

The number of calls per cell is then Kc is given by

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Cellular Communication Overview

DS-CDMA: Capacity = 117.2 users per 1.25 MHz per cell.

Cellular Communication Overview

Advantages of CDMA for Digital Cellular

IS-95 Standard for Cellular Transmission

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Logically there are a number of different channels (using different

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Forward Traffic Channels

Addressed by Orthogonal Walsh Code

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Forward Traffic Channels

Pilot Channel: Transmitted on the forward channel and used to

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Forward Traffic Channels (cont.)

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Reverse Traffic Channels

Reverse CDMA Channels

Addressed by Long Code

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Reverse Traffic Channels

Access Channel: Transmitted on the reverse channel and used

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Block Diagram of Transmitter for Reverse Channel

Add 12/8 bit

Long Code Mask

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Reverse Link Traffic Channel Parameter

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Data Rate bps

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

Constraint Length 9, Rate 1/3 Convolutional Encoder

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)

EECS 555 (Univ. of Michigan)