I.

Epithelial Tissues

A.

PARTS
1. Epidermis

FUNCTIONS
1. It acts as the body's major barrier against the environment. 2. To keep out infection and harmful phages, to protect from the elements (primarily solar), and to maintain homeostasis by managing body heat and water loss. 1. Provides structure for hair that is present outside of the skin; provides warmth and insulation, as well stands up on end when reacting to could, touch, and fear. 1. Contain a dense network of keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation. These cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration, and explaining why humans and other animals experience wrinkling of the skin on the fingers and toes ("pruning") when immersed in water for prolonged periods. In addition, this layer is responsible for the "spring back" or stretchy properties of skin. A weak glutenous protein bond pulls the skin back to its natural shape. 1. represents a transition from the stratum granulosum to the stratum corneum 1. accumulate dense basophilic keratohyalin granules (Granules found in living cells of keratinizing epithelia) 1. divide in the stratum germinativum 2. begin to accumulate many desmosomes (structures that join adjacent cells together) on their outer surface 1. It is here that new cells are generated for the renewal of the epidermal layers of the skin. 1. b.

a. Hair Shaft

b. Stratum Corneum

c. Stratum Lucidum

d. Stratum Granulosum e. Stratum Spinosum

2. Stratum Basale a. Dermis b. Papillary Dermis

c. Reticular Dermis

d. Melanin

e. Sweat Glands

f.

Sebaceous Glands

3. Hair Follicle 4. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)

1. includes areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae (finger like projections that increase the surface area) and ridges that extend into the epidermis. 2. protrude into the epidermis, and many contain loops of capillaries (very small blood vessels). 3. cause ridges in the overlying epidermis, these ridges that leave fingerprints on objects that are handled c. 1. bundles of collagen fibers interlace in a netlike manner. 2. contribute to differences in the thickness of skin. 3. provides the skin with strength, extensibility, and elasticity 1. gives color to the skin, hair, and iris of the eyes 2. protect the skin against harmful ultraviolet rays. In addition, hormonal changes can affect melanin production. 1. secrete a tranparent liquid (sweat) containing water and salts from the body in order to regulate body temperature. 1. to produce an oily secretion, called sebum, which is your skin's natural lubricant. 1. They make hair grow by packing old cells together. 2. Connected to sebaceous glands. 1. contains nerve endings called lamellated or Pacinian (paSIN-e-an) corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure. 2.

II.

Connective Tissues

A.

PARTS
1. Tendon

FUNCTIONS
1. connects muscle tissue to bones 2. transfer force between muscle and bone.This allows the joint movement that allows for everyday activities like walking or reaching. 1. acts as a cushion between joints 2. prevent the bones from rubbing against each other, such as the cartilage in the knees and elbows. 3. holds some bones together, such as rib cartilage. 4. forms bone when you are growing - the ends of your long bones (arm and leg bones) are formed of cartilage when you are young, and this gradually changes into bone and grows longer 1. provide stability to a joint during both rest and movement 2. Excessive movements such as hyper-extension or hyperflexion can be restricted by ligaments 3. prevent movements in some directions. 4. Connects a bone to another bone A small cavity or space, for example, one of the many spaces between the lamellae of bone cells, or the space occupied by a cartilage cell. deposited on preexisting trabeculae depending on the mechanical forces on the bone Lamellar bone forms both trabecular bone and compact bone, which are the two macroscopically recognizable bone forms. Its the tissue inside the Haversian Canal that helps transport blood and other substances.

2. Cartilage

3. Ligaments

4. Lacunae

1.

5. Lamellae

1. 2.

6. Canaliculi

1.

7. Osteon 8. Periosteum

1. form the basic structural unit of bone. 1. serves as an attachment point for muscles and bones through tendons and ligaments.

9. Haversian Canal

10. Volkmanns Canal 11. trabeculae 12. Osteocytes

1. run through longitudinally in the center of the haversian systems of compact osseous tissue, through which the blood vessels ramify in bone. 1. supply blood to osteons deeper in the bone and to tissues of the medullary cavity. 1. Resist tension and provide cell filter 1. responsible for the maintenance and turnover of mineral content of surrounding bone. They are found in the flattened lacunae of bone tissue.

III.

Muscular Tissues

A.

PARTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Perymissium epimysium fascicle endomysium Muscle Fiber/ sacrolemma Myofibril

FUNCTIONS
1.wraps bundles of muscle fibers known as fasciles 1. wraps the whole muscle 1. bundle of nerve fibers 1. surrounds or covers each single/indiviual muscle fiber 1. Encloses each muscle cell 1. Causes the disctintive apperance of skeletal voluntary striated muscle because they consists of bands of alternating high and low refractive index 2. Gives muscles their striped appearance 1. Covers the entire muscle 1. muscle contraction and their involvement in a wide range of other eukaryotic motility processes.

7. Fascia 8. Myosin

IV.

Vascular Tissues

A.

PARTS
a. Tunica intima or tunica interna b. blood vessels

FUNCTIONS
1. internal elastic lamina separates the tunica intima from the tunica media. 1. capable of either constricting (Vasoconstriction) and decreasing the lumen size or dilating (vasodilatation) and increasing the lumen size. 1. carries blood out of the heart 1. veins carry blood at lower pressures and carries de-oxygenated blood. 2. Circulate the blood back to the heart. 1. they attack the bacteria and germs that enter your body. 2. produce anti-bodies or engulf microbes, but both result in the destruction of microbes. 1. contain haemoglobin which combines with oxygen and carries it around the body. 2. Their shape provides a large surface area for the diffusion of gases. 3. They have no nucleus, so therefore can carry more oxygen. 1. blood clotting 2. When bleeding occurs, the platelets swell, clump together, and form a sticky plug that helps stop the bleeding. 3. platelets may be involved in hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). 1. It plays a vital role for photophosphorylation during photosynthesis. During the light-dependent reaction, protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen making it acidic down to pH 4. 1. connect and break off into other arteries, blood vessels, or other areas of the body. 2. can carry water, oxygen, carbon dioxide(CO2) 3. commonly used blood vessels in your body. 4. help join together all arterioles and venules in the body and connects the minor blood vessels in the heart.

c. Arteries d. Veins

e. Leukocytes(WBC)

f.

Eurocytes(RBC)

g. Thrombocytes (Blood Platelets)

h. Lumen

i.

Capillaries