Modal Testing and Analysis

Saeed Ziaei-Rad

Introduction
What is modal testing? The experimental study of structural dynamics.

Experimental studies are useful for: Determining the nature and extent of vibration response. Verifying theoretical models. Measurements of material properties under dynamic loading such as damping capacity, friction and fatigue endurance.
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Types of Tests

Vibration forces or response are measured during operation of machine or structure. Measurement under more controlled conditions and therefore more accurate results. components or structures with the objective of obtaining a mathematical description of their dynamic or vibration behavior.

Modal Testing: The process involved in testing

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Modal Analysis and Testing

Historical Developments
1947 Kennedy & Pancu Describing the accurate determination of natural frequency and damping level in aircraft structures. 1963 Bishop & Gladwell Explaining the theory of resonance testing. 1969 Salter Non-analytical approach to the interpretation of measured data. 1970 Major advances in trancducers, electronics and digital analyzer. 1980 Many papers and advances in this period.
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Books
1- D. J. Ewins, 2000, Modal testing theory and practice, 2nd edition, Research Studies Press Ltd. 2- N. Maia, J. Silva, J. He, N. Lieven, R. Lin, G. Skingle, W. To, A. Urgueira, 1997, Theoretical and experimental modal analysis, Research Studies Press Ltd. 3- W. Heylen, S. Lammens, P. Sas, 1998, Modal analysis theory and testing, KUL, Belgium. 4- H. Natke, 1992, Fundamentals and advances in the engineering sciences, Friedr. Vieweg and Sons.
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Books (Cont.)
5- Z. Fu, 1995, Vibration modal analysis and parameter identification, Mechanical Industry Publishing Co., Peoples Republic of China 6- K.G. McConnell, 1995, Vibration testing theory and practice, John Wiley & Sons. 7- Dynamic Testing Agency (DTA), 1993, Handbook on

modal testing. 8- DTA, 2000, Primer on best practice in dynamic testing.

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).Books (Cont
4831 6831

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Conferences

International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC), 1982-2009 International Seminar on Modal Analysis (ISMA), bi-annual, 1975-2009, KUL, Leuven, Belgium

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Journals

The international journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis, Society of experimental
mechanics, USA

Journal of mechanical systems and signal processing (MSSP), Academic press, UK Journal of vibration and control, Sage science press Journal of sound and vibration

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Applications of Modal Testing

Measurements of a structure vibration properties in order to compare them with corresponding data produced by a FE or other theoretical models. Adjust or correct the theoretical mode to bring modal properties close into line with measurements. Using a modal test to produce a mathematical model of a component which may be used for structural assembly (substructuring) Effects of modifications to the original structure. Force determination.
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Test Procedure
1- Measure a set of mobilities or FRFs. 2- Analyze these FRFs using appropriate curve-fitting procedure 3-Combine the results of curve-fitting to construct the required model.

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Test Levels
Level 0 - Estimation of natural frequencies and damping factors. Level 1 - Estimation of natural frequencies and damping factors. Mode shapes defined qualitatively. Level 2 - Measurements of all modal parameters and un-normalized mode shapes. Level 3 - Measurements of all modal parameters and normalized mode shapes. Full quality check performed and model usable for model validation.
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Test Levels (Cont.)

Level 4 - Measurements of all modal parameters and residual effects for out-of-range modes. Full quality check performed. The model usable for all responsebased applications including modification, coupling and response prediction.

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Models
Spatial Model Mass, Stiffness and damping matrices

Modal Model Natural Frequencies, Modal damping and mode shapes

Response Model Frequency response functions, FRFs (X/F)

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Route to Vibration analysis

Spatial Model
M, K, D

Modal Model
NF, MD, MS

Response Model
FRFs (X/F)

Theoretical Route Response Model Modal Model Experimental route

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Spatial Model

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