Mosasaurs(cladeMosasauridae)evolvedduringthelateMesozoicwhenagroupofmonitorlikelizardsenteredtheocean.Thesetoothy,serpentine predatorsmighthaveseemedchunkyandillmadewhencomparedtotheothermarinepredatorsofthetime.However,whiletheichthyosaurswentextinct beforetheendoftheCretaceousandtheplesiosaurssoonafter,themosasaurshavegoneontobecomeoneofthelargestandmostdiversecladesofmarine vertebrates. Mostpresentdaymosasaursarequiteunliketheirserpentineforebears.Whateverenvironmentalcatastrophethatmauledthearchaeocetaceansinourworld almosthadthesameeffectontheLateEocenemosasaurs.Gonewerethehuge,15mlongtylosaurineseaserpentsandtheirkin,nevertoreturn.

ANGUILLACERTIDAE (TiLung)
Yearsafterspecbiologistshadconcludedthatnoneoftheancestral,longbodiedmosasaurs survivedtothepresentday,theillustriousTiinaAumalaprovedtheexistenceofAnguillacerta sinensis,thetilung. (fig.1)Yangtzemosasaur,Anguillacertasinensis(CentralandsouthernAsia) Anguillacertapossessesnostrilsplacedabovetheeyes,asinthesaurocetes,butitsbodyislong,thetailislaterallyflattenedandpossessesnofluke,andthe hindlimbsaremissingaltogether.Thiscrypticpiscivoreisclearlyamosasaur,butisonlydistantlyrelatedtothesaurocetesandislooselyalliedwiththe archaicformsthatsupposedlydiedoutattheendoftheEocene.

ARCHAEOSAUROCETACIDAE (Apeps)
TheearlyEoceneradiationthatproducedtheeellikerivermosasaursalsoresultedinthebirthofthesaurocetes,themostcommonoftheextantmosasaur groups.Thefirstsaurocetes,fromtheEocene,aresimilartomodernforms,butfossilimpressionsshowthattheydidnotpossessthepairedtailflukeofthe advancedlizardwhales.Onlyasinglespeciesremainsofthisoncemightygroup. Theapepisapiscivorousaquaticlizardthattodayseemstoberestrictedtothe riverNile.Apepscanreachthelengthof4.5meters,thoughsuchvenerable individualsarerarelyseen,and23meterlongmosasaursaremorecommon. (fig.2)Apep,Apepaegypianus(NorthernAfrica) Thoughatfirsttheapepseemstoresembletheserpentinelongbodiedyangtzemosasaur,itisacutallythelastremainingarchaeosaurocetid,oransestral saurocete,closelyresemblingfossilspeciessuchasBalaenanguis.Basedonthepatchyfossilrecord,genusApepseemstodatebackatleasttothe Oligocene(andpossiblytheEocene)andhasbarelychangedatallafteritfirstappeared.

GIGANTOSERPENTIDAE (Leviathans)
ThefirstevidenceofoneofSpec'smostenigmaticseagiantswasheduponastonybeachineasternAfricaafteraparticularlystormynight.Thediscoverer, acertainCalvinHobb,wasapparentlywalkingdangerouslynearthechoppyshorewhenasudden,violentsurgepracticallydumpedthespecimenathisfeet. Itwasacylindricalmassofrottingfleshovertwelvemetresinlength.Withinoneendofthecarcass,researchersrecoveredthetwometrelongskullminusthe lowerjaw,thevertebralcolumnuptothe17thdorsalandpartsofrightforepaddle.Anexaminationofthebonesmadeitclearthatthecarcass,nowdubbed "Hobb'sLeviathan"representedanewspeciesofmosasaur,butofwhatkind?Popularinitialreportsclaimedthatitrepresenteda"livingfossil",anarchaic longbodiedmosasauridthathadescapedtheEoceneextinction.Morecautiousresearchersnotedapparentsimilaritieswiththeneedleliketeethandgracile bodyformoftheYangtzemosasaur,suggestingarelationshipwithanguillacertids.RegardlessofwhereitfittedamongsttheMosasauria,theskulland vertebraeweresufficientcausetowarrantit'sdescriptionasanewspeciesGigantoserpensmicrodon,"theteenytoothedgiganticserpent"

(fig.3)EarlyreconstructionofHobb'sLeviathandonepriortoitsdescription.IllustrationbyTiinaAumala Despitetheincompletenessoftheremains,theideaofagiantseaserpentwasirresistableandanumberofpopularreconstructionsdepictedthe animalasanvasteellikecreaturewithastatedlengthofover25metres.Soonsightingsofgiantkillerserpentsbegancroppingupeverywhere fromtheCaribbeantothebottomofTiina'sbeerstein.Hoaxespertainingtoleviathanrelatedfatalitiesatseasoonledtomuchhysteria.Nothing morewasheardfromtherealGigantoserpensforoverthreeyearsuntilavesselsurveyingthewestcoastofSouthAmericaproducedblurry photographsofahugeseacreaturenearSanAmbrosio.Theyappearedtoshownothinglessthanasupposedlyextinctlongneckedplesiosaur, ananimalthatseemedtopossessasmallhead,longneckandabulbous,flipperedbody.Anexpeditiontolearnmoreofthiscreaturewas hastilydispatchedanditwassoonascertainedthatthese"plesiosaurs"wereinfacttherealHobb'sleviathans. Thetrueappearanceofthesegiantmosasaurswascompletely unexpectedandnothinglikethesnakelikehypothetical

fromtheCaribbeantothebottomofTiina'sbeerstein.Hoaxespertainingtoleviathanrelatedfatalitiesatseasoonledtomuchhysteria.Nothing morewasheardfromtherealGigantoserpensforoverthreeyearsuntilavesselsurveyingthewestcoastofSouthAmericaproducedblurry photographsofahugeseacreaturenearSanAmbrosio.Theyappearedtoshownothinglessthanasupposedlyextinctlongneckedplesiosaur, ananimalthatseemedtopossessasmallhead,longneckandabulbous,flipperedbody.Anexpeditiontolearnmoreofthiscreaturewas hastilydispatchedanditwassoonascertainedthatthese"plesiosaurs"wereinfacttherealHobb'sleviathans. Thetrueappearanceofthesegiantmosasaurswascompletely unexpectedandnothinglikethesnakelikehypothetical reconstructions.Insteadofaviciouspredator,therealleviathan provedtobeasluggish,passivehunterofsmallprey.Ratherthana relicoftheEoceneorsomegiantoceangoingrivermosasaur, Gigantoserpensturnedouttobeahighlyaberranttruesaurocetean althoughdifferentenoughtobeplaced,alongwithsubsequently discoveredPliocenefossilforms,intoanewcladethe Gigantoserpentidae. (fig.4)AlivingGigantoserpensphotographedoffthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.At"only"11metresinlength,thisisarelativelysmallindividual. HOBB'SLEVIATHANDESCRIBED (fig.5)SkeletalsilhouetteofHobb'sleviathanalongsidetheincompleteholotypespecimenandahumandiver(divercourtesyTiinaAumala) Gigantoserpensisabizarresaurocetaceanthatcanreachalengthof21metresandweighinatanestimated60tonnesmakingitbyfarthe largestknownsquamate.Theheadiscomparativelysmallandflat,sittingonaveryshortneckbehindwhichsproutapairofsmallflippers. Theseareoftenheldagainsttheneckandcanbedifficulttodiscernfromadistance. Theanteriordorsalvertebraearelightweightwhiletheassociatedribsaregreatlyreducedinsize.Thusinlife,theforequartersoftheanimal appearslenderandsnakelike,creatingtheillusionofanelongatedneck.Furtherdownthetrunkthevertebraebecomedrasticallylargerand morerobustwhilethelengthandgirthoftheribsincreasescausingthebodytoballoonout.Thepelvicgirdleandhindflippersareincredibly largebymosasaurstandardswhilstthetailisexceptionallylonganddeepwithprominantlateralkeels,terminatinginahugecaudalfin.Alow, triangulardorsalfinislocatedmidwayalongthetail. Thedentitionconsistsofnumerousfineneedleliketeethandthelowerjawislooselyattachedtotheskull allowingforaverywidegape.Theinteriorofthemouthcontainsaseriesofrugositiescalledgnathochromes whichareinfestedwithgrowthsofluminescentbacteriathatareclearlyvisiblewhenthejawsareopened. (fig.6)(left)Frontalviewofopenmouthshowinggnathochromesrugositiesonwhichgrowclustersofluminescentbacteria.Thepterygoidteethhavebeenreducedtoa smallrowofnodulesthatarenotexternallyvisibleonlargeadults.(right)Appearanceofglowinggnathochromesindarkwater.Theprecisearrangementvariesbetween individuals.

(fig.6)(left)Frontalviewofopenmouthshowinggnathochromesrugositiesonwhichgrowclustersofluminescentbacteria.Thepterygoidteethhavebeenreducedtoa smallrowofnodulesthatarenotexternallyvisibleonlargeadults.(right)Appearanceofglowinggnathochromesindarkwater.Theprecisearrangementvariesbetween individuals.

(fig.7)NeartheAzores,aHobb'sleviathandisappearsinagreatcloudofpoo. Oneunusualinternalfeatureisalargesaconthelowerintestinethatcanbefilledwithover90litresofreddishbrownsyrupyfaecalmatter.Whenthreatened byalargecarnivore,thisliquidisexpelledinagreat,densecloudthatconfusesorrepelstheattackerandgivestheslowmovingleviathanthechanceof escape.Asimilarstrategyisused(onamuchsmallerscale)bytheHomeEarthpygmyspermwhalesofthefamilyKogiidae. Theleviathanisprimarilyamesopelagicpredatorthathasbeencharacterisedasa"mosasaurtryingtobeanelasmosaur".Basedonthestomachcontentsof strandedindividuals,itmostlyfeedsonnonshellypelagicpreyofuptoametreinlength.Itisnotachoosyfeederandtakeswhateverhappenstobe abundantinthearea.Whileithasyettobewitnessed,it'sfeedingstrategyprobablyinvolvescruisingthroughtheinkyblacknesswithit'sjawsagape.The twinklingbacterialcoloniesinit'smouthgivetheimpressionofaswarmofbioluminescentplanktonattractingshoalsoffish,shrimpandsquidtowithineasy strikingdistance.Theslenderforequarterscancurlanddartaroundwithgreatspeed,allowingittosnapupfasterswimmingprey.Thepresenceofinjested echinodermsandsmallskatessuggestitalsoforagesonthebenthos,perhapswhilegatheringstonesforballast.Oneparticularlyscarredindividualthatwas recentlystrandedonNewCaledoniawasfoundtohaveabellyfullofpiranhakeets.Thegianthindflippersareusedforstabilityandsteering,effectivelyfilling theroleofpectoralfinsonamoreconventionalseacreature.Thestubbyforepaddlesseemtoactascanardforeplanes,conferringadegreeofhydrodynamic stabilitytotheanterioroftheanimalwhenonthemove.Whilefeeding,theyareprobablyheldconformallytoavoiddragasthenecksweepsaround. Alternativelytheforelimbsmightplayaroleinsheperdingpreyalthoughtheyseemalittletoofarfromthemouthforthis.Strandingsandsightingsindicatea cosmopolitanspeciesofdeepoffshoretropicaltowarmtemperateseas.Althoughsparselydistributed,theyaresometimesfoundinlargefeeding concentrationsandappeartohaveahabitatrequirementfordeepslopewaterswithsteepdepthgradients.Exceptforinfrequentforaystothesurfaceforair, theyfollowtheverticalmigrationoftheirprey,cruisingatdepthsofover900mduringthedaybeforerisingtowithin100mofthesurfaceatnight.Much remainstobediscoveredabouttheseremarkablegiantsandasyetweknownothingoftheirseasonalmigrations,reproductionanddevelopment.

SAUROCETACIDAE (Mosarksandlizardwhales)

(fig.8)Asamplingofsaurocetacidae(withapep) 1.Prownoselizardwhale 2.Apep 3.Zahn 4.Mosapoise 5.Mosark 6.Sawsnoutlizardwhale 7.Longtailedlizardwhale 8.Sakhala Currentlythemosthighlyspecializedofmarinereptiles,saurocetesdonotbearmuchresemblancetotheirseaserpentancestors,andratherresemblethe

6.Sawsnoutlizardwhale 7.Longtailedlizardwhale 8.Sakhala Currentlythemosthighlyspecializedofmarinereptiles,saurocetesdonotbearmuchresemblancetotheirseaserpentancestors,andratherresemblethe dolphinsandwhalesofRL.LiketheJurassicichthyosaursbeforethemandtheodontocetaceansofourEarth,theancestorsofthesecreatureswerelong bodiedserpentineinshorepredators(seeabove)thatdevelopedanincreasinglyfishlikebodyforapelagicexistence. Saurocetesarefishlikemarinesquamatesrangingfrom1.5to15metresinlength.Theyarebroadlyanalogouswithourworld'sodontocetesbuthavenot producedabiggamecarnivoreinthesameleagueastheorca.Thescaleshavebeencompletelylostandhavebeenreplacedwithasmooth,leatheryhide. Thepairednostrilsarepositionedatthetopofthehead.Propulsionisbystrokesofafishliketailbearing2verticalflukes.Allsaurocetesareviviparous. Theprecursorsofthesaurocetaceanswerethehugepredatorymosasaurs,marinesquamatesthatevolvedintheCretaceousandwereamongstthetop oceanpredatorsfromtheSantoniantotheEocene.ThedeclineofinlandseasintheMaastrichtianputpressureonthemosasaurstomorefullyexploitthe openoceans.Onelineageabandonedtheserpentinemosasaurbody,becomingmorefishlikewithalargefalcatecaudalfinreplacingthesimplespatulate form. WhiletheLateEocenedisasterdecimatedtheirlongbodiedkin,theearlysaurocetaceansflourished,developingeverlargerandlargerforms.Todayover40 speciesplythetropicaltowarmtemperateoceansoftheworld,feedingmainlyoncephalopodsandsmallfish.However,theyhavebeenunabletoventure intothecoolersea.Thoserich,polarkillinggroundsarethedomainsofwarmbloodedpredators:birdslikeseaguinsandpenguins,andmammalslike walduks. WhileHomeEarth'scetaceanscoverawiderangeofbodytypes(fromdolphinstowhales),sarurocetesdonotdisplaysowideadiversity.Thereareno filterfeedingmosasaurs,andthedisparitybetweenlargeandsmallspeciesisrelativelyminimal.However,cleardistinctionswithinSaurocetacidaedoexist. Thecarcharosaurines,ormosarks,arepowerfullybuiltpredators.Some,likethezahn,aretrulyenormous. Themosark,cousinofthesakhalaandzahn,isa810mlong predatoroftemperateoceansaroundtheworld.Amediumsized pelagicpredator,themosarkgaineditsnamemainlyfromitsshark likeappearanceandbehaviour,andmanyofitsrelativesarealsooften unofficiallyreferredtoasmosarksforthesamereason. (fig.9)Mosark,Pristrixmonstrum(worldwide) Thislizardwhaleisinmanyrespectssimiliartothezahn,thoughsmallerandswifter.Thoughtheirdietmostlyconsistsofcephalopodsandfish,mosarksare alsoknowntoattacksmalllizardwhalesandothermarinevertebrates. Thezahnisoneofthelargestlizardwhales.This14m longsolitarypredatorislargeenoughtoswallowsmall wingsquidwholeandtearfullygrownmantasquidinto pieces.Zhansattackjustaboutanythingbigenoughto fitbetweentheirenormousjaws,includingseabirds, rays,sharks,swimmingorwadingdinosaurs,other lizardwhalesandinflatableboatsfilledwithmarine biologists.Therehavebeenatleasttwounfortunate incidentswhereSpecscientistshavenearlyendedup inazahn'sbellytheywereapparentlysavedonlyby thefoultasteoftheboat.Afterthat,smallrubber boatshaven'tbeenusedinzahninfestedwaters. (fig.10)Zahn,Carcharosaurusatrox(Equatorial)

 (fig.10)Zahn,Carcharosaurusatrox(Equatorial)

(fig.11)Chubbymosark,Carcharosauruscrassus(WesternAtlantic) WarmedbytheGulfStream,thewatersoffthecoastofeasternNorthAmericaarehometomanypredators,fromwaldukstosharks,butthemostfearedof allisthechubbymosark.TheseoddlittlemosasaursdartaroundtheshallowsfromFloridatoNewfoundland,snatchingupanythingthatmoves. Despiteitscommonname,thechubbymosarkisonlydistantlyrelatedtothetruemosarks(genusPristrix).Thesecreatures,are,infact,closekintothe zahns,massive,orcalikepredatorsthathuntupperlevelsofthedeepocean.Thechubbymosark,ontheotherhand,isoneofseveralCarcharosaurus lineagesthathaveadaptedforalifehuntingthenutrientrichshallowsofthecontinentalshelves.Thesehuntersaresmall,andrelyupontheirsensitive Jacobson'sorganstotastethewaterandhomeinonprey,ratherthantheeasilyconfusedeye.Asaresult,theeyesofthechubbymosarkarerathersmall andnotverysensitive,whiletheirchemicalsenseissuperb. Anotherwayinwhichthechubbymosarksdistinguishthemselvesisintheirgeographicalrange,whichextendsfurthernorththananyothermarinemosasaur. AlthoughtheywinterinthewarmwatersoffthecoastofFlorida,chubbymosasaursspendthesummermonthsrearingtheirpupsintheGulfofSt.Lawrence. Thisbehaviorisquiteuseful,sincethehabitatisdevoidofcompetingmosasaurs,andthenativepodsofselkiesmakeatastysnackforthelargerreptiles. However,thenorthernwater,althoughmadebearablebytheGulfStream,arestillfrigidtothecoldbloodedmosasaurs,andsochubbymosarksmust produceinternal"coats"ofinsulatingblubber,thesourceoftheirname.

(fig.12)Sakhala,Carcharosaurusvelox(GreatBarrierReef) TheSakhalaisasmall(3mlong)andswiftsharklikemosasaurthatlivesintheGreatBarrierReef.Thoughitmainlyeatssmallfishandcephalopods,itmay attackanythingsmallerthanameteracrossifitlooksedible.

(fig.13)Nodens,Nodensincredibilis(GreatBarrierReef)

TheSakhalaisasmall(3mlong)andswiftsharklikemosasaurthatlivesintheGreatBarrierReef.Thoughitmainlyeatssmallfishandcephalopods,itmay attackanythingsmallerthanameteracrossifitlooksedible.

(fig.13)Nodens,Nodensincredibilis(GreatBarrierReef) Ironicallythelargestknownsaurocetewasnotfirstdiscoveredinthesea,butondryland.Duringthefirstyearsofspexploration,someofthespexplorers studyingseasideecosystemscameacrossagargantuanrottinghulkthathadbeenwashedashore.It18meterslongandwaseasilyrecognizedasa lizardwhale,butasthespexplorerslackedtheappropriateequipmenttotransportthattonnageofmeat,andthecarcasswasinsuchanadvancedstateof decompositionthatafurtheranalysiswasimpossibletomakeatthetime.Theremainswerehastilymeasuredandphotographed,andlatersomeofthe skeletalremainswereretrieved.ThesefragmentsbecametheholotypespecimenofNodensincredibilis. Later,severalotherNodensskeletonswerediscovered,andthelargestofthese,consistingoflittlemorethanaskullmeasuringover4meterslong,leadtoan estimateoftheadultsizeofNodens,some20meterslong,makingitlongestknownmarinevertebrateonSpec.Itstilltooksometimebeforethefirstverified eyewitnesssightingofalivingspecimen,butthroughaluckycoincidence,agroupofmarinebiologistshappenedtobenearaNodensmatingarea,and managedtofilmtheanimalsbothaboveandunderwater. Thefilmrevealedthatmuchoftheforequartersofthegiantlizardwhaleswerecoveredincuriouslookingscars,someresemblingthoseleftbygiantsquid tentaclesonspermwhalesandothersmoreunusualinappearance.ItwasdeducedthatthemaindietofNodensconsistedofgiantcephalopods,butthe peculiarscarsleadtosomedisputeoverwhathadcausedthem.Someclaimedthelesionswerebitemarksofsomekind,whileothersblamedtheinfamous greatktulu,whichwasreportedashavingfeedingtentaclesendinginhandlikeextensionscoveredinwickedhooks.AphotographofalargeNodens individualwithaseveredendofatentacleendinginjustsuchfingerlikeextensionsstillstuckonitsskinonlyhelpedtofuelthecontroversy. WhiletheactualhuntingandfeedingofNodensisyettobeobserved,wedoknowthattheyaresolitarymostoftheyearandfindtheirpreyinthemurky depthsoftheoceanteemingwithmyriadsofexoticcephalopodspecies.ThesesaurocetesseemtofillthenicheofHEspermwhales,althoughwecanonly speculateatthedifferencesintheirhuntingstrategies.Despitehavingeyesnotmuchlargerthanahumanhead,theyareknowntohaveakeenvision especiallyinthedark.ItisworthnotingthatNodensaremuchmorelikelytomoveclosetothesurfaceatnightthanduringtheday. WhileNodensseeminglyhasalotincommonwithmosarks,thelatestanalysisplacesitclosesttonauticratisaurs.ThoughreportsofNodensindividuals longerthan20,5metersareunverified,itstillholdstherecordofthelargestknownmosasaur,beingmoremassive(thoughnotquiteaslong)astheleviathan. Longtailedlizardwhalesareacommonspeciesthatformlargeschoolsoffthewestern coastofNorthAmerica.Theyfeedonavarietyofsmallfishandcephalopods. (fig.13)LongtailedlizardwhaleNaucratisaurusgracilis(Pacific) A closerelativeofthelongtailedlizardwhale,the45meterlong azurelizardwhaleformslargepodsofftheinthewarmwatersofthe GulfStream. (fig.14)AzurelizardwhaleNaucratisaurusatlanticus(Atlantic) Thesaurocetacines,ontheotherhand,arethemorestreamlinedlizardwhales.SomepossesslongsnoutsandcloselyresembletheichthyosaursofEarth's pastandthedolphinsofourhometimeline. Oneofthelargersaurocetaceans,theprownoselizardwhaleusuallylives alonebutfeedingaggregationsofover50havebeensighted.Thereareno teethintheupperjawwhile1214conicalteethofeachsideofthedentary. Theprownoselizardwhalefeedsprimarilyoncehalopods,includinghuge barrelfish. (fig.15)PrownoselizardwhaleSaurocetaceuspelagios(worldwide)

Thesaurocetacines,ontheotherhand,arethemorestreamlinedlizardwhales.SomepossesslongsnoutsandcloselyresembletheichthyosaursofEarth's pastandthedolphinsofourhometimeline. Oneofthelargersaurocetaceans,theprownoselizardwhaleusuallylives alonebutfeedingaggregationsofover50havebeensighted.Thereareno teethintheupperjawwhile1214conicalteethofeachsideofthedentary. Theprownoselizardwhalefeedsprimarilyoncehalopods,includinghuge barrelfish. (fig.15)PrownoselizardwhaleSaurocetaceuspelagios(worldwide) ThiscephalopodhuntingsaurocetaceanlivesintheIndian ocean.Thoughcloselyrelatedtotheprownoselizardwhale, Choo'slizardwhalesrarelygrowlargerthan7meterslong. TheseanimalsgreatlyresembletheMesozoicichtyosaurs, whichatfirstcausedsomeconfusionamongthefirst explorersofSpec. (fig.16)Choo'slizardwhaleSaurocetaceusbrianchooi(IndianOcean)

(fig.17)Mosapoise,Phocoenalacertanigra(EquatorialPacific) Themosapoiseisa3.5meterslongsaurocetespecializedmostlyonammonoids,crabs,shellfishesandotherhardshelledmarineinvertebratesitcrusheswith itsimpressivebatteryofteeth. Thesawsnoutlizardwhale,whileclearlyasaurocete,doesnotfitinwitheitherthemosarksorthemosapoises.Somehavealliedthisoddcreaturetoapep, theNilemosasaur,butfurtherstudiesarenecessarytoprovesuchatheory. Thesawsnoutlizardwhaleisundoubtedlyoneoftheweirdestmosasaurs inexistence.Itsupperjawisdisproportionallylongandarmedwith sharpoutwardspointingteeth.Sawsnoutlizardwhalesusethisweapon tostunfastmovingpreyandtorakeoutburiedpreyfromthebottom. (fig.18)Sawsnoutlizardwhale,Pristisauruspeculiaris(Caribbean) BrianChoo,DanielBensen,andTiinaAumala
,=Anguillacertidae= Anguillacertasinensis(Yangtzemosasaur) =Mosasauridae=| |,=Archaeosaurocetacidae=Apepaegyptianus(NileMosasaur) `=| |,=Gigantoserpentidae= Gigantoserpensmicrodon(Hobb'sleviathan) || ||,=Pristrixmonstrum Mosark ||,=| ||||,=C.atrox(Zahn) |||`=Carcharosaurus=| ||||,=C.crassus(Chubbymosark) |||`=| |||`=C.velox(Sakhala) ||, =|

`=| |,=Gigantoserpentidae= Gigantoserpensmicrodon(Hobb'sleviathan) || ||,=Pristrixmonstrum Mosark ||,=| ||||,=C.atrox(Zahn) |||`=Carcharosaurus=| ||||,=C.crassus(Chubbymosark) |||`=| |||`=C.velox(Sakhala) ||, =| ||| |=?Nodensincredibilis(Nodens) |||| |||| ,= N.gracilis (Long tailedlizardwhale) ||| `=Naucratisaurus=| |||`=N.atlanticus(Azurelizardwhale) ||,=| ||||,=S.pelagios(Prownoselizardwhale) ||||,=Saurocetaceus=| |||||`=S.brianchooi(Choo'slizardwhale) |||`=| |||`= Phocoenalacertanigra (Mosapoise) `=Saurocetaciodea=|| `=Saurocetacidae=| `=Pristisauruspeculiaris(Sawsnoutlizardwhale)

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